复合地层TBM滚刀破岩性能离散元数值试验

全断面岩石掘进机(TBM)因其安全性好、掘进速度快、机械化程度高等优点,已被引入煤矿岩石巷道掘进施工中。煤矿地质条件复杂,复合地层对全断面岩石掘进机掘进效率的影响不容忽视。为了探究煤系复合地层对滚刀破岩效率的影响,建立了滚刀和岩石的颗粒流离散单元模型,开展TBM滚刀的贯入度数值实验。研究结果表明:在相同破岩情况下复合地层破坏的范围小,在滚刀破岩的过程中不易形成贯通区。两种地层裂纹数目随着贯入度变化的规律大致相同。滚刀在相同破岩情况下复合地层所需要的滚刀法向力要大于单一地层硬岩所需要的。单一地层滚刀破岩最优贯入度约为4mm,复合地层滚刀破岩最优贯入度约为9mm。     

围压对滚刀作用下节理岩体开裂特征影响的数值分析

为了研究围压对TBM滚刀破碎节理岩体机理的影响,采用颗粒流方法建立了二维TBM滚刀破岩数值模型。模型中,节理岩体的倾角45O,节理面间距50mm。围压分别为2.5 MPa、5 MPa、7.5 MPa、10 MPa和12.5MPa。计算了滚刀贯入岩体的力链分布、裂纹数量和破岩效率。研究表明,在低围压条件下,节理面对力链的传播具有阻碍作用。高围压下,这种阻碍作用降低;随着围压的增加,岩体的整体强度变高,微裂纹数量减少,岩体的破坏程度降低,破岩效率减小。     

复合岩层中TBM滚刀与围岩相互作用机理的数值模拟研究

为提高硬岩隧道掘进机(tunnel boring machine,TBM)在复合岩层的掘进效率,采用PFC2D(particle flow code 2D)探讨了不同围压下复合岩层裂纹扩展机制,同时采用定量的方法揭示了滚刀间距、贯入度及岩层倾角对破岩效率的影响。结果表明:1)滚刀同软岩直接接触时,滚刀下部裂纹较多,而消耗的能量较少。相反,滚刀同硬岩直接接触时,滚刀下部裂纹较少,消耗的能量却较多。2)岩层倾角对破岩效率的影响较大,45°、90°为破岩效率较高的2个极值点。3)刀间距为70和120mm时比能较小,破岩效率高。4)滚刀破岩以张拉破坏为主,剪切破坏为辅。研究结果可以为复合岩层中TBM刀盘设计及TBM施工提供一定的理论依据。     

TBM滚刀贯入度及受力影响研究

掘进机(TBM)刀盘滚刀间距布置是否合理关系着其破岩速率的高低。为了探究滚刀间距对TBM破岩的影响,文章采用离散元软件PFC~(3D)模拟滚刀的线性切割实验,对不同贯入度的滚刀破岩效果进行研究。研究结果表明:(1)随着贯入度增大,平均滚动力和平均侧向力逐渐增大;后滚刀的平均滚动力和平均侧向力略大于前滚刀。(2)随贯入度增大,前滚刀平均垂直力逐渐增大。贯入度为4 mm时,岩石未产生贯穿裂缝,形成岩脊,后滚刀平均垂直力小于前滚刀;贯入度为6 mm时,裂缝分布较密且扩展连接形成贯通裂缝,后滚刀平均垂直力相对前滚刀降低10%;贯入度为8 mm时,裂缝贯通且岩石过度破碎,后滚刀平均垂直力相对于前滚刀大幅度降低,降低幅值达51%。     

围压对TBM滚刀破岩影响的数值模拟研究

采用一种新的无网格数值计算方法—广义粒子动力学法(GPD),研究了水平方向围压为0,5,10,15,20 MPa条件下,全断面隧道掘进机(TBM)滚刀的破岩过程及破岩模式,分析了围压对岩体可掘性的影响。得到:(1)围压的存在抑制中央裂纹的扩展;(2)随着围压的增加,赫兹裂纹的扩展方向发生偏转,与水平面的夹角变小;(3)相同贯入度下,随着围压的增加,滚刀法向力及其掘进指数均增加。利用GPD法分析了锦屏二级水电站隧道施工中,含节理的岩层中高地应力对TBM滚刀破岩的影响,成功模拟出高地应力下节理岩体的板裂化现象,得到高地应力能够使岩体产生板裂化促进滚刀破岩。     

