MnO_x-WO_3/TiO_2用于NH_3选择性催化还原NO_x的性能与抗SO_2毒性研究

研究了Mn-W/TiO2用于NH3选择性催化还原NOx体系的催化反应性能,探索了不同温度条件下该催化剂对抗不同SO2浓度的抗毒性能。结果显示WO3能够增加活性酸中心的数量和酸性,是MnOx/TiO2非常有效的助催化剂。在气体体积空速(gaseous hourly space velocity,GHSV)为18900h-1时100～350℃范围内,Mn-W/TiO2催化剂还原NOx的转化率高达80.3%～99.6%,N2选择性达100%～98.7%。当反应气中有0.01%SO2和6%H2O时,120℃NOx转化率可维持在98.5%,当SO2浓度超过0.01%时,则需将反应温度升高到250℃以上才可消除其干扰,而当SO2浓度高达0.07%时,300℃下转化率可长期维持在99%,达到了商用V-W/TiO2催化剂的水平。对于NH3选择性还原NOx体系Mn-W/TiO2显示了极好的催化性能,是目前抗SO2毒性最强的催化剂之一。试验发现,低温条件下,SO2对Mn-W/TiO2催化剂的影响是可逆的,随着反应温度的提高,活性将自然恢复。     

制备参数对V_2O_5/TiO_2催化剂脱硝性能的影响

研究分析了制备参数对V2O5/TiO2催化剂选择性催化还原脱硝性能的影响,考察了V2O5/TiO2催化剂的抗水抗硫性能。结果表明,载体TiO2的比表面积越大,结晶度越弱,越有利于V2O5/TiO2催化剂上的SCR反应;在煅烧温度为500℃和煅烧时间为5 h的条件下制备的1 wt.%V2O5/TiO2催化剂具有最高的脱硝活性,在典型的SCR反应温度范围(300～400℃),NO转化率达到92.7%～98.8%;随着催化剂上V2O5担载量的增加,有序的V2O5晶体随之增加,反应温度的升高将导致N2O生成量的增多,降低催化剂的选择性;当烟气中含有10%H2O和(0～0.2%)SO2时,对V2O5/TiO2催化剂的脱硝活性影响不大。     

新型低温NH3选择性还原NOx催化剂研究

制备了一种新型催化剂,其由二氧化钛负载锰氧化物(MnOx/TiO2)组成.对不同负载量与不同焙烧温度的MnOx/TiO2进行了低温NH2选择性催化还原NOx的试验研究,结果表明,NOx的转化率随负载量增加而提高,而N2选择性则相反,焙烧温度同时影响催化活性和N2选择性.借助X射线衍射(XRD)、比表面积(BET)、孔容、孔径、傅立叶变换红外光谱(FT-IR)、程序升温还原(TPR)及NH3程序升温脱附(NH3-TPD)等测试手段,寻求最佳的MnOx/TiO2制备条件.结果显示,在相同负栽量(以Mn计)下,MnO2的活性及选择性高于MnO2与Mn2O3的混合物;在空速(GHSV)12 600h-1、80℃时NOx转化率达97%,120℃时NOx转化率和N2选择性近似100%.试验结果表明,作为低温NH3选择性还原NOx的基础,MnOx/TiO2催化体系具有重要的理论与实践意义.     

TiO2光催化烟气脱氮技术研究

主要研究载体中有TiO2光催化剂存在时，去除烟气中NOx的4种技术，包括在TiO2表面上NH3和NO的光催化反应、Ru/TiO2催化剂在低温下对CO-NO的催化反应、Pt／TiO2催化剂去除NOx和TiO2-AC-Fe2O3催化剂去除低浓度NOx。研究TiO2的光催化机理及上述4种技术脱除NOx的机理。比较上述4种TiO2光催化脱氮技术现状及特点，提出基于TiO2光催化同时脱硫脱氮的技术展望。     

焙烧温度对Mn-Cu/TiO2催化剂性能的影响

Mn-Cu/TiO2具有较大的比表面积、活性组分与TiO2强烈的相互作用、良好的氧化还原能力以及较高的吸氨能力。故将溶胶凝胶法制备的Mn-Cu/TiO2催化剂,应用于NH3低温选择性催化还原(SCR)脱硝技术。为提高该催化剂的活性和抗SO2中毒能力,研究了溶胶凝胶法焙烧温度对Mn-Cu/TiO2催化剂催化性能的影响,并通过吸附N2能力测试(N2-BET)、X射线衍射试验(XRD)、H2和NH3的化学吸附特性测试(H2-TPR、NH3-TPD)等多种手段对催化剂的理化性能进行表征。研究发现,在400℃下焙烧制备的催化剂拥有最佳脱硝活性和抗SO2中毒能力。     

