Numerical simulation of the influence of confined multi-point ignited H2–O2 mixture on the propagation of shock waves towards a deformable plate

The study of shock wave propagation in a detonation chamber is of great importance as a part of the plate forming process. Investigations related to the effects of premixed gas detonation on the deflection of a plate require in-depth examination. An Eulerian-Lagrangian numerical simulation is conducted using the space-time conservation element and solution element method of LS-DYNA software to study the effect of confined multi-point ignited gaseous mixture on the dynamic response of thin plates clamped at the end of a combustion chamber. The FSI couples a Lagrangian finite element solver with a Eulerian fluid solver in a 2D space with detailed chemistry of H₂–O₂ mixture. The solution contains the detonation wave propagation through the combustion chamber and its interaction with the plate. The influence of variation in the multi-point ignition locations and combustion chamber dimensions on the pressure history and plate deflection is studied. To verify the model, a comparison with the experimental study is carried out using an adjustable model representative of the real experiment. The verified model is used to link the evolution of plate shape with the arrival time and intensity of shock waves within the chamber. It is found that a longer distance between the ignition point and the plate intensifies the ultimate deflection of the plate. In addition, a fairly large combustion area employed in a direction rather than transverse to the plate surface is unable to influence the ultimate deformation of the plate.     

丙烷发动机燃烧变动研究

测量了火花点火丙烷气体发动机在不同转速、涡流强度及混合比下的气缸压力,并对测量的气缸压力及由气缸压力求出的用曲轴转角表示的初期燃烧期间等进行了统计分析。试验结果表明,随着混合气变稀平均指示压力的变动迅速增大;转速相同时,平均指示压力的变动随着涡流比的增大而减小;在稀薄混合气条件下,随着初期燃烧期间平均值的增加平均指示压力的变动急剧上升。     

不同过量空气系数下射流点火发动机燃烧、排放和爆震特性的试验研究

基于单缸试验机研究了过量空气系数对射流点火发动机性能的影响。通过分析发动机性能曲线、缸内燃烧情况及爆震特性探究射流点火最佳运行区间,并与火花点火燃烧方式进行对比。结果表明,射流点火可以有效提升瞬时放热率并拓展发动机稀燃极限,缩短缸内混合气滞燃期与燃烧持续期,同时燃油经济性有一定提升。在稀燃条件下氮氧化物排放极低。爆震方面,随着点火提前角增大,射流火焰的多点点火效应会在缸内产生明显压力震荡,继续增大点火提前角会诱导末端混合气自燃。因此射流点火爆震缸压表现为两阶段压力震荡,爆震因子集中性高。提升过量空气系数可以降低射流点火爆震因子幅值,使发动机工作在轻微爆震或无爆震状态。     

二维守恒元和求解元方法在两相爆轰流场计算中的应用

应用二维守恒元和求解元方法数值模拟脉冲爆轰发动机内汽油/空气两相燃烧转爆轰的过程.分析了爆轰波从开始产生到形成稳定的全过程.研究了点火能量对燃烧转爆轰过程的影响:点火能量越小,DDT时间越长;若点火能量过小就不能形成DDT.同时研究了液滴半径对爆轰参数的影响:液滴半径增大,爆轰波压力和速度随之减小,DDT时间增加;液滴半径过大,则爆轰波不能形成.爆轰波压力计算值与实验值两者趋势符合得较好.     

无端隙活塞环技术研究

活塞环存有端隙,因磨损端隙增大会造成密封不严,端隙对口密封原理失效所产生的高温燃气泄漏,使发动机气缸压缩压力降低、燃烧反应不充分、怠速不稳、热效率降低、动力不足乃至启动困难、烧机油加重、形成积碳、增加尾气排放的污染物.高温气体窜入曲轴箱时,使活塞环受热弹力失效,活塞异常膨胀变形,引发机油结胶活塞环卡死或拉缸、造成机油温...     

