梅林水厂臭氧/生物活性炭工艺的运行效果

系统深入地研究了深圳市梅林水厂臭氧/生物活性炭工艺的运行效果,结果表明：①该工艺可有效去除常规工艺出水中的浊度和颗粒物,对浊度的平均去除率为24%（相对于砂滤出水）,生物活性炭滤池出水的浊度＜0.10 NTU,粒径＞2μm的颗粒数可以降低到50个/mL.②对色度及嗅味的去除效果显著,出厂水的色度可以稳定保持在5倍以下;通常情况下,出厂水的嗅阈值＜10,远低于砂滤出水的100.③对CODMn、UV254和TOC的去除效果较理想.经过主臭氧段后AOC浓度增加较多,但经过活性炭处理后又大幅降低,确保了出厂水的生物稳定性.④生物活性炭滤池出水中的细菌数大多数情况下低于主臭氧段出水,但是在某些情况下也会突然增加.⑤臭氧/生物活性炭工艺对贾第虫和隐孢子虫的去除效果明显.⑥活性炭上的生物量随着滤层深度的增加而减少,生物膜的生长会受水温、余臭氧浓度和反冲洗等因素的影响.⑦活性炭的吸附性能如碘值和亚甲兰值,会随着运行时间的延长而逐渐降低.⑧臭氧/生物活性炭工艺运行后增加制水成本约0.106元/m^3.     

臭氧/生物活性炭流化床预处理对净水效率的影响

以黄河水库水为原水，探究前置式臭氧/生物活性炭流化床作为预处理工艺对净水效率的影响，并与作为末端深度处理的后置式臭氧/生物活性炭工艺进行对比。当采用前置式臭氧/生物活性炭作为预处理工艺时，出水中总有机碳（TOC）、生物可降解溶解性有机碳（BDOC）、氨氮浓度比后置式分别降低了11.8%、12.7%和72.1%，颗粒物数和浊度分别可降至（125±8） CNT/mL和（0.16±0.03） NTU；出水中溴酸盐、甲醛等氧化副产物均满足《生活饮用水卫生标准》（GB 5749—2022）要求。前置式臭氧/生物活性炭流化床和常规处理工艺对污染物的去除具有协同作用，各项出水指标全面优于后置式臭氧/生物活性炭工艺。这可以为微污染原水的高效净化研究和工程实践提供指导。     

高温、高藻期臭氧/生物活性炭工艺的处理效果研究

针对高温、高藻期原水较难处理的特点,采用臭氧/生物活性炭工艺进行了中试研究。试验结果表明,臭氧/生物活性炭工艺对有机物的去除效果明显,对CODMn的平均去除率为73.76%,对UV254的平均去除率为86.38%。高温条件下,大量生长的细菌随出水流出反应器,在投氯量为1 mg/L时可杀灭生物活性炭工艺出水中的大部分细菌,剩余细菌数〈10 CFU/mL,对细菌的杀灭率为99%,能够保证出水的微生物安全性。同时为避免细菌在活性炭表面大量繁殖而堵塞活性炭微孔,应适当缩短反冲洗周期,以3～4 d为宜。臭氧/生物活性炭工艺对藻类的平均去除率为75%,且在其出水中未检测出藻毒素。     

三种深度处理工艺出水的微生物安全性比较

分别从浊度、颗粒数、细菌总数、HPC和浮游动物等方面进行研究,探讨了炭砂倒置工艺、炭砂滤池以及炭砂滤池/超滤复合工艺等三种给水深度处理技术对微生物安全性的保障作用。结果表明,炭砂滤池/超滤复合工艺对微生物的安全保障能力大大高于其他两种工艺。炭砂滤池/超滤复合工艺的出水水质非常稳定,浊度一般为0.01～0.03 NTU左右,平均为0.022 NTU,粒径2μm的颗粒数10个/mL;而其他两种工艺的出水浊度一般在0.1 NTU左右,颗粒数一般为几十至几百个/mL,且水质波动较大。炭砂过滤和炭砂倒置等两工艺出水的细菌总数和HPC均较高,存在一定的微生物风险;炭砂倒置工艺中的砂滤对降低微生物数量起到重要作用;复合工艺出水的细菌总数和HPC均很低。浮游动物能穿透炭砂滤层而出现在出水中;炭砂倒置工艺出水中的浮游动物数量有较大下降;复合工艺对浮游动物的截留效果非常好,出水中几乎不含浮游动物,只是偶尔检出数个轮虫。     

