Phosphate diesters for dermatological use

A new formulation for dermatological use and hair care was studied. Phosphate diesters of the nonyl-phenol type in association with cocoimidazoline derivatives are compared with four commercial formulations. Foaming capacity, eye and skin irritation, keratin solubilization and defatting properties were studied. The mixture was the best foamforming formulation and the best defatting agent. Also, it was non-irritant for skin and eyes at adequate dilutions and did not dissolve keratin. It is a good formulation for dermatological use and hair care, due to its detergent properties. It ranks high among safe products.
Di-ésters phosphates à usage dermatologique     

Brisket boards reduce freestall use

We examined how the presence of a brisket board influenced cow preference, stall use, and position within the stall. When given a choice between stalls with or without a brisket board, 15 nonlactating cows spent 68% of their time lying in the stalls without a brisket board, indicating that they preferred this option. When 13 cows had access to either stalls with a brisket board or ones without, they spent, on average, 1.2 h/d more time lying down in stalls without a brisket board. Resting cows positioned themselves relatively forward in the stalls in 98 ± 5% (mean ± SE) of lying bouts when the brisket board was absent, compared with 67 ± 5% of bouts when the board was present. Longer cows were more likely than shorter cows to move forward in the stalls without a brisket board. Cows also had longer lying bouts in stalls without the brisket board (absent: 1.7 ± 0.08; present: 1.5 ± 0.08 h/bout). Although it seems likely that the brisket board helps keep stalls clean by positioning cows closer to the curb, our results indicate that brisket boards also make stalls less comfortable for cows. Stall features designed to reduce stall maintenance may compromise cow comfort. We suggest that new approaches to cow housing are now required.     

鱼明胶的开发与应用进展

全文介绍了鱼明胶的性能,生产的主要技术路线与最佳的操作条件及有关进展情况。对现工业化运行的主要鱼明胶生产工艺的技术特点进行了具体的分析和总结,阐述了国内外研究开发的现状与发展趋势。并探讨了扩大应用范围等的前景与市场需求。     

肉类下脚料的高效利用

为了使肉类下脚料得到更加高效的利用,探讨魔芋粘合剂在下脚料粘合中的应用.研究分析粘合剂用量、粘合剂pH值和硼砂的用量等因素对肉类下脚料粘合效果的影响.结果表明:该粘合剂获得较佳粘合效果的应用工艺是其用量为2%,pH值范围为大于12.2,硼砂的用量控制在魔芋胶质量的2%～3%；将肉类下脚料重新整合成仍保持原肉块加工性状的产品,让肉类碎屑得以高效利用.     

全球甜味剂管理现状

<正> 甜味是人们最喜爱的味道之一。在未发现甜味剂之前,人类一直沿用具有营养价值的碳水化合物,如蔗糖、果糖、乳糖等。现今,世界各地已批准使用的甜味剂有20多种,甜味剂作为糖的替代品,必须具备糖的功能特性(表一)。本文将就全球甜味剂的管理现状作个简介,并探讨其在食品工业中的发展前景。 甜味剂的相关法规及应用须知 为保护消费者的健康,各国政府的卫生部门均对甜味剂实行适当的管理,尤其对非营养型甜味剂的品种、使用     

无线胶订设备与材料的正确运用

随着印刷技术的迅猛发展,装订技术也进入了无线胶订的崭新阶段。圆盘平装胶订机作为中型印刷厂家装订机械的主体,在生产中起着重要的作用。为了顺利地按国家标准保质、保量地完成印刷任务,就要求拥有圆盘胶订机的厂家正确、高效地使用圆盘胶订机和选用性能优良的热熔胶。     

Energy use in bread baking

A study was made of the energy used in production of standard, white, sliced bread in three UK bakeries. The production chain studied covered all stages from receipt of flour at the bakery to arrival of bread at the retail outlet: primary energy use from all sources averaged 6.99 MJ kg-1 bread. In the complete production system for standard bread, including wheat growing, flour milling, baking and retailing, primary energy consumption was 14.8 MJ kg-1 bread and the energy subsidy (primary energy input: food energy output) for the system was 1.49. Primary energy used in home baking was dependent on the degree of loading of the oven and varied from 4.24–16.05 MJ kg-1 bread baked in a gas oven and from 10.84–54.76 MJ kg-1 bread baked in an electric oven. In comparison with mashed potato, roast beef and reheated canned corn, standard bread showed the lowest energy subsidy by a factor of at least five. The energy subsidy for standard bread production was only one-seventh of the figure which applies to the food system as a whole. The findings suggest that bread is the most energy efficient staple food product of an industrialised food production system.     

