基于OpenCV的运动目标跟踪及其实现

CAMSHIFT算法是一种基于颜色直方图的目标跟踪算法。在视频跟踪过程中,CAMSHIFT算法利用选定目标的颜色直方图模型得到每帧图像的颜色投影图,并根据上一帧跟踪的结果自适应调整搜索窗口的位置和大小,得到当前帧中目标的尺寸和质心位置。在介绍Intel公司的开源OpenCV计算机视觉库的基础上,采用CAMSHIFT跟踪算法,实现运动目标跟踪,解决了跟踪目标发生存在旋转或部分遮挡等复杂情况下的跟踪难题。实验结果表明该算法的有效性、优越性和可行性。     

基于均值漂移的视频目标跟踪改进算法

改进算法通过计算跟踪窗口颜色直方图的质心来自适应的调整跟踪窗口的尺寸,通过比较跟踪结果和目标的差值确定遮挡情况,并启用粒子滤波算法在整幅图像内搜索目标解决目标的遮挡问题,这种改进算法克服了均值滤波算法不能适应目标尺寸变化和不能解决遮挡问题的缺点.实验证明改进算法具有很强的鲁棒性.     

基于改进Camshift算法的NAO机器人目标跟踪

针对Camshift算法应用于NAO机器人目标跟踪过程中,当目标受到相似颜色背景干扰或被物体遮挡时跟踪失败的问题,提出一种基于ORB特征检测和Kalman滤波多算法结合的目标跟踪方法。首先检测目标ORB特征点初始化搜索窗口,然后利用Kalman滤波作为目标运动状态的预测机制,以预测的位置初始化Camshift算法。利用Bhattacharyya距离判断跟踪窗口的收敛性,若受到背景干扰,则利用ORB算法对当前帧中的Kalman预测区域和目标模型进行特征点匹配,重新检测目标在视频帧中的位置。根据Kalman滤波预测目标被物体遮挡后可能的位置来更新预测器参数。实验结果表明,改进的算法能够在相似颜色背景干扰和目标遮挡的复杂环境下,连续稳定地跟踪运动目标。     

对变形目标的跟踪研究

在目标跟踪过程中,目标在图像中的形状和大小常发生不同程度的变化,为了准确、有效地实现目标跟踪,采用多次迭代的连续自适应平均值移动算法。该算法是一种基于颜色跟踪的算法,根据多次迭代的计算结果,自适应调整图像序列中搜索窗口的大小和位置,从而得到当前图像中的目标中心,实现对运动目标的跟踪。最后分别在不同变形情况下和多个运动目标下进行实验。实验结果表明,当目标发生旋转、大小变化及存在多个目标的情况下,该算法仍能有效地对运动目标进行准确跟踪。     

一种基于迭代运动估计的全景稳像系统

提出一种图像全景补偿输出的实时稳像系统.首先,提出了基于子区域运动迭代的全局运动估计算法,来快速有效地求取图像平面的仿射运动参数:在求取各子区域运动时,采用灰度投影相关的三点自适应搜索策略,结合大小搜索步长,进行由粗到细的搜索定位;然后将各子区域运动带人6参数仿射运动模型,通过最小二乘迭代,去除误差较大块即误匹配或前景运动块,从而提高全局运动估计精度.其次,对原始运动矢量序列进行滤波处理,以提取抖动参数:采用Kalman滤波器,一方面较好地平滑运动矢量以降低视频抖动,另一方面有效跟随摄像系统的有意扫描运动.最后,提出图像全景补偿方法,有效改善图像边界信息缺失带来的视觉误差.实验结果表明该系统可以实时处理视频序列的平移旋转等抖动,而且输出全景视频图像保持视觉的完整流畅.     

改进的Camshift与Kalman融合的目标跟踪算法

Camshift算法主要利用物体的颜色信息进行跟踪,在复杂背景条件下容易造成目标的跟丢,且在目标被遮挡时,也容易造成跟踪失效。本文提出了一种改进的Camshift目标跟踪算法。首先将目标图像的HSV模型的三个分量进行加权建立一种新的目标颜色模型,然后由对整帧图像计算反向投影改为比搜索窗口稍大的区域计算反向投影,减少了相似背景的干扰。同时为了解决遮挡问题,结合了Kalman滤波器,有效地预测了目标的位置。实验表明,本算法能够避免背景颜色干扰和解决遮挡问题,实现了对运动目标准确跟踪。     

模板自适应的Mean Shift红外目标跟踪

为了解决Mean Shift跟踪算法中目标模板只能从单一图像建立且很难更新问题,提出了一种结合改进的Mean Shift与增量式支持向量机的红外目标跟踪算法。首先,根据目标区域的灰度直方图对目标进行描述,然后采用标准Mean Shift搜索目标,结合子图图像矩特征进行二次搜索,再计算下一帧搜索的窗口大小,以解决目标尺寸明显变化时造成目标丢失的问题。同时,针对目标遮挡易导致跟踪失败的问题,引入机器学习理论,采用增量式支持向量机自适应更新模板,则目标跟踪问题转换为目标和背景的分类问题。实验结果表明:提出的改进算法在目标尺寸、姿态发生变化或出现部分遮挡时,能有效跟踪目标。     