钾盐对V2O5/TiO2催化剂NH3选择性催化还原NO反应的影响

钾在中国燃煤和生物质烟气中以钾盐--硫酸钾和氯化钾的形式存在。文中采用静态N2物理吸附、程序升温表面反应(temperature-programmed surface reaction,TPSR)、傅里叶变换红外(Fourier transform infrared,FT-IR)光谱和催化活性评价的方法,研究了钾盐对V2O5/TiO2催化剂上NH3选择性催化还原NO反应的影响。结果表明,钾盐使V2O5/TiO2催化剂活性降低。随着钾盐在催化剂上负载量的增加,稳定的NO脱除温度窗口逐渐变窄,当K与V物质的量之比达到3.0时,该窗口消失。钾盐的掺入使催化剂表面活性位数量明显减少,但是并没有显著改变催化剂的反应性。催化剂失活的主要原因是K优先配位在催化剂表面的Br￠nsted酸性位上,中和了Br￠nsted酸性位酸性,使Br￠nsted酸性位上吸附的氨减少。     

负载型纳米TiO_2光催化氧化NO_x的实验研究

阐述了负载型纳米TiO2光催化氧化NOx的机理,并设计了光催化氧化实验装置。采用超声波震荡将纳米TiO2均匀地镀在活性炭纤维、γ-Al2O3颗粒和石英砂颗粒上,制备了3种催化剂,从吸附、光解和氧化3个角度比较了3种催化剂的催化效果,然后考察了NO浓度、O2含量和含湿量等3个影响因素对NO转化率的影响。研究结果表明:NO浓度较低时,以活性炭纤维为载体的光催化剂,由于其较高的吸附能力和选择性催化氧化(SCO)特性,取得了较好的NO转化率;NO浓度较高时,以石英砂颗粒为载体的光催化剂,由于其较好的透光性,取得较好的NO转化率。     

V2O5-WO3/TiO2烟气脱硝催化剂的载体选择

在选择性催化还原试验台上对4种不同TiO2为载体制备的催化剂的脱硝性能进行测试,采用BET、X射线衍射、傅里叶转换红外光谱、扫描电镜-能谱分析、X射线荧光分析和热重分析等技术进行微观表征,并与商业催化剂进行对比。以硫酸法制备的纳米级锐钛型TiO2适合作为选择性催化还原催化剂载体,制备的催化剂脱硝效率高,温度窗口宽,选择性好,其中硫酸盐质量分数为8%~10%时最为有利;以氯化法制备纳米TiO2过程中,生成了V3Ti6O17的聚合物导致NO脱除率较低,因此不适合作为催化剂载体。以工业级TiO2为载体制备的催化剂氨氮比为1.0时,在355~420 ℃的温度范围内NO脱除率为80%~85%,但由于成本很低,因此可以用于脱硝要求不高的场合。由钛酸丁酯溶胶法制备TiO2为载体制备的SCR催化剂性能不及硫酸法制备的纳米级锐钛型TiO2制备的催化剂,且操作复杂,技术难度大,不适宜推广。     

预测TiO2光催化烟气同时脱硫脱硝效率的遗传程序设计方法研究

影响TiO2光催化烟气同时脱硫脱硝效率的因素包括温度、催化剂、含湿量、氧浓度、光、SO2和NOx浓度等,它们呈复杂的非线性关系.在紫外光下,利用催化剂及混合烟气中氧气浓度为8%的条件下,以TiO2光催化烟气同时脱硫脱硝的试验数据为样本,采用遗传程序设计(GP)方法自动找出脱硫脱硝效率随各主要影响因素变化的规律,并通过检验样本数据对模型进行了预测.结果表明,该方法避免了事先确定变量之间函数关系的主观性,预测数据的准确度较高.     