节理间距对滚刀破岩影响的线性破岩试验研究

掘进机(TBM)开挖过程中受到各种地质因素的影响,其中节理间距是影响TBM滚刀破岩的一个重要因素。设计节理间距为100mm和400mm两组试验方案。试样为甘肃北山花岗岩,应用北京工业大学自行研制的大型机械破岩实验平台,选用17英寸(432mm)的常截面盘形滚刀进行线性切割破岩试验。试验过程中记录滚刀三向力、滚刀下岩样裂纹扩展并收集了岩片。从三向力、裂纹的扩展模式和岩片等角度分析节理间距对滚刀破岩的影响。结果表明:节理间距100mm的岩体切入所需要的推力小于完整岩石的推力,节理间距400mm的岩体破岩过程中推力有一突变的过程。节理间距100mm岩体滚刀作用下存在两种破坏模式,节理间距400mm的岩体破岩过程则包括了正常破岩和节理面影响破岩两个过程,并且节理对竖向主裂纹向节理面扩展有加剧的作用。节理面下方岩石较完整,节理面阻碍裂纹朝节理面下方岩石传播。     

围压对 TBM 滚刀破岩影响机制研究

穿越高大山体的隧道TBM施工不可避免地会遇到高地应力问题,研究地应力对TBM滚刀破岩机制和掘进效率的影响具有重大的工程价值和科学意义。通过理论分析和UDEC数值模拟技术对围压作用下滚刀破岩模式进行研究,发现围压对滚刀破岩过程影响比较复杂:围压对粉碎区深度和裂纹扩展区内滚刀作用方向的裂纹扩展起到抑制作用;而对围压作用方向的裂纹扩展有促进作用,表现为边裂纹的扩展范围会更大,扩展路径会更加平直,发展更加迅速,滚刀间岩片的形成更加容易。TBM现场掘进试验表明,地应力越高,围压作用越明显,TBM破岩更加容易,掘进效率会更高。从TBM滚刀作用下岩片形成的难易程度角度考虑,理论分析、数值模拟和TBM现场掘进试验都表明围压作用促进TBM滚刀破岩。     

复合岩体的TBM破岩机理数值模拟

为了指导TBM刀盘刀具的研制和不同地质条件下刀盘刀具的选型,TBM破岩机理的研究成为核心。在TBM滚刀的作用下,岩体中裂纹的生成、扩展和连接规律是深刻理解TBM破岩机理的前提,因此,TBM滚刀破岩机理的研究具有重要的工程应用价值。目前,TBM滚刀破岩机理的研究主要集中在单一岩体中,但在TBM施工过程中会遇到各种复杂的地质条件。笔者采用离散元方法,研究了复合岩体的破岩机理,复合岩体中岩片的形成不同于单一岩体,其裂纹的最终连接是由起裂于复合岩体交界面上的微裂纹的扩展,将两滚刀之间的赫兹裂纹连接,最终形成岩片。因此,在一定情况下复合岩体更有利于TBM隧道施工。     

盾构盘形滚刀不同刀间距下破岩仿真研究

在考虑滚刀实际几何形状、滚刀与岩石的非线性材料特性基础上,建立了盾构机滚刀挤压破岩有限元三维模型,求解中对模型的特性参数、边界条件及时间步长等进行设置,以适用盾构机滚刀与岩石相互作用过程中的动态仿真或瞬态破岩,并对仿真结果进行对比分析。并得到双刃滚刀在破岩相互作用中刀具受力和岩石破碎规律,为以后盾构刀具在刀盘上优化配置提供了参考。     

评价岩石脆性指标对滚刀破岩效率的影响

 脆性是岩石重要的力学性质之一。岩石脆性与滚刀破岩效率密切相关,但目前还没有统一的用于评价滚刀破岩效率的岩石脆性指标。总结现有的35种脆性指标,将其分为基于强度、应变、应变能、硬度、莫尔包络线、特殊试验和其他等7种类型。为研究岩石脆性与滚刀破岩效率之间的关系,通过滚刀贯入试验,引入归一化比能概念,提出表征岩石脆性的新指标,重点研究基于强度和贯入试验的脆性指标与归一化比能之间的关系。试验结果表明：(1) 滚刀更难贯入高强度岩石;(2) 脆性指标B2和B4与归一化比能之间呈强烈的指数函数关系,随着脆性的增高,归一化比能降低,滚刀破岩效率增高,应优先选用脆性指标B2来评价滚刀破岩效率,其次是脆性指标B4;(3) 将单轴抗压强度约20 MPa定义为单轴抗压强度过渡值,滚刀不适宜切削单轴抗压强度小于20 MPa的软岩。试验结果对评价滚刀破岩效率时岩石脆性指标的选取具有一定的指导意义。     