Numerical study of heat transfer of hydrogen combustion in noble gases atmosphere in compression ignition engine

The high energy content of hydrogen and zero carbon emission from hydrogen combustion is very important for compression ignition engine development. Hydrogen requires a very high auto-ignition temperature, which encourages replacing nitrogen with noble gases with higher specific heat ratio during compression process. In noble gases-hydrogen combustion, higher combustion temperature potentially leading to a higher heat loss. This paper aims to investigate the effect of hydrogen combustion in various noble gases on heat distribution and heat transfer on the cylinder wall. Converge CFD software was used to simulate a Yanmar NF19SK direct injection compression ignition engine. The local heat flux was measured at different locations of cylinder wall and piston head. The heat transfer of hydrogen combustion in various noble gases at different intake temperatures was studied using the numerical approach. As a result, hydrogen combustion in light noble gases such as helium produces faster combustion progress and higher heat temperature. The hydrogen combustion that experienced detonation, which happened in neon at 340 K and argon at 380 K, recorded a very high local heat flux at the cylinder head and piston due to the rapid combustion, which should be avoided in the engine operation. At a higher intake temperature, the rate of heat transfer on the cylinder wall is increased. In conclusion, helium was found as the best working gas for controlling combustion and heat transfer. Overall, the heat transfer data gained in this paper can be used to construct the future engine hydrogen in noble gases.     

火花点火式煤层气发动机的燃烧过程实验研究

对由S195柴油机改装得到的燃用变组分煤层气发动机进行了全面的测试和分析，包括缸内示功图、燃烧放热率、主燃期、点火提前角、火焰发展期以及最大压力循环波动等。结果表明：甲烷浓度、点火提前角、负荷的大小对火焰发展期、循环波动以及燃烧有着至关重要的影响。     

负阀重叠早喷模式HCCI燃烧数学模型与计算分析

针对早喷模式中的排气上止点燃油喷射(ETCI)模式,综合广安博之模型、Bai模型的优点加以改进,并将空间均质燃烧与油膜蒸发燃烧相耦合,建立了一种新型的基于喷雾、燃油附壁、油膜蒸发、燃烧等一系列过程适用于缸内早喷模式的数学模型。利用该模型对135单缸柴油机ETCI燃烧模式进行校核计算,并通过试验验证进一步对燃烧过程中的工况参数及调节参数进行了研究。研究结果表明:在ETCI模式下,存在部分油膜附壁,油膜的蒸发主要与缸内的气体温度与壁温有关,且存在明显的两阶段加热过程。累积放热率与排气门关闭时刻和壁温基本呈线性关系,排气门关闭时刻提前10°CA,累积放热率上升约6%;壁温升高50K,累积放热率上升4%。增压压力升高,累积放热率降低,增压压力越大,累积放热率降低的幅度越小。     

Multi-dimensional modeling of mixture preparation in a direct injection engine fueled with gaseous hydrogen

With the recent advances of direct injection (DI) technology, introducing hydrogen into the combustion chamber through DI is being considered as a viable approach to circumvent backfire and pre-ignition encountered in early generations of hydrogen engines. As part of a broader vision to develop a robust numerical model to study hydrogen spark ignition (SI) combustion in internal combustion (IC) engines, the present numerical investigation focuses on mixture preparation in a hydrogen DI SI engine. This study is carried out with a single hole injector with gaseous hydrogen injected at 100 bar injection pressure. Simulations are carried out for high and low tumble configurations and validated against optical data acquired from planar laser induced fluorescence (PLIF) measurements. Varying mesh configurations are investigated for the impact on in-cylinder mixture distribution. A particular emphasis is placed on the effect of nozzle geometry and mesh orientation near the wall. Overall, the computational model is found to predict the mixture distribution in the combustion cylinder reasonably well. The results showed that the alignment of mesh with the flow direction is important to achieve good agreement between numerical analysis and optical measurement data.     

High pressure direct injection of gaseous fuels using a discrete phase methodology for engine simulations

Direct gaseous fuel injection in internal combustion engines is a potential strategy for improving in-cylinder combustion processes, performance and emissions outputs and, in the case of hydrogen, could facilitate a transition away from fossil fuel usage. Computational fluid dynamic studies are required to fully understand and optimise the combustion process, however, the fine grids required to adequately model the underexpanded gas jets which tend to result from direct injection make this a difficult and cumbersome task. In this paper the gaseous sphere injection (GSI) model, which utilises the Lagrangian discrete phase model to represent the injected gas jet, is further improved to account for the variation in the jet core length with better estimation due to total pressure ratio change. The improved GSI model is then validated against experimental hydrogen and methane underexpanded freestream jet studies, mixing in a direct injection hydrogen spark ignition engine and combustion in a pilot ignited direct injection methane compression ignition engine. The improved GSI model performs reasonably well across all cases examined which cover various pressure ratios, injector diameters, injection conditions and disparate gases (hydrogen and methane) while also allowing for relatively coarse meshes (cheaper computational cost) to be used when compared to those needed for fully resolved modelling of the gaseous injection process. The improved GSI model should allow for efficient and accurate investigation of direct injection gaseous fuelled engines.     