Mn-Fe/TiO2低温NH3选择性还原NO催化活性及其反应机制

采用共沉淀沉积法制备了Mn-Fe/TiO2 NH3选择性催化还原(SCR)NO催化剂，80℃时即获得了92.5%的NOx转达化率，在j( H2O) = 6% 和 j( SO2) =0.01%条件下120℃时转达化率保持在95%以上。X衍射光谱(XRD)结果表明，Fe2O3与与MnO2存在相互作用，两者均匀地分散在载体TiO2表面。傅立叶转换红外(FT-IR)及原位红外(Situ IR)光谱分析得出反应机理为：Fe2O3为助催化剂，NH3主要以-NH2形式吸附在MnO2的Lewis酸中心上，与NO生成中间产物NH2NO，再分解成最终产物N2和H2O；少量以NH4+形式吸附在Br?nst酸中心上。O2能同时增加Lewis酸中心和Br?nst酸中心形成中间产物的途径。     

氢氧等离子体合成过氧化氢过程的能效研究

为提高氢氧等离子体合成H2O2技术的能量效率,通过分析放电过程的反应器能效及电源能量注入效率,确定了影响合成总能效的主要因素。考察了反应器电极间距、电源放电频率及注入功率对反应器能效和电源能量注入效率的影响。发现减小电极间距、提高放电频率和注入功率有利于提高反应器能效,但不利于提高电源能量注入效率。本研究中可以得到150 gH2O2/kWh的反应器能效,但由于较低的电源能量注入效率,致使合成H2O2的总能效不超过9 gH2O2/kWh。因此,提高等离子体法合成H2O2过程的总能效,不仅需要设计高能效的等离子体反应器,还需为反应器负载开发适配的电源,而后者是提升该技术能量效率的关键。     

Electron-Ion Transport in ZrO2-Y2O3-CeO2 Ceramics

Simultaneous conduction of oxide ions and electrons in solid ceramic systems provides the capability for oxygen transport under a concentration gradient without the need for an externally applied electric field. In the present study, ionic transference numbers have been measured in the ZrO₂-5.8%Y₂O₃-10%CeO₂ system by open circuit Emf measurements involving different metal/metal oxide electrodes. In order to correlate the ionic transference number with grain size, high-density ceramic discs of different grain sizes (50 nm–5 m) were prepared by sintering pressed powders at various temperatures and times. Hydrothermal synthesis was used to prepare nanocrystalline powders of the above material with uniform crystallite size (10 nm) and chemistry. Emf measurements on the samples suggested both ionic and electronic transport, the ionic transference number decreasing with increase in the grain size. This observation was attributed to an increase in the amount of continuous crystalline grain boundary phase in the ceramics as the grain size increased. The presence of crystalline silicate and zirconate phases in the grain boundary region was confirmed by electron microscopic imaging combined with microanalysis. In the large grain (5 m) ceramics, the ionic transference number decreased linearly with temperature. As the grain size decreased, a maximum occurred in the ionic transference number vs. temperature curve. This maximum became more pronounced at smaller grain sizes. Better grain-grain contact and the doping effect of trivalent Ce in the grain boundary core are proposed to explain this observation.     

RuO_2-IrO_2-TiO_2析氧催化剂的制备工艺

以Ti N、RuCl3和H2IrCl6为原料,用真空浸渍-热分解法制备了RuO2-IrO2-Ti O2,研究了煅烧温度和n(Ru+Ir)∶n(Ti)对产物的影响。XRD分析表明:Ti N在高温煅烧时氧化生成金红石型Ti O2,RuO2、IrO2和Ti O2以固溶体的形式存在。CV、阳极极化曲线和EIS测试表明:RuO2-IrO2-Ti O2的最佳煅烧温度为400℃,随着n(Ru+Ir)∶n(Ti)的提高,催化剂的活性增强;在相同电位下,RuO2-IrO2-Ti O2的电流密度大于IrO2,可用作固体聚合物电解质(SPE)水电解催化剂。     

富氧火焰原子吸收光谱法测定铅钙锡合金中的锡

采用富氧火焰 (Air—C2 H2 —O2 )原子吸收光谱法直接测定铅钙锡合金中 0 1%以上的锡。对仪器工作条件、测定体系酸度、共存离子干扰等作了研究。方法准确度高 ,结果重现性好     

