应力比对S135钻杆钢腐蚀疲劳行为的影响

利用疲劳试验机和扫描电镜研究了在弱碱性介质(质量分数为3.0%的KCl溶液)中不同应力比R(0.1,0.3,0.5,0.7)对S135钻杆钢腐蚀疲劳行为的影响,并得到了该钻杆钢腐蚀疲劳裂纹扩展表达式和疲劳裂纹临界撕裂点的应力强度因子幅值ΔK与R的关系式。结果表明:随着R的增大,试样裂纹扩展临界撕裂点和最终撕裂点对应的ΔK逐渐减小(R和临界撕裂点的ΔK值之间呈明显的线性关系),试样的腐蚀疲劳裂纹扩展速率增大,腐蚀疲劳相对寿命减小,裂纹开裂由疲劳条带扩展机制转化为解理扩展机制。     

应力比对套管钻井用J55钢疲劳裂纹扩展行为的影响

利用电液伺服疲劳试验机及扫描电镜研究了应力比对J55钢疲劳裂纹扩展行为的影响。结果表明:在相同裂纹扩展长度处,随着应力比R的增大,疲劳裂纹扩展速率明显减小;在较低的ΔKeff区,应力比R对裂纹扩展速率的影响不显著,随着ΔKeff的升高,应力比对裂纹扩展速率的影响越来越显著;在相同的Kmax下,裂纹扩展速率随着应力比的增加而明显减小;随着应力比的增大,在高Kmax区,韧性断口的韧窝逐渐由抛物线状转变为等轴状。     

应力比对25Cr2Ni2MoV钢焊接接头近门槛值区疲劳裂纹扩展曲线转折点的影响

在常温下采用逐级降载法进行不同缺口位置、不同应力比下25Cr2Ni2Mo V钢焊接接头的疲劳裂纹扩展试验,研究疲劳裂纹扩展曲线上近门槛值区转折点的变化规律。结果表明,焊接接头的疲劳裂纹扩展曲线在近门槛值区内存在一个转折点,其对应的应力强度范围随应力比的增大而减小,其大小为疲劳门槛值的0.5~0.8。近门槛值区疲劳裂纹扩展转折点前后扩展曲线斜率发生变化表明裂纹扩展机理的改变,热影响区缺口处的转折行为对疲劳裂纹扩展影响较小。应力比R低于0.5时,循环塑性区尺寸总体接近于材料特征组织尺寸;应力比R高于0.5后,两者偏差加大。应力比低于0.5时转折点对应的循环塑性区尺寸同特征组织尺寸接近,驱动力由ΔK控制向Kmax主导的转变是引起转折点随应力比变化的原因。     

硫化氢环境中低周疲劳裂纹扩展速率的研究

针对高强钢在硫化氢环境中腐蚀疲劳数据极为缺乏的现状,研究高压气瓶材料4130X在硫化氢腐蚀介质中的疲劳裂纹扩展速率.结合气瓶实际运行的环境和应力状态,应用改进型WOL(wedge-opening-loading)试样,在自行改造的专用低周腐蚀疲劳试验机上,完成0.006 7 Hz超低频率下饱和H_2S溶液、中等浓度H2S溶液和空气三种环境下的腐蚀疲劳试验,并用Paris公式进行两段式拟合,得出da/dN-ΔK的数学表达式.将试样微观断口的变化与宏观应力强度因子K的变化进行对比研究,给出不同环境中三个阶段K值的定量结果.结果表明:相同条件下,H_2S环境中的疲劳裂纹扩展速率比空气环境中大20倍以上;但当H_2S浓度达到一定范围后,对da/dN影响并不按比例增长,浓度相差11倍时,da/dN相差2.4倍,H_2S腐蚀介质的存在加速了疲劳破坏.     

面向再制造的510L钢疲劳裂纹扩展磁记忆检测

为探索磁记忆信号在铁磁性材料裂纹扩展过程中的变化规律,以510L钢为研究对象,采集裂纹扩展过程不同区域的磁记忆信号,计算裂纹尖端的应力强度因子,分析疲劳断口形貌,探讨金属磁记忆方法对铁磁材料疲劳损伤与裂纹扩展检测的可行性,并建立裂纹尖端磁记忆信号梯度Kmax值和应力强度因子KI之间的关系。结果表明:M(T)试样宏观切口处的磁记忆信号特征量比裂纹尖端应力集中处的磁记忆信号特征量明显;梯度Kmax值和应力强度因子KI在疲劳循环累积下均呈指数形式增加,从断裂力学角度说明Kmax反映疲劳累积损伤的可行性;磁记忆信号特征量ΔHp(y)及Kmax可以反映经过不同服役期的510L钢损伤情况,为再制造修复和加工提供依据。     