The effects of joints on rock fragmentation by TBM cutters using General Particle Dynamics

In this paper, a novel meshfree numerical method known as General Particle Dynamics (GPD) is proposed to reveal the mechanism of the rock fragmentation by TBM cutters. Rock fragmentation by two cutters in consecutive joints rock is investigated using GPD. The numerical results obtained from GPD are in good agreement with the field observed results. Moreover, the effects of the length of intermittent joints on rock fragmentation by two cutters are investigated using GPD. It is found from the numerical results that the length of intermittent joints can significantly influence the crack initiation and propagation and coalescence as well as the fragmentation pattern, and hence affect the penetration rate of the TBM. It indicates that GPD has the potential in simulating rock indentation and fragmentation by TBM cutters.     

简单复合岩体中TBM多滚刀破岩机理离散元分析

采用引入考虑胶结尺寸的微观接触模型的PFC^2D离散元软件,对全断面岩石掘进机（TBM）盘形滚刀作用下简单形式的复合岩体破岩机理进行数值模拟研究。进行了单滚刀、双滚刀和三滚刀作用下的复合岩体破碎过程的模拟。模拟结果表明：滚刀破岩过程可以分为三个阶段：加载阶段、卸载阶段和残余跃进阶段。通过双滚刀和三滚刀侵入复合岩体的推力-侵深曲线分析,软岩上的滚刀比硬岩上的滚刀进入各阶段稍慢,略有滞后;不同滚刀间的峰值法向推力相差较大,易造成滚刀磨损。对于花岗岩-绿片岩复合岩体,破岩时接触力链被岩体分界面分割,硬岩区胶结破坏数目较多,双滚刀、三滚刀侵入时易形成贯通裂缝;破岩效率由大到小为双滚刀效率、三滚刀效率、单滚刀效率,而且双滚刀能够将效率提高一倍左右。     

Study on rock mass boreability by TBM penetration test under different in situ stress conditions

Rock mass boreability is a comprehensive parameter reflecting the interaction between rock mass and a tunnel boring machine (TBM). Many factors including rock mass conditions, TBM specifications and operation parameters influence rock mass boreability. In situ stress, as one of the important properties of rock mass conditions, has not been studied specifically for rock mass boreability in TBM tunneling. In this study, three sets of TBM penetration tests are conducted with different in situ stress conditions in three TBM tunnels of the Jinping II Hydropower Station. The correlation between TBM operation parameters collected during the tests and the rock mass boreability index is analyzed to reveal the influence of in situ stress on rock mass boreability and TBM excavation process. The muck produced by each test step is collected and analyzed by the muck sieve test. The results show that in situ stress not only influences the rock mass boreability but also the rock fragmentation process under TBM cutters. If the in situ stress is high enough to cause the stress-induced failure at the tunnel face, it facilitates rock fragmentation by TBM cutters and the corresponding rock boreability index decreases. Otherwise, the in situ stress restrains rock fragmentation by TBM cutters and the rock mass boreablity index increases. Through comparison of the boreability index predicted by the Rock Mass Characteristics (RMC) prediction model with the boreability index calculated from the penetration test results, the influence degree of different in situ stresses for rock mass boreability is obtained.     

基于协同破岩的TBM刀盘优化策略

岩石隧道掘进机工作时的刀具受力情况是影响刀盘破岩性能的关键。为了分析滚刀之间的协同破岩效应,提出3种基本的协同破岩模式,并将多把滚刀协同破岩过程等效为3种破岩模式的组合。不同破岩模式下,滚刀切割岩石的先后顺序不同,结合线性切割试验,证实了不同模式下3种滚刀力等级的大小关系。以引汉济渭岭北隧洞TBM工程为背景,研究得出名义磨损量与破岩模式的叠加效应具有较强的相关性,其中,由内而外模式占比与滚刀名义磨损量具有明显的正相关性,据此提出了考虑刀具磨损量的TBM刀盘刀具优化策略。     

Numerical modeling of the effects of joint orientation on rock fragmentation by TBM cutters

The performance of tunnel boring machines (TBM) highly depends on the fragmentation efficiency of the cutters. Many geological factors can influence the rock fragmentation process. In this study, a series of two dimension numerical modeling were performed using the discrete element method (DEM) to explore the effect of joint orientation on rock fragmentation by a TBM cutter. Results show that the joint orientation can significantly influence the crack initiation and propagation as well as the fragmentation pattern, and hence affect the penetration rate of the TBM. Such observations are also noted by laboratory and site studies. It also indicates that discontinuum-based DEM has the potential in simulating rock indentation and fragmentation by TBM cutters when rock joints are taken into consideration.     