臭氧/生物活性炭工艺的微生物泄漏控制研究

臭氧/生物活性炭工艺在广泛应用并取得良好效果的同时也存在一定的微生物泄漏风险,并且活性炭工艺出水中的颗粒物会保护细菌,降低消毒工艺的灭活效率。研究了臭氧/生物活性炭工艺工况的改变对出水中异养菌和颗粒物数量的影响,并通过炭后水的消毒试验,确定能够保障出水水质生物安全性的消毒剂量及适宜的颗粒数控制水平。投加臭氧对臭氧/生物活性炭工艺出水异养菌数量的影响甚微,但能够减少出水中颗粒物数量;在滤速为5~9 m/h范围内,改变滤速并没有影响出水中异养菌及颗粒物数量;当臭氧投加量为1 mg/L、滤速为7 m/h时,出水异养菌及颗粒物数量分别为10~(4.01)CFU/m L和86 CNT/m L。气水联合反冲洗能够更长时间地维持出水异养菌数和颗粒数分别在10~(4.05)CFU/m L和100 CNT/m L以下。当臭氧/生物活性炭工艺稳定运行时,炭后水中颗粒物数量在50~100 CNT/m L之间,此时1.5 mg/L的氯消毒剂浓度能够保障出水水质的生物安全性,并且颗粒物的存在会增加细菌抵抗消毒剂的能力,同时出水中颗粒物数量的增加也会降低消毒剂的灭活效率。当消毒剂投量为1.5 mg/L时,粒径2μm的颗粒物数量应控制在150 CNT/m L之内。     

臭氧/生物活性炭工艺的运行优化研究与工程示范

针对臭氧/生物活性炭(O3/BAC)工艺在珠江下游地区应用中存在的容易孳生微型生物、出水pH值降低、臭氧投加量难以量化等问题,开展了运行优化研究,并将技术成果应用于规模为100×104m3/d的示范工程。O3/BAC工艺运行优化示范工程重点示范了炭滤池原位酸碱改性技术及石灰优化调节出厂水pH值、臭氧投加量优化、炭滤池反冲洗方式优化3项关键技术成果。示范工程自2012年1月建成投产至今运行稳定,出水浊度≤0.2 NTU,COD Mn≤2 mg/L,pH值稳定在7.2~7.5,并显著提高了出水的生物安全性。该示范工程的建设,建立了该地区饮用水深度净化工艺保障体系,实现了O3/BAC工艺运行控制系统的全面优化。     

臭氧/生物活性炭工艺对阿特拉津的去除效能研究

模拟太湖水中阿特拉津浓度突增的情况,研究了臭氧氧化、生物活性炭吸附降解及臭氧/生物活性炭联用工艺对其去除效果,并初步分析了各工艺参数的影响.结果表明,单独臭氧氧化对阿特拉津的去除率约为31%,而生物活性炭工艺的去除率则可达到73%;臭氧氧化可强化生物活性炭对阿特拉津的去除效果,两者联用对阿特拉津的去除率高达95%;破碎炭上的生物量明显高于柱状炭,针对水中阿特拉津的去除,破碎炭更为适用;臭氧/生物活性炭工艺的炭层厚度建议采用150 cm,此值可在保证阿特拉津去除效果的同时,保障出水水质安全性.     

臭氧——生物活性炭污水回用研究

对城市污水处理厂二级出水进行了臭氧—生物活性炭、臭氧—颗粒活性炭和臭氧—生物陶粒污水回用对比试验研究,在臭氧投量为1 mgO3/mgTOC~1.5 mgO3/mgTOC,空床停留时间(EBCT)为15 min的条件下,考察了各工艺对TOC、氨氮、色度、浊度的去除效果,分析了不同载体上的生物量分布特征,并着重分析了BAC炭床的生物总群特性。     

