低盐酱油速酿法

<正>当酱油醪发酵时,将酿造食盐水的浓度比常规法降低至10~15%的低盐浓度。盐水的用量拟为原料的120~140%,盐水温度由常规法30℃提高至 40℃在这种酿造盐水中加入酱油麯进行发酵,当第二天酱油醪温度降至35℃时,添加2%予先培养好的酱油酵母,每日搅拌2~4次,使温度保持35-38℃,大约10     

利用啤酒酵母泥低盐固态发酵生产特鲜酱油技术研究

利用啤酒生产的副产物酵母泥代替酱油生产的蛋白原料与麸皮合理配比，进行低盐固态发酵生产酱油。酵母泥不经洗涤脱苦处理，经挤压８０℃干燥与麸皮配料，发酵７天氨基氮含量即可达要求标准，最高发酵温度５５℃。成品酱油色泽深红，酱香浓郁，其理化指标历国家标准要求。     

挤压豆粕发酵工艺参数对酱油全氮利用率的影响

以豆粕和面粉的挤出物为原料,以全氮利用率为考察指标,以发酵时间、发酵温度和盐水比例为发酵工艺参数,采用三因素五水平二次旋转正交实验,通过SAS9.1软件进行试验数据处理,得出最佳发酵工艺参数:盐水比例(x1)为94.5%,发酵温度(x2)为46.0℃,发酵时间(x3)为14.5天。此时酱油的全氮利用率为86.5%,与传统蒸煮工艺相比较提高了6.1%。     

山杏仁酱油发酵工艺的优化

本文采用低盐固态发酵法酿造山杏仁酱油,分别研究了盐水原料比、发酵温度和发酵时间对酱醅氨基氮含量的影响。首先,通过单因素实验确定影响因素及水平,然后,通过L9(34)正交实验确定最佳的发酵工艺。结果表明,最佳的发酵工艺是:盐水原料比为4∶2(v/m),发酵温度为45℃,发酵时间为5d,在此条件下发酵制得的酱油的氨基氮含量为0.563g/100m L。     

低盐固态苦荞酱油发酵工艺及理化品质研究

采用低盐固态发酵工艺,探讨不同盐水浓度和发酵温度对酱醅理化特性及苦荞酱油品质的影响。不同盐水浓度和发酵温度的低盐固态工艺对比分析表明:苦荞酱油发酵过程中还原糖、氨基酸态氮和总黄酮含量呈现先升后降再趋于平稳的趋势,可溶性无盐固形物和总酸含量一直升高,pH值持续降低,氯化钠含量变化不大;经综合比较,以15°Bé盐水浓度和42℃-48℃-37℃中高低变温发酵的酱油(头油)品质最好,其氨基酸态氮、总酸、还原糖、总氮和总黄酮含量分别达0.625,0.656,1.023,1.4g/dL和1.38mg/g,符合国家二级质量标准。     

扇贝裙边酱油发酵工艺研究

以扇贝裙边、豆粕、麸皮、小麦为原料,采用As 3.042、As3.350、UE336多菌种混合制曲,低盐固态发酵酿造扇贝裙边酱油.通过对氨基态氮、还原糖、牛磺酸、氨基多糖含量的研究以及抗氧化性、降血压的研究,确定扇贝裙边酱油适宜的发酵工艺条件为盐水浓度12%,曲水比1:2,前12 d发酵温度45℃,后18 d发酵温度40℃.     

以酱油氨基酸态氮含量为考察指标的发酵工艺参数优化

采用挤压膨化技术对豆粕和面粉等原料进行预处理,使原料中的蛋白质降解为小分子物质,利于微生物对蛋白质的分解,提高原料利用率,进而提高酱油中氨基酸态氮含量和酱油品质。以氨基酸态氮为考察指标,选择盐水比例、发酵温度、发酵时间3个试验因素,运用二次回归正交旋转组合设计安排试验,采用SAS9.1进行试验数据处理,得出最佳工艺参数:盐水比例(X1)为80.0%,发酵温度(X2)为46.0℃,发酵时间(X3)为14.5 d。通过对发酵工艺参数的优化可以明显提高酱油中氨基酸态氮含量,提高酱油品质。在此条件下氨基酸态氮含量为0.7934 g/100 m L。     

温度对高盐稀态酱油风味物质的影响

采用豆粕和麸皮(配比6∶4)为原料,沪酿3.042米曲霉单菌种制曲,成曲以1∶2比例添加18°Be′盐水,进行发酵实验。为了研究温度对酱油发酵过程中各项指标的影响,对实验过程中发酵液的理化指标进行跟踪测定,结合成品酱油的感官分析和挥发性风味成分分析,得出发酵温度对酱油生产过程的影响。实验表明:在15~41℃的发酵温度范围内,酱油的氨态氮、红色指数、总氮含量与发酵温度呈正相关;15℃低温发酵1个月后,升温至30℃发酵2个月的工艺所酿酱油还原糖含量较高、风味化合物含量较高、香气与滋味得分值高。     

牡丹籽粕酱油发酵工艺优化及抗氧化活性研究

采用响应面分析法对牡丹籽粕酱油发酵工艺进行优化,并对其抗氧化活性进行研究。结果表明:最佳发酵工艺条件为发酵温度45.5℃、发酵时间18d、盐水浓度12%,此时籽粕酱油氨基态氮含量为0.616g/100 mL。体外抗氧化性试验表明,高温高压灭菌下的牡丹籽粕酱油对DPPH·具有较好的清除能力,清除率可达94.19%。     