The transition from deflagration to detonation in thin channels

A numerical study of a two-dimensional model for premixed gas combustion in a thin, semi-infinite and thermally-insulated channel is performed. The work is motivated by recent theoretical advances revealing the important role of hydraulic resistance in deflagration-to-detonation transition, one of the central yet still poorly understood phenomena of gaseous combustion. The two-dimensional formulation reproduces the formation of the so-called tulip flame and its predetonational acceleration, well-known experimentally but unattainable within the quasi-one-dimensional approach employed previously. It is shown that the detonation first develops in the boundary layer where the effect of hydraulic resistance is stronger, and thereupon spreads over the channel's interior. However, the second stage of the transition does not proceed gradually but rather through a localized auto-ignition within the tulip.     

Knocking combustion in spark-ignition engines

Knocking combustion research is crucially important because it determines engine durability, fuel consumption, and power density, as well as noise and emission performance. Current spark ignition (SI) engines suffer from both conventional knock and super-knock. Conventional knock limits raising the compression ratio to improve thermal efficiency due to end-gas auto-ignition, while super-knock limits the desired boost to improve the power density of modern gasoline engines due to detonation. Conventional combustion has been widely studied for many years. Although the basic characteristics are clear, the correlation between the knock index and fuel chemistry, pressure oscillations and heat transfer, and auto-ignition front propagation, are still in early stages of understanding. Super-knock combustion in highly boosted spark ignition engines with random pre-ignition events has been intensively studied in the past decade in both academia and industry. These works have mainly focused on the relationship between pre-ignition and super-knock, source analyses of pre-ignition, and the effects of oil/fuel properties on super-knock. The mechanism of super-knock has been recently revealed in rapid compression machines (RCM) under engine-like conditions. It was found that detonation can occur in modern internal combustion engines under high energy density conditions. Thermodynamic conditions and shock waves influence the combustion wave and detonation initiation modes. Three combustion wave modes in the end gas have been visualized as deflagration, sequential auto-ignition and detonation. The most frequently observed detonation initiation mode is shock wave reflection-induced detonation (SWRID). Compared to the effect of shock compression and negative temperature coefficient (NTC) combustion on ignition delay, shock wave reflection is the main cause of near-wall auto-ignition/detonation. Finally, suppression methods for conventional knock and super-knock in SI engines are reviewed, including use of exhaust gas recirculation (EGR), the injection strategy, and the integration of a high tumble - high EGR-Atkinson/Miller cycle. This paper provides deep insights into the processes occurring during knocking combustion in spark ignition engines. Furthermore, knock control strategies and combustion wave modes are summarized, and future research directions, such as turbulence-shock-reaction interaction theory, detonation suppression and utilization, and super-knock solutions, are also discussed.     

直喷式柴油机燃用生物柴油的燃烧特性

在一台直喷式增压柴油机上进行了生物柴油、柴油及其掺混油B20、B50的性能试验,通过测量喷油器针阀升程、喷油压力和气缸压力曲线,对放热率、滞燃期等燃烧特性参数进行了分析,以研究生物柴油对发动机燃烧性能的影响。试验结果表明,在相同工况下,随着掺混油中生物柴油比例的增加,喷油始点逐渐提前,喷油延迟角逐渐变大,喷油压力和喷油持续期有所增加;滞燃期逐渐缩短,在大负荷尤为明显;预混合放热峰值逐渐降低,而扩散燃烧放热峰值逐渐增大;缸内最高燃烧压力提高,其对应的曲轴转角也逐渐提前。燃用生物柴油后发动机的热效率有所提高,在中等负荷时尤为明显。     

汽油机可变滚流进气系统瞬态模拟研究

运用动态网格技术对直喷汽油机在不同转速下缸内气体运动进行瞬态模拟研究,分析可变滚流进气系统中滚流调节阀工作状态对进气流动、喷雾及油气混合特性以及缸内燃烧特性的影响。模拟结果显示,滚流阀开启和关闭对缸内燃油分布有着显著的影响。通过关闭滚流阀提高滚流强度,可加快缸内燃油雾化速度,有助于点火时刻在缸内形成浓度均匀的混合气并提高燃烧效率;在低转速下关闭滚流阀,增加缸内滚流比,可以显著提高缸内燃烧压力,增加点火时刻的湍动能,配合较晚的点火时刻形成稳定而快速的燃烧。模拟结果有利于分析和评价不同参数对可变滚流直喷汽油机混合气形成及燃烧特性的影响规律,为可变滚流进气系统的整机开发提供理论依据。     