基于视频的人体运动目标跟踪研究

现实生活中的背景一般比较复杂,基于颜色特征的Camshift目标跟踪在复杂情况下实现效果并不理想。文中提出采用基于边缘直方图Camshift结合优化的Kalman滤波来预测视频中行人目标下一个可能存在的位置,并利用OpenCV相关函数,跟踪丢失的几率降低。先对RGB图像进行边缘检测计算边缘直方图,得到搜索窗口质心位置,再用优化的Kalman滤波对运动目标窗口进行预测更新,将信息反馈重新确定下一帧窗口质心位置,以克服遮挡及噪声的干扰。实验表明,该算法能较好地对人体目标进行检测跟踪。     

空域机动目标智能搜索跟踪算法

为在低对比度低信噪比的条件下精确快速搜索跟踪空域机动目标,提出一种智能电视搜索跟踪算法。采用金字塔波门方法进行搜索,搜索区域大小逐级缩小,采用自递归OTSU对图像进行分割,再用连通域分析和灰度级门限判定检测目标,统计目标出现的概率,确定最优目标;锁定最优目标进入跟踪状态,可根据目标尺寸自适应的调整波门大小,对目标瞬时遮挡的情况采用综合预测得到目标位置,若不满足目标灰度级门限判定或预测条件,则转为重新搜索,实现无人工干预的智能搜索跟踪功能。实验结果表明,在DM642平台上搜索状态下最大区域的搜索时间小于20ms,在跟踪状态下目标识别时间小于5ms。完全满足现代空域机动目标电视智能跟踪系统速度、精度和稳定性的要求。     

动态前景干扰下的电子稳像算法

针对存在动态前景目标的抖动视频序列,提出了一种以块匹配为基础的块差分平方前景目标去除的电子稳像方法。首先,将图像分成大小为16×16的特征块,通过设定阈值筛选出具有足够梯度信息来估计运动矢量的特征块,从而减少参与计算的特征块数量以提高处理速度;然后,采用归一化互相关(Normalized Cross Correlation,NCC)匹配算法和迭代搜索策略来完成特征块的匹配;最后,采用牛顿迭代法计算仿射变换模型下的帧间运动参数,并根据这些参数完成运动补偿,实现图像序列的稳定。实验表明,算法成功地去除了视频序列中动态前景目标的干扰,对存在平移及旋转运动的视频序列,能够快速有效地去除抖动,获得稳定的视频序列。     

Development of the readout system for waveguide multilayer optical card

Waveguide multilayer optical card （WMOC） is a novel storage device of three-dimensional optical information. An advanced readout system fitting for the WMOC is introduced in this paper. The hardware mainly consists of the light source for reading, WMOC, motorized stages addressing unit, microscope imaging unit, CCD detecting unit and PC controlling ＆ processing unit. The movement of the precision motorized stage is controlled by the computer through Visual Basic （VB） language in software. A control panel is also designed to get the layer address and the page address through which the position of the motorized stages can be changed. The WMOC readout system is easy to manage and the readout result is directly displayed on computer monitor.     

Nanoimprint Lithography -A Next Generation High Volume Lithography Technique

IntroductionNanoimprint Lithography is a well-acknowl-edged low cost, high resolution, large area pattern-ing process. It includes the most promising methods,high-pressure hot embossing lithography (HEL) [2],UV-cured imprinting (UV-NIL) [3] and micro contactprinting (m-CP, MCP) [4]. Curing of the imprintedstructures is either done by subsequent UV-lightexposure in the case of UV-NIL or by cooling downbelow the glass transition temperature of the ther-moplastic material in case of HEL…     

Collinear phase-matching study of terahertz-wave generation via difference frequency mixed in GaAs and Inp

The collinearly phase-matching condition of terahertz-wave generation via difference frequency mixed in GaAs and InP is theoretically studied. In collinear phase-matching, the optimum phase-matching wave hands of these two crystals are calculated. The optimum phase-matching wave bands in GaAs and lnP are 0.95-1.38μm and 0.7-0.96μm respectively. The influence of the wavelength choice of the pump wave on the coherent length in THz-wave tuning is also discussed. The influence of the temperature alteration on the phase-matching and the temperature tuning properties in GaAs crystal are calculated and analyzed. It can serve for the following experiments as a theoretical evidence and a reference as well.     

Effects of the alloy compositions on the phonon-polaritons in ternary mixed crystals

Composition dependence of bulk and surface phonon-polaritons in ternary mixed crystals are studied in the framework of the modified random-element-isodisplacement model and the Bom-Huang approximation. The numerical results for Several Ⅱ - Ⅵ and Ⅲ- Ⅴ compound systems are performed, and the polariton frequencies as functions of the compositions for ternary mixed crystals AlxGa1-xAs, GaPxAS1-x, ZnSxSe1-x, GaAsxSb1-x, GaxIn1-xP, and ZnxCd1-xS as examples are given and discussed. The results show that the dependence of the energies of two branches of bulk phonon-polaritons which have phonon-like characteristics, and surface phonon-polaritons on the compositions of ternary mixed crystals are nonlinear and different from those of the corresponding binary systems.     