Thermoelectricity of p-Fe2O3-SO3-SiO2-others and n-Fe2O3-SiO2-CuO-others

Thermoelectric minerals have been found at Loei Province, in the northeastern part of Thailand. Local mineral specimens were prepared in the powders and bulk solids form by crushing, calcination and annealing, pressure and sintering, cutting and polishing. Mineral samples were used to analyze the composition and phase, determine the thermoelectric property and efficiency, design and construct a thermoelectric generator. Chemical composition and phase identification of powder samples were analyzed by the x-ray fluorescence (XRF) and x-ray diffraction (XRD), respectively. XRF and XRD results indicated that the mineral samples comprised the SO₃-CaO-SiO₂-others, Fe₂O₃-SO₃-SiO₂-others, Fe₂O₃-SiO₂-others and Fe₂O₃-SiO₂-CuO-others. From the thermoelectric property and efficiency determinations, the p-SO₃-CaO-SiO₂-others, p-Fe₂O₃-SO₃-SiO₂-others, n-Fe₂O₃-SiO₂-others and n-Fe₂O₃-SiO₂-CuO-others bulks were found to exhibit the thermoelectric figure of merit in orders of 10^?14, 10^?11, 10^?14 and 10^?13 K^?1, respectively. A fabricated thermoelectric generator made from ten pairs of p-Fe₂O₃-SO₃-SiO₂-others and n-Fe₂O₃-SiO₂-CuO-others legs that can be provided the open circuit voltage and short circuit current up to 48.30 mV and 0.14 μA for a temperature difference of 39.80 K at room temperature, respectively. While the internal resistance decreased and reached a value of 665 kΩ.     

Mixed Hydroxide Precursors for La2Ti2O7 and Nd2Ti2O7 by Homogeneous Precipitation

Feasibility of formation of stoichiometric precursors of either M₂ (TiO)₂(C₂O₄)₅ 4H₂O (M = La and Nd) or coprecipitated hydroxides of M(OH)₃+TiO(OH)₂ was investigated by two solution routes at different pH values. Composition of precipitates obtained at pH = 7.0 by coprecipitation method starting from La or Nd nitrates and potassium titanyl oxalate corresponded to a physical mixture of La or Nd(C₂O₄)₃ 9.5H₂O and TiO(OH)₂7·H₂O which on thermal decomposition did not yield phase pure M₂Ti₂O₇. However, precipitation from La or Nd nitrates and titanium tertrachloride by urea hydrolysis yielded homogeneous mixture of hydroxides of La or Nd and Ti, which on pyrolysis at 950°C yielded phase pure La₂Ti₂O₇ and Nd₂Ti₂O₇. Use of potassium titanyl oxalate as precursor for Ti, led to selective precipitation of La or Nd oxalate even at pH as low as 0.1 leading to sequential precipitation of La or Nd oxalate followed by Ti hydroxide at pH = 3.0. The resultant precipitate on pyrolysis underwent typical solid-state reaction.     

Large motors for zone 2 and division 2

The safety of people working in either in division 2 or zone 2 hazardous (classified) locations and the protection of the facility is a prime concern. Worldwide, local authorities having jurisdiction mandate the codes and/or standards necessary to assure safety and protection. Two parallel approaches, North American NEC/CEC and international IEC systems, address the requirements of equipment installed in these locations. While essentially equal, the two systems are not interchangeable, and it is the obligation of the purchaser to advice which code is appropriate for the installation. It is also the responsibility of the purchaser or user to satisfy requirements of the LAHJ. A quick summary is provided in the "Summary of NEC, CEC, and IEC Requirements." NEC/CEC codes allow the manufacturer design leeway in the safe construction of motors and generators. These machines have a documented history of successful, incident free, operation for over 100 years.The machines made to the IEC EX "n" standard have the same consideration for the occurrence of arcing or sparking and include supplementary requirements for design, construction, and validation testing. The machines designed for division 2 hazardous area meeting the North American requirements of NEC/CEC may not be sufficient to comply with the mandates of IEC-regulated zone 2 hazardous area use. The machines designed and authenticated per IEC 60079-15 are suited to meet all the requirements of NEC, CEC, and IEC for zone 2 use.     

Dielectric and Piezoelectric Properties of Nonstoichiometric SrBi2Ta2O9 and SrBi2Nb2O9 Ceramics

Nonstoichiometric SrBi₂Ta₂O₉ (SBT) and SrBi₂Nb₂O₉ (SBN) ceramics were prepared by a solid state reaction method. X-ray diffraction analysis showed that single-phase of Bi-layered perovskite was obtained. With different Sr/Bi content ratios of SBT and SBN, Curie temperature (T_C), electromechanical factor (K_p) and mechanical quality factor (Q_m) were measured. T_C of SBN (SBT) rose from 414C (314C) to 494C (426C) when Sr/Bi content ratio was increased from 0.55/2.3 to 1.2/1.8. In the most Sr-deficient/Bi-excess ratio of 0.55/2.3, the maximum values of Q_m were obtained approximately 1013 and 3325 for SBT and SBN, respectively.     

过氧化氢钝化工艺的改进

传统的过氧化氢钝化工艺较难掌握，钝化条件比较苛刻，钝化效果一般，还容易出现一种褐色不明附着物。经过大量试验研究，对过氧化氢钝化工艺进行了改进，钝化效果明显提高。