大模数淬火齿条表面裂纹扩展规律及寿命预测研究

针对大模数齿条的疲劳寿命难以精确计算问题,对大模数表面淬火齿条的裂纹扩展规律进行了研究。建立了含共线初始双裂纹的齿条FRANC3D模型,齿条啮合区离散为15个区域载荷;分析了表面感应淬火齿条硬度分布、残余压应力分布对疲劳裂纹扩展寿命的影响,推导了齿条的断裂韧度K_(IC)与应力强度因子门槛值ΔK_(th);运用FRANC3D软件,对双共线初始裂纹在三种水平间距下的裂纹扩展、联通、继续扩展过程进行了仿真,得出了应力强度因子幅值ΔK随裂纹深度a扩展的表达式;根据裂纹扩展速率da/dN与ΔK、K_(IC)、ΔK_(th)的关系,预测了三峡升船机齿条的寿命N。研究结果表明:齿条满足疲劳寿命要求,但表面感应淬火降低了齿条的疲劳寿命;硬度分布对于裂纹扩展的促进作用大于残余压应力的抑制作用。     

材料S-N、ε-N及da/dN-ΔK疲劳性能数据之间的内在联系

材料的S-N、ε-N及da/dN-ΔK疲劳性能数据分别是应力寿命法、局部应变法以及LEFM裂纹扩展法进行结构寿命分析的基础.文中根据几种疲劳寿命模型,探讨同一材料三种疲劳性能数据之间的内在联系及相互预测的可能性.具体内容包括,(1)用da/dN-ΔK性能数据预测S-N数据.(2)用ε-N性能数据预测S-N数据.(3)用ε-N性能数据推测da/dN-ΔK数据.研究结果表明,同种材料的S-N、ε-N及da/dN-ΔK疲劳性能数据之间是相互联系的,存在相互预测的可能性.     

波动载荷下X70管线钢裂纹扩展特性研究

用预裂纹试样研究了应力比为0.9的波动载荷下X70管线钢在不同环境中的裂纹扩展特性,并进行了定量分析。结果表明:不同环境中管线钢的裂纹扩展具有真腐蚀疲劳的特征,裂纹扩展速率主要受波动载荷产生的应力强度因子幅ΔK控制,给定载荷波动频率的裂纹扩展速率可表示为:da/dN=B(ΔK-ΔKth)2。在模拟管线局部环境的中性碳酸盐和NS4中,裂纹扩展具有较高的B值,且随载荷波动频率的降低B值升高。碱性碳酸盐环境中裂纹扩展的B值较低,载荷波动频率对裂纹扩展无影响。各种环境中ΔKth变化不大,在2.3～2.6MPa·m1/2范围。     

焊缝匹配对力学性能影响的综合研究

对几种钢在静载、动载和疲劳载荷条件下的焊缝强度匹配分别进行了研究,并对有关接头进行了残余应力的测试。得出的结论是恰当地提高焊缝金属强度无论是对抗开裂性能还是止裂性能均是有利的;采用同种焊条LB52NS施焊A131和A537所构成的两种接头其强度匹配系数的差别对ΔK (th)无影响,对da/dN无论是在常规疲劳还是海水腐蚀疲劳也均无显著影响;强度匹配系数较高A131接头焊缝残余应力略低于强度匹配系数较低的A537接头焊缝的残余应力。     

“过载”在da/dN—ΔK曲线与ΔK_(th)降载法测量中的影响及其对策

对在 10 - 5～ 10 - 7mm cycle疲劳裂纹扩展曲线da dN—ΔK和疲劳裂纹扩展门槛值ΔKth测量中常用的降载法进行研究。每一级载荷疲劳裂纹扩展二次 (Δa1i,ΔN1i)和 (Δa2i,ΔN2i)。用多点多项式分别拟合 (Δa1i,ΔN1i,ΔK1i)和(Δa2i,ΔN2i,ΔK2i) ,i=1,2 ,3 ,… ,n。每一种材料得到两条da dN—ΔK曲线和两个ΔKth。结果表明 ,降载法中的前一级载荷仍明显有过载作用 ,干扰材料疲劳裂纹扩展 ,影响测量数据的真实性。本文提出解决方法———“二次扩展法” ,即在每一级载荷 ,舍去受前一级载荷影响大的第一次循环数据 ,而用受前一级载荷影响较小的第二次循环数据作为疲劳裂纹扩展曲线da dN—ΔK和计算疲劳裂纹扩展门槛值ΔKth的数据     