中置曝气活性炭滤池的出水水质安全性研究

针对北江源水情况,以中置曝气活性炭工艺代替臭氧/活性炭工艺,在砂滤池前采用氯+臭氧的联合消毒方式,通过分析出水中微型水生动物、微生物、消毒副产物、可同化有机碳(AOC)、浊度等指标,探讨中置曝气活性炭工艺的出水水质安全性。结果表明,该工艺可基本消除传统臭氧/活性炭工艺存在的出水微型水生动物泄漏风险;采用氯+臭氧联合消毒,在提高消毒能力的同时,维持水中持续消毒效果,可有效控制出水微生物量;氯化与臭氧化的消毒副产物浓度均可较好地控制在《生活饮用水卫生标准》(GB 5749—2006)的限值内;通过二次絮凝工艺,控制臭氧消毒投加量在1 mg/L以内有利于保障水质微生物安全性。     

臭氧-生物活性炭深度处理工艺的水质安全性研究进展

臭氧—生物活性炭深度处理工艺是当前应用最广泛、技术最成熟的给水处理技术,但该技术在应用过程中也存在着影响饮用水水质安全性的因素。本文系统介绍了臭氧一生物活性炭工艺出水细菌泄漏、臭氧化副产物以及生物可同化有机碳等问题,探讨了臭氧—生物活性炭水质安全问题的解决方案。     

南方某水厂臭氧/活性炭深度处理工艺运行效果

以南方地区微污染水源水为对象,研究臭氧/活性炭深度处理工艺对有机物综合指标UV(254)、COD(Mn)、TOC的去除效果以及对消毒副产物的控制效果,并结合三维荧光光谱技术分析溶解性有机物的荧光特性。结果表明,与常规处理工艺相比,增加臭氧/活性炭深度处理工艺后,对UV(254)、COD(Mn)、TOC、三卤甲烷前体物的去除率分别提高了47.05%、20.24%、31.11%、37.70%。三维荧光光谱分析结果表明,该地区微污染水源水主要由芳香性蛋白质类物质、溶解性微生物代谢产物类物质和富里酸类物质组成,臭氧/活性炭深度处理工艺对荧光溶解性有机物的去除效果明显。     

臭氧/生物活性炭深度处理密云水库水中试研究

采用臭氧／生物活性炭工艺（O3／BAC）对密云水库水进行深度处理中试研究，试验结果表明：臭氧／生物活性炭工艺的处理效果优于单独活性炭工艺（GAC），在最佳臭氧投加量（2．0mg／L）下，03／BAC对CODMn、UV254、BDOC的去除率分别比GAC工艺的高9．9％、30．5％、12．9％；同时，活性炭的结构特征对于生物降解作用有重要影响，破碎炭对BDOC的去除效果明显优于柱状炭的。     

高锰酸盐预氧化/BAC处理受污染地表水

以某受污染地表水为处理对象,考察了高锰酸盐复合药剂(PPC)预氧化与生物活性炭(BAC)联用的除污效能,并与生物活性炭单独处理的效果作了对比。结果表明,PPC预氧化强化了混凝去除有机物的效果,并提高了后续BAC工艺中微生物的活性,从而显著改善了BAC对有机物、氨氮和亚硝酸盐氮等污染物的去除效果。     

The BAC-process for treatment of waste water containing non-ionogenic synthetic surfactants

In this paper experimental results on the biological-activated carbon (BAC)-process for biological degradation and adsorption of non-ionogenic surfactants (NISS) in the waste water treatment are discussed. It is shown that the mechanism of the BAC-process is not the simple addition but the synergetic combination of biodegradation and carbon adsorption. The major aspects of such synergism are the biological regeneration (bioregeneration) of the adsorbent and the reduction of the toxic effect of waste water contaminants on microorganisms. It is shown that the basis of the bioregeneration process is the desorption of substances previously adsorbed on the activated carbon. The desorption from micropores takes place because of the reverse concentration gradient, due to the microbial degradation of waste water contaminants in the liquid phase. The desorption from mesopores is also supported by the activity of microorganisms exoenzymes. Thus, the process of bioregeneration is featured by two non-contradictory hypotheses.     