味精的合理使用

味精是家庭烹调中常用的一种增鲜调味品,文中阐述了味精的营养保健功效及安全卫生评价情况,分析了味精的调味作用及影响因素,提出了味精正确选购及合理使用的方法,同时也指出了使用方面存在的一些误区。     

探讨甜味剂的使用安全性

<正> 甜味剂是一种只具有甜味而没有营养价值,且纯度较高的化学物质,一般在食品加工过程中作为原料使用,也可以在餐桌上作为调味料使用。 为什么要食用甜味剂 随着社会的发展和人们多样化的生活需求,在某些情况下,例如糖尿病患者和糖耐量低者,会被医生告诫不能吃外加的糖,但又不可能终生不吃有甜味的食品,故甜味剂几乎是他们的必需品。另一方面,在现代都市生活中,有相当一部分人为了减肥或怕胖而不愿意吃糖,但又不愿意放弃甜食,因此,市     

几种无梭织机的使用体会

主要介绍了G6200、JAT710、G6300、Vamatax、GR—M-1000、GA799—1各型无梭织机机械性能及对比，同时说明了它们的主要机械运动的原理和电气工作原理，最后提出了设计上的改进建议。     

果糖的特性及应用

介绍了果糖的特殊性质及其在食品和医疗方面的应用,并分析了国内应用市场现状和发展前景.     

Energy use in flour production

Energy use at three UK flour mills was studied. The primary energy required to provide the fuel and power used in milling averaged 1.16 GJ t^?1 flour. Electricity accounted for approximately 80% of this value and was the sole energy source used directly in the milling process. Electricity consumption per tonne of flour showed no significant variation between a soft grist and a hard grist. The total primary energy requirement for the milling and transport of flour delivered in bulk was 1.43 GJ t^?1 compared with 1.88 GJ t^?1 for flour packed in 32-kg bags, where transport and the provision of packaging material require additional energy use. Primary energy use in wheat growing was evaluated for Canada, USA, France and the UK but did not show marked differences, at about 4.4 GJ t^?1 wheat. The primary energy requirement for fuel used in transporting wheat to UK flour mills was estimated to range from 1.46 GJ t^?1 of Canadian wheat to 0.08 GJ t^?1 of home grown wheat. In order to make available at a UK bakery flour milled from a grist of 30% Canadian, 40% French and 30% home grown wheat, the total primary energy requirement (including wheat growing, milling, transport of wheat and flour) was 6.41 GJ t^?1 flour. However, flour production results in a nett production of food energy.     

Tobacco use among Swedish schoolchildren

Objective: To study the prevalence of snus use and of smoking among Swedish schoolchildren from 1989 to 2003. Design: Surveys conducted by the Swedish Council for Information on Alcohol and Other Drugs. Setting: All of Sweden. Subjects: 84 472 boys and girls age 15–16 years. Main outcome measures: Subjects are classified as non-smokers, occasional smokers, and regular smokers, and into three similar categories for snus use. Tobacco use is reported as sex specific prevalence. Results: During the period 1989 to 2003, the prevalence of tobacco use declined both among boys and girls. For boys, regular smoking declined after 1992 from 10% to 4%. Their snus use was about 10% in the 1990s but increased to 13% by 2003. Regular smoking among girls was 20% in early years and declined to 15%. Smoking among girls was always double that among boys. Patterns of occasional tobacco use were similar to those of regular use. Conclusions: The high prevalence of snus use in Sweden not only reduces smoking rates among Swedish men, but suppresses smoking among boys as well.     

中国引进首台气垫干燥机使用的总结

主要介绍Flakt气垫干燥机的干燥原理以及生产中的控制技术,并结合多年生产实践经验指出存在不足之处以及进一步改进发展方向。     

Seed systems smallholder farmers use

Seed can be an important entry point for promoting productivity, nutrition and resilience among smallholder farmers. While investments have primarily focused on strengthening the formal sector, this article documents the degree to which the informal sector remains the core for seed acquisition, especially in Africa. Conclusions drawn from a uniquely comprehensive data set, 9660 observations across six countries and covering 40 crops, show that farmers access 90.2 % of their seed from informal systems with 50.9 % of that deriving from local markets. Further, 55 % of seed is paid for by cash, indicating that smallholders are already making important investments in this arena. Targeted interventions are proposed for rendering formal and informal seed sector more smallholder-responsive and for scaling up positive impacts.     

白藜芦醇的开发与应用

概述了白藜芦醇的理化性能、生产工艺及检测方法,着重介绍了其应用进展情况.