球墨铸铁疲劳裂纹萌生及扩展机制的探讨

用电子显微断口分析和裂纹扩展途径的金相观察,探讨了不同珠光体和铁素体相对量的球墨铸铁的疲劳断裂机制,特别是疲劳裂纹萌生及早期扩展机制。结果表明：疲劳裂纹容易在石墨球和基体之间的界面萌生和扩展,石墨球边及基体中的次生裂纹对da/dN的影响有两重性。在疲劳裂纹萌生及早期扩展阶段,铁素体基本以周期解理和细条纹为主,珠光体基体为渗碳体解理和铁素体片上的疲劳条纹,80%珠光体球铁为上两种机制的混合。疲劳裂纹早期扩展速度为△K (th)所控制,疲劳裂纹孕育期N 0为σ s和△K (th)所控制。光棒或钝缺口下的N 0主要取决于σ s,尖锐缺口试样的N 0主要取决于△K (th)。在疲劳裂纹稳定扩展阶段,铁素体为疲劳条纹,珠光体为条纹与解理,80%珠光体中牛眼铁素体为条纹和晶间断。疲劳条纹的宽度能反映da/dN的变化,但两者往往不一致。疲劳裂纹快速扩展为条纹与静断特征混合,快速扩展速率受K (1c)的大小所控制。     

Review on Stress Corrosion and Corrosion Fatigue Failure of Centrifugal Compressor Impeller

Corrosion failure,especially stress corrosion cracking and corrosion fatigue,is the main cause of centrifugal compressor impeller failure.And it is concealed and destructive.This paper summarizes the main theories of stress corrosion cracking and corrosion fatigue and its latest developments,and it also points out that existing stress corrosion cracking theories can be reduced to the anodic dissolution(AD),the hydrogen-induced cracking(HIC),and the combined AD and HIC mechanisms.The corrosion behavior and the mechanism of corrosion fatigue in the crack propagation stage are similar to stress corrosion cracking.The effects of stress ratio,loading frequency,and corrosive medium on the corrosion fatigue crack propagation rate are analyzed and summarized.The corrosion behavior and the mechanism of stress corrosion cracking and corrosion fatigue in corrosive environments,which contain sulfide,chlorides,and carbonate,are analyzed.The working environments of the centrifugal compressor impeller show the behavior and the mechanism of stress corrosion cracking and corrosion fatigue in different corrosive environments.The current research methods for centrifugal compressor impeller corrosion failure are analyzed.Physical analysis,numerical simulation,and the fluid-structure interaction method play an increasingly important role in the research on impeller deformation and stress distribution caused by the joint action of aerodynamic load and centrifugal load.     

Corrosion effects on fatigue crack propagation of stainless steel and its heat affected zone in pH buffer solutions

A corrosion fatigue crack propagation test for 430 stainless steel and its heat affected zone was conducted in pH buffer solutions, and the results were compared with model predictions. The bare corrosion effect on fatigue crack propagation, particularly in corrosive environments was evaluated by means of a modified Forman equation. As shown in the results, the average corrosion rate determined from the ratio of corrosion induced crack length to the entire crack length under a cycle load was 0.11 and 0.37 for the base metal and heat affected zone, respectively, with a load ratio of 0.5, frequency of 0.5, and a pH 10.0 environment. The modeling and experimental processes demonstrate a step towards a methodology enabling the corrosion effects on fatigue crack propagation behavior to be determined.     

Fatigue crack propagation behavior in STS304 under mixed-mode loading

The use of fracture mechanics has traditionally concentrated on crack growth under an opening mechanism. However, many service failures occur from cracks subjected to mixed-mode loading. Hence, it is necessary to evaluate the fatigue behavior under mixed-mode loading. Under mixed-mode loading, not only the fatigue crack propagation rate is of importance, but also the crack propagation direction. In modified range 0.3≤a/W≤0.5, the stress intensity factors (SIFs) of mode I and mode II for the compact tension shear (CTS) specimen were calculated by using elastic finite element analysis. The propagation behavior of the fatigue cracks of cold rolled stainless steels (STS304) under mixed-mode conditions was evaluated by using K_I and K_II(SIFs of mode I and mode II). The maximum tangential stress (MTS) criterion and stress intensity factor were applied to predict the crack propagation direction and the propagation behavior of fatigue cracks.     

45Cr钢的疲劳性能与强度塑性韧性关系的初步探讨

利用客观强度,微观塑性和断裂韧性所表示的疲劳裂纹等效应力应变图,导出了da/dN,△K (th),σ (cn)和N 0等疲劳性能表征参量和强度塑性韧性的半定量关系。并结合45Cr钢进行了讨论。结果表明：在一定的条件,所谓强度塑性的最佳配合,就是宏观强度和微观塑性的乘积最大。用一次加载（如拉伸、弯曲等试验）所得到的强度塑性韧性等来判断金属疲劳性能的好坏,一直是材料的设计,制造及失效分析等的重要课题,文献[1-3]引用了大量数据来论证它们之间的关系。但总的讲,这种关系是比较复杂的,如疲劳裂纹扩展门坎值△K (th)疲劳裂纹孕育期N 0,有时随强度的升高而升高,有时随强度的升高而降低,有时在一个范围内出现峰值[1]等。为了弄清这些关系,需要把宏观规律和微观断裂机制结合起来,因宏观性能特别是塑性,是材料形变在整体上的反映,它与局部的变形规律有很大不同。为此,我们提出用宏观强度,微观塑性和断裂韧性三个参量来描述疲劳性能的变化规律。以便使强度塑性韧性的合理配合向半定量的关系迈出一步。     