Differences in the aerosolization behavior of microorganisms as revealed through their transport by biogas

The aerosol microbial diversity of biogas was analyzed in order to examine the aerosolization behavior of microorganisms. Six biogas samples were analyzed: five from mesophilic and thermophilic anaerobic digestors treating different wastes, and one from landfill. Epifluorescent microscopic counts reveal that with 10(6) Prokarya m(-3), only one per one thousand billion were aerosolized from the digestor sludges to the biogas. SSU (Small Sub Unit) ribosomal fingerprinting (Single Strand Conformation Polymorphism) shows that microbial communities in the biogas were not just a rough copy of anaerobic digestor microbial communities and underlines that all microorganisms are not equally convoyed by biogas. To assess the difference occurring in aerosolization, 675 biogas-borne SSU ribosomal DNA were analyzed and compared to published anaerobic digestor microbial diversity. Results show that microorganisms belonging to Archaea, Deltaproteobacteria, Spirochaetes, Thermotogae, Chloroflexi phyla and sulfate-reducing groups were non-aerosolized whereas microorganisms belonging to Alphaproteobacteria, Betaproteobacteria, Gammaproteobacteria, TM7 phyla as well as strictly aerobic and occasionally pathogenic species presented high levels of aerosolization. Finally, microorganisms belonging to Actinobacteria, Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes phyla represent passively-aerosolized microorganisms with similar frequencies in biogas-borne and anaerobic digestor microbial communities.     

A conceptual basis for microbial selection in biological wastewater treatment

In biological wastewater treatment plants special groups of microorganisms responsible for the purification process are selected by plant design and operating conditions. Use is made of the physiological and physical properties of the microorganisms to create primary and secondary selection pressure conditions respectively. Secondary selection is achieved with special techniques (“microbial selectors”) based on e.g. cell settlement properties and size, and occurs only in continuous and semi-continuous systems. Each combination of primary and secondary selection conditions creates an unique population of microorganisms. Examples are given in which the microbial selection concept is utilized to select for wanted or remove unwanted microorganisms.     

预处理强化生物活性炭工艺研究

研究了不同水处理组合工艺的除污染效能,包括化学预处理、常规处理、生物活性炭或臭氧生物活性炭技术的联用。试验结果表明,臭氧预氧化、高锰酸盐复合药剂（PPC）预氧化均能强化生物活性炭或臭氧生物活性炭工艺对各项指标的去除,可提高对浊度、UV254、CODMn的去除率;PPC预氧化与生物活性炭联用技术可强化AOC、BDOC的去除效果,达到生物稳定性的控制要求,是适合我国水厂改造的水处理技术。     

Bacteria and fungi in aerosols generated by two different types of wastewater treatment plants

Raw wastewater is a potential carrier of pathogenic microorganisms and may pose a health risk when pathogenic microorganisms become aerosolized during aeration. Two different types of wastewater treatment plants were investigated, and the amounts of cultivable bacteria and fungi were measured in the emitted aerosols. Average concentrations of 17,000 CFU m(-3) of mesophilic, 2,100 CFU m(-3) of TSA-SB bacteria (bacteria associated with certain waterborne virulence factors), 1700 CFU m(-3) of mesophilic and 45 CFU m(-3) of thermotolerant fungi, were found in the aerosol emitted by the aeration tank of the activated sludge plant. In the aerosol of the fixed-film reactor 3000 CFU m(-3) mesophilic and 730CFUm(-3) TSA-SB bacteria, and 180 CFUm(-3) mesophilic and 14 CFU m(-3) thermotolerant fungi were measured. The specific emissions per population equivalent between the two types of treatment plants differed by two orders of magnitude. The microbial flux based on the open water surface area of the two treatment plants was similar. The aerosolization ratios of cultivable bacteria (expressed as CFU m(-3) aerosol/m(-3) wastewater) ranged between 8.4 x 10(-11) and 4.9 x 10(-9). The aerosolization ratio of fungi was one to three orders of magnitude higher and a significant difference between the two types of treatment plants could be observed.     

微污染高藻湖泊水的深度处理工程设计

由于太湖水质呈现高藻、高有机物、高氨氮的＂三高＂特征,常规处理对原水中藻类、氨氮、有机物等的去除效果较差,因此充山水厂实施了深度处理工程.经试验比较,在水厂原有气浮、过滤的常规处理工艺基础上,增设了BIOSMEDI（R）生物滤池及臭氧-生物活性炭滤池等深度处理单元.介绍了充山水厂生物预处理-气浮-臭氧/生物活性炭-砂滤-消毒组合工艺的流程、设计参数及设计特点.