Influence of PVK ： NPB hole transporting layer on the characteristics of organic light-emitting devices

A doping system consisting of NPB and PVK is employed as a composite hole transporting layer （CHTL）. By adjusting the component ratio of the doping system, a series of devices with different concentration proportion of PVK ： NPB are constracted. The result shows that doping concentration of NPB enhances the competence of hole transporting ability, and modifies the recombination region of charge as well as affects the surface morphology of doped film. Optimum device with a maximum brightness of 7852 cd/m^2 and a power efficiency of 1.75 lm/W has been obtained by choosing a concentration proportion of PVK ： NPB at 1：3.     

New insert layer structure OLEDs

An insert layer structure organic electroluminescent device（OLED） based on a new luminescent material （Zn（salen）） is fabricated. The configuration of the device is ITO/CuPc/NPD/Zn（salen）/Liq/LiF/A1/CuPc/NPD/Zn（salen）/Liq/LiF/A1. Effective insert electrode layers comprising LiF（1nm）/Al（5 nm） are used as a single semitransparent mirror, and bilayer cathode LiF（1 nm）/A1（100 nm） is used as a reflecting mirror. The two mirrors form a Fabry-Perot microcavity and two emissive units. The maximum brightness and luminous efficiency reach 674 cd/m^2 and 2.652 cd/A, respectively, which are 2.1 and 3.7 times higher than the conventional device, respectively. The superior brightness and luminous efficiency over conventional single-unit devices are attributed to microcavity effect.     

Analysis of error performance on Turbo coded FDPIM

Due to variable symbol length of digital pulse interval modulation（DPIM）, it is difficult to analyze the error performances of Turbo coded DPIM. To solve this problem, a fixed-length digital pulse interval modulation（FDPIM） method is provided. The FDPIM modulation structure is introduced. The packet error rates of uncoded FDPIM are analyzed and compared with that of DPIM. Bit error rates of Turbo coded FDPIM are simulated based on three kinds of analytical models under weak turbulence channel. The results show that packet error rate of uncoded FDPIM is inferior to that of uncoded DPIM. However, FDPIM is easy to be implemented and easy to be combined, with Turbo code for soft-decision because of its fixed length. Besides, the introduction of Turbo code in this modulation can decrease the average power about 10 dBm, which means that it can improve the error performance of the system effectively.     

A method for calculating the center position of collimated light

It is a key problem to accurately calculate beam spots＇ center of measuring the warp by using a collimated laser. A new method, named double geometrical center method （DGCM）, is put forward for the first time. In this method, a plane wave perpendicularly irradiates an aperture stop, and a charge couple device （CCD） is employed to receive the diffraction-beam spots, then the geometrical centers of the fast and the second diffraction-beam spots are calculated respectively, and their mean value is regarded as the center of datum beam. In face of such adverse instances as laser intension distributing defectively, part of the image being saturated, this method can still work well. What＇s more, this method can detect whether an unacceptable error exits in the courses of image receiving, processing and calculating. The experimental results indicate the precision of this method is high.     

Resolution Enhancement Technology:Integrated Process Solutions using OPC

DUV lithography, using the 248 nm wavelength, is a viable manufacturing option for devices with features at 130 nm and less. Given the low kl value of the lithography, integrated process development is a necessary method for achieving acceptable process latitude. The application of assist features for rule based OPC requires the simultaneous optimization of the mask, illumination optics and the resist.Described in this paper are the details involved in optimizing each of these aspects for line and space imaging.A reference pitch is first chosen to determine how the optics will be set. The ideal sigma setting is determined by a simple geometrically derived expression. The inner and outer machine settings are determined, in turn,with the simulation of a figure of merit. The maximum value of the response surface of this FOM occurs at the optimal sigma settings. Experimental confirmation of this is shown in the paper.Assist features are used to modify the aerial image of the more isolated images on the mask. The effect that the diffraction of the scattering bars (SBs) has on the image intensity distribution is explained. Rules for determining the size and placement of SBs are also given.Resist is optimized for use with off-axis illumination and assist features. A general explanation of the material' s effect is discussed along with the affect on the through-pitch bias. The paper culminates with the showing of the lithographic results from the fully optimized system.     

Preparation and Characterization of TaN ALD Precursors

High purity organic-tantalum precursors for thin film ALD TaN were synthesized and characterized.Vapor pressure and thermal stability of these precursors were studied.From the vapor pressure analysis,it was found that TBTEMT has a higher vapor pressure than any other published liquid TaN precursor,including TBTDET,TAITMATA,and IPTDET.Thermal stability of the alkyl groups on the precursors was investigated using a 1H NMR technique.The results indicated that the tertbutylimino group is the most stable group on TBTDET and TBTEMT as compared to the dialkylamido groups.Thermal stability of TaN precursors decreased in the following order:TBTDET ＞ PDMAT ＞ TBTEMT.In conclusion,precursor vapor pressure and thermal stability were tuned by making slight variations in the ligand sphere around the metal center.