Corrosion fatigue of steel under cavitation erosion generated intermittently in 3% salt water (results of two-stage tests with and without cavitation erosion)

Two-stage fatigue tests with and without cavitation erosion were performed in 3% salt water. When corrosion fatigue with cavitation erosion (erosion fatigue) is changed to corrosion fatigue during a test, the fatigue life decreases remarkably and the total number of stress cycles to failure becomes smaller than that for tests involving erosion fatigue only. In the reverse case, when corrosion fatigue conditions are changed to erosion fatigue conditions, the fatigue life increases slightly compared with the life expected from the linear damage law (Miner's law). The variation in fatigue strength can be explained by the characteristics of crack propagation in each environment. From these results, it is presumed that the corrosion fatigue strength of the material exposed intermittently to cavitation erosion decreases remarkably.     

一种确定有效应力强度因子ΔK_(eff)的解析模型

通过对疲劳裂纹尖端应力－应变的分析，提出了一种新的ΔＫｅｆｆ的定义，给出了确定ΔＫｅｆｆ的解析模型。将其应用于不同材料数据的分析，结果表明，该模型能够很好地描述疲劳裂纹的闭合效应，并能够给出裂尖附近的应力－应变响应，从而为更加合理地分析疲劳裂纹的扩展提供了重要的依据。     

Corrosion fatigue characteristics in the weld of multi-pass welded A106 Gr B steel pipe

In order to investigate the corrosion fatigue characteristics in the weld of multi-pass welded A106 Gr B steel pipe, corrosion fatigue tests were performed under the various stress ratios and 3.5 wt% NaCl solution at room temperature. The corrosion fatigue characteristic curves were represented using crack closure concept. The obtained results are as follows ; when the load frequency is 1.0 Hz, the crack opening point is transited in the region of K_max=20-32 MPa-msu1/2. In the low stress intensity factor range, the crack opening point is higher than that in air. However, in the high stress intensity factor range, it is lower than that in air. In the cases of 0.1 Hz and 0.01 Hz, the crack opening point gradually decreases to K(min) with K_max increase.     

Numerical Calculation and Experimental Research on Residual Stresses in Precipitation-hardening Layer of NAK80 Steel for Shot Peening

Shot peening can improve fatigue strength of materials by creating compressive residual stress field in their surface layers,and offers a protection against crack initiation and propagation,corrosion,etc.And fatigue fracture and stress corrosion cracking of NAK80 steel parts are improved effectively.Currently there lacks in-depth research in which the beneficial effect of the residual stress may be offset by the surface damage associated with shot peening,especially in terms of the research on the effective control of shot peening intensity.In order to obtain the surface residual stress field of NAK80 steel after shot peening,the samples are shot peened by pneumatic shot peening machine with different rules.The residual stress in the precipitation-hardening layer of NAK80 steel is measured before and after a shot peening treatment by X-ray diffraction method.In order to obtain true residual stress field,integral compensation method is used to correct results.By setting up analytical model of the residual stress in the process of shot peening,the surface residual stress is calculated after shot peening,and mentioning the reason of errors occurred between calculated and experimental residual stresses,which is mainly caused by the measurement error of the shoot arc height.At the same time,micro hardness,microstructure and roughness in the precipitation-hardening layer of NAK80 steel before and after shot peening were measured and surveyed in order to obtain the relation between shot peening strength and surface quality in the precipitation-hardening layer.The results show that the surface quality of NAK80 steel is significantly improved by shot peening process.The over peening effect is produced when the shot peening intensity is too high,it is disadvantageous to improve sample’s surface integrity,and leading to reduce the fatigue life.When arc high value of optimal shot peening is 0.40 mm,the surface quality is the best,and the depth of residual stress in the precipitation-hardening layer reaches to about 450 μm.Numerical calculation is very useful to define the process parameters when a specific residual stress profile is intended,either to quantify the benefits on a specific property like fatigue life or to help on modeling a forming process like shot peen forming.In particular,the proposed parameter optimization in the progress of shot peening and effective control of the surface texture provide new rules for the quantitative evaluations of shot peening surface modification of NAK80 steel.     

含缺口结构压疲劳失效研究

结构的疲劳失效与内部的应力水平有着紧密的联系。这里阐述了压应力作用下结构内部裂纹的萌生和扩展机理，并介绍了循环压应力下的裂纹扩展计算方程，结合现代疲劳研究方法的新成果新方法对压应力条件下疲劳破坏研究的未来提出展望。