Effect of ignition timing and hydrogen fraction on combustion and emission characteristics of natural gas direct-injection engine

An experimental study on the combustion and emission characteristics of a direct-injection spark-ignited engine fueled with natural gas/hydrogen blends under various ignition timings was conducted. The results show that ignition timing has a significant influence on engine performance, combustion and emissions. The interval between the end of fuel injection and ignition timing is a very important parameter for direct-injection natural gas engines. The turbulent flow in the combustion chamber generated by the fuel jet remains high and relative strong mixture stratification is introduced when decreasing the angle interval between the end of fuel injection and ignition timing giving fast burning rates and high thermal efficiencies. The maximum cylinder gas pressure, maximum mean gas temperature, maximum rate of pressure rise and maximum heat release rate increase with the advancing of ignition timing. However, these parameters do not vary much with hydrogen addition under specific ignition timing indicating that a small hydrogen fraction addition of less than 20% in the present experiment has little influence on combustion parameters under specific ignition timing. The exhaust HC emission decreases while the exhaust CO₂ concentration increases with the advancing of ignition timing. In the lean combustion condition, the exhaust CO does not vary much with ignition timing. At the same ignition timing, the exhaust HC decreases with hydrogen addition while the exhaust CO and CO₂ do not vary much with hydrogen addition. The exhaust NO_x increases with the advancing of ignition timing and the behavior tends to be more obvious at large ignition advance angle. The brake mean effective pressure and the effective thermal efficiency of natural gas/hydrogen mixture combustion increase compared with those of natural gas combustion when the hydrogen fraction is over 10%.     

在直喷式柴油机上进行HCCI新概念燃烧的探索研究

从形成均匀预混合气及着火后具有良好化学反应动力学效应的角度出发,在单缸135直喷式柴油机上采用双收口型燃烧室、P型喷油泵、预喷射、伞喷油嘴、乳化柴油及乙醇柴油等方法,对实现均质充量压缩着火(homogeneous charge compression ignition,HCCI)燃烧的多种途径进行了对比试验。结果表明:应用伞喷油嘴有效促进了着火前缸内均质预混合气的形成,具有进一步在小排量增压中冷、高压电喷柴油机上推广的潜力;通过燃料设计可控制着火在上止点附近并提高燃烧速率,有利于实现高效、低排放的近似等压预混合燃烧方式。     

二甲基醚均质压燃化学动力学简化模型的研究

由于详细的化学动力学模型与多维流动动力学模型耦合的高度复杂性,很难将其应用于模拟实际发动机的工作过程。在详细反应动力学研究基础上,通过对二甲基醚(DME)均质压燃燃烧反应途径和敏感性分析,建立了均质压燃二甲基醚的简化动力学模型。此模型在Curran et al模型基础上构建,包括26种产物和28个基元反应。结果表明,提出的二甲基醚简化动力学模型与详细动力学模型计算结果相当吻合,简化模型在对着火时刻、缸内温度和压力计算结果与详细模型基本一致,简化机理对变初始温度和混合气浓度也有较好的预测能力,可应用于模拟二甲基醚HCCI的燃烧过程。     

柴油机燃烧室气体振荡的模拟与试验研究

基于燃烧数学模型中的流场模型,对柴油机燃烧过程中的气体高频声波振荡问题建立声学模型并给出了求解方法。用该方法对燃烧室内的声学变化特性进行计算,并将不同转速和不同负荷工况下的实测缸压振荡结果和声学计算结果进行对比。研究结果表明:该方法能正确计算柴油机燃烧过程中的压力振荡。对于试验用柴油机,燃烧室气体第一阶主振荡频率均在5kHz以上,振荡规律与具体的工况有关。直接影响燃烧振荡性质的两个因素为放热速率和燃气温度,燃气温度越高,则发生振荡时的振荡频率越高;放热规律曲线峰值越大则振荡幅值越大。以8×10-5 s为间隔绘制了声场分布图,结果表明:燃烧室中的声场分布是不均匀的,且随时间变化十分迅速。     

液压自由活塞发动机活塞运动规律自适应特性的研究

在一台液压自由活塞发动机(HFPE)样机上进行了活塞运动规率的试验。研究表明:活塞的运动规律对于燃烧相位和累积放热量的变动具有自适应性;随着燃烧相位的提前或累积放热量的增大,活塞换向提前,最大升程和压缩比降低;这种自适应性可有效避免均质压燃过程中的爆震与后燃现象,保证缸内最高压力、最大放热速率的稳定,减少指示功的损失。