高强度围岩隧洞TBM刀具磨损规律研究

刀具磨损是影响TBM掘进效率的重要因素,该文以北疆供水二期工程XEVIII标段隧洞为依托,开展高强度围岩条件下刀具磨损规律研究。该标段已掘进段围岩强度最大为160MPa,平均为120MPa。根据掘进过程中的刀具磨损统计资料,分析不同刀位的刀具磨损值、围岩强度和掘进参数对刀具磨损的影响以及不同掘进参数对刀具磨损的敏感度,结果表明：中心滚刀和正面滚刀的累计磨损量随安装半径增大呈指数式增长,边缘滚刀累计磨损量受安装角度影响,随安装半径增大先增大后减小;边缘滚刀的单刀磨损量最大,正面滚刀次之,中心滚刀最小;随着围岩强度提高,中心滚刀和正面滚刀每延米磨损量呈指数型增长,边缘滚刀每延米磨损量呈二次函数型增长,所有刀具每延米累计磨损量呈线性增长;围岩强度不变时,随着刀盘转速、刀盘扭矩、推力、贯入度增大,刀具每延米磨损量均呈二次函数型变化,先增大后减小,随着掘进速度增大,刀具每延米磨损量呈二次函数型变化,先减小后增大;刀具磨损对刀盘扭矩和推力最为敏感,为减小磨损,建议施工中将刀盘扭矩控制在1100～1300kN·m或2100～2400kN·m,将推力控制在9000～11000kN或15000～16000kN。     

Analysis on the damage behavior of mixed ground during TBM cutting process

Accurate prediction of rock cutting forces of disc cutters is especially significant for the design and construction of tunnel boring machine (TBM). Through the analysis of motion trajectory of TBM disc cutters, a three-dimensional model of rock breaking process of disc cutters is established. In terms of the rock strain which is resulted from the interaction between disc cutters and rock during the process of rock breaking, a three-dimensional cutting forces model is proposed with disc cutters set at certain parameters and in certain sizes. Subsequently, the equation of contacting forces between rock and disc cutter is derived. Moreover, a new method has been presented for the study of the rock breaking theory of the disc cutter and it also provides guidance for the design and application of TBM in tunnel excavation. The three-dimensional model for the rock breaking mechanism is used for predicting the cutting force for the situation of mixed ground.The damage field and the rock failure zone induced by disc cutter for mixed ground are also discussed in this study. In detail, the rock damage zones are divided into two parts, one is the left damage field which located in the outside of disc cutter. The other is the right damage field which located in the outside of disc cutter. The influence of the rock ground dip on the rock failure zone was also studied by parameter analysis.     

球齿滚刀作用下岩石裂纹的数值模拟与试验观测

 在对实际掘进条件做出合理简化的基础上,主要从仿真与试验2个方面对齿刀破岩机制进行研究。首先将Hertz弹性接触理论引入仿真,从而考虑刀具的初始应力分布对裂纹扩展的影响;然后利用基于2D离散法的UDEC软件建立TBM双刃球齿滚刀侵入砂岩的模型,并进行仿真分析;最后在原有线切割试验台的基础上设计观测试验。首次利用高速摄像仪捕捉到岩石崩裂及破碎的现象,并巧妙地使用普通数码相机不连续记录球齿下密实核的产生过程。该模型成功地模拟裂纹的生成与扩展,由仿真结果可知：随着侵深的增加,球齿底部承受压应力过大逐步出现密实核;球齿之间的侧向裂纹由于拉应力失效迅速扩展并趋于交汇,最终裂纹贯穿导致岩体破碎;破碎前刃侧出现的小块岩石崩裂现象是由拉应力失效引起的。仿真结果与实验室观测结果表明,研究成果和施工现场数据存有良好的一致性,可适用于浅地层TBM掘进机破岩机制的研究。