黑豆蚕豆复合酱油的配方及工艺研究

以黑豆和蚕豆为主要原料,加入一定量麸皮采用固稀发酵技术生产复合型酱油。通过单因素试验和正交试验,以制作出的产品感官指标为检验项目,确定最佳工艺条件:制曲物料配比为60∶20∶20、发酵过程温度为42℃、食盐水浓度为13°Be′、拌盐水量为1∶1.4(质量比)。制得的酱油滋味鲜美、色泽鲜艳、香味浓郁,各项理化指标均达到理想标准。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

An internet compendium of analytical methods and spectroscopic information for monomers and additives used in food packaging plastics

An internet website (http://cpf.jrc.it/smt/) has been produced as a means of dissemination of methods of analysis and supporting spectroscopic information on monomers and additives used for food contact materials (principally packaging). The site which is aimed primarily at assisting food control laboratories in the European Union contains analytical information on monomers, starting substances and additives used in the manufacture of plastics materials. A searchable index is provided giving PM and CAS numbers for each of 255 substances. For each substance a data sheet gives regulatory information, chemical structures, physico-chemical information and background information on the use of the substance in particular plastics, and the food packaging applications. For monomers and starting substances (155 compounds) the infra-red and mass spectra are provided, and for additives (100 compounds); additionally proton NMR are available for about 50% of the entries. Where analytical methods have been developed for determining these substances as residual amounts in plastics or as trace amounts in food simulants these methods are also on the website. All information is provided in portable document file (PDF) format which means that high quality copies can be readily printed, using freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader software. The website will in future be maintained and up-dated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) as new substances are authorized for use by the European Commission (DG-ENTR formerly DGIII). Where analytical laboratories (food control or other) require reference substances these can be obtained free-ofcharge from a reference collection housed at the JRC and maintained in conjunction with this website compendium.     

Chlorohydrins of bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE) and of bisphenol F diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in canned foods and ready-to-drink coffees from the Japanese market

BADGE.2HCl and BFDGE.2HCl were determined in 28 samples of ready-to-drink canned coffee and 18 samples of canned vegetables (10 corn, 5 tomatoes and 3 others), all from the Japanese market. HPLC was used as the principal analytical method and GCMS for confirmation of relevant LC fractions. BADGE.2HCl was found to be present in one canned coffee and five samples of corn, BFDGE.2HCl in four samples of canned tomatoes and in one canned corn. No sample was found which exceeded the 1mg/kg limit of the EU for the BADGE chlorohydrins. However the highest concentration was found for the sum of BFDGE.2HCl and BFDGE.HCl.H₂O at a level of 1.5mg/kg. A Beilstein test confirmed that all cans containing foods contaminated with BADGE.2HCl or BFDGE.2HCl had at lest one part coated with a PVC organosol.     

European priorities for research to support legislation in the area of food contact materials and articles

A strong science base is required to underpin the planning and decision-making process involved in determining future European community legislation on materials and articles in contact with food. Significant progress has been made in the past 5 years in European funded work in this area, with many developments contributing to a much better understanding of the migration process, and better and simpler approaches to food control. In this paper this progress is reviewed against previously identified work-areas (identified in 1994) and conclusions are reached about future requirements for R&D to support legislation on food contact materials and articles over the next 5 or so years.     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.     

Contribution of European research to risk analysis

The European Commission's, Quality of Life Research Programme, Key Action 1—Health, Food & Nutrition is mission-oriented and aims, amongst other things, at providing a healthy, safe and high-quality food supply leading to reinforced consumer confidence in the safety of European food. Its objectives also include the enhancing of the competitiveness of the European food supply. Key Action 1 is currently supporting a number of different types of European collaborative projects in the area of risk analysis. The objectives of these projects range from the development and validation of prevention strategies including the reduction of consumers risks; development and validation of new modelling approaches; harmonization of risk assessment principles, methodologies, and terminology; standardization of methods and systems used for the safety evaluation of transgenic food; providing of tools for the evaluation of human viral contamination of shellfish and quality control; new methodologies for assessing the potential of unintended effects of genetically modified (genetically modified) foods; development of a risk assessment model for Cryptosporidium parvum related to the food and water industries; to the development of a communication platform for genetically modified organism, producers, retailers, regulatory authorities and consumer groups to improve safety assessment procedures, risk management strategies and risk communication; development and validation of new methods for safety testing of transgenic food; evaluation of the safety and efficacy of iron supplementation in pregnant women; evaluation of the potential cancer-preventing activity of pro- and pre-biotic ('synbiotic') combinations in human volunteers. An overview of these projects is presented here.     

Influence des ions sur le pouvoir hydratant de l'ure e: e tude sur peau de porc ex vivo

This study deals with the influence of ions (NaCl and MgSO4) in a W/O emulsion containing 10% urea. Moisturization kinetics are assessed by corneometry on pig skin ex vivo. The formula's influence on urea penetration is measured by infrared spectrometry with an ATR device and the stripping method. Corneometry and spectroscopy were chosen to record simultaneously the hydratation levels and urea localization into superficial cell layers. Urea crystallization after evaporation of emulsions and aqueous solutions is described. Results show that urea does not hydrate nor penetrate when applied to the skin through an aqueous gel. In a W/O emulsion, sodium chloride increases the ability of urea to moisturize without improving penetration. In vitro urea crystallization is disturbed by sodium chloride or magnesium sulphate for solutions and emulsions. This stabilization by ions is correlated with good moisturization values. The stabilization of urea in the solute state provided by ions increases its water epidermal binding capacity without enhancing penetration.