On the rejection of internal and external disturbances in a wind energy conversion system with direct-driven PMSG

This paper deals with the critical issue in a wind energy conversion system (WECS) based on a direct-driven permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG): the rejection of lumped disturbance, including the system uncertainties in the internal dynamics and unknown external forces. To simultaneously track the motor speed in real time and capture the maximum power, a maximum power point tracking strategy is proposed based on active disturbance rejection control (ADRC) theory. In real application, system inertia, drive torque and some other parameters change in a wide range with the variations of disturbances and wind speeds, which substantially degrade the performance of WECS. The ADRC design must incorporate the available model information into an extended state observer (ESO) to compensate the lumped disturbance efficiently. Based on this principle, a model-compensation ADRC is proposed in this paper. Simulation study is conducted to evaluate the performance of the proposed control strategy. It is shown that the effect of lumped disturbance is compensated in a more effective way compared with the traditional ADRC approach.     

Control of unstable processes with time delays via ADRC

Active disturbance rejection control (ADRC) treats the external disturbance and internal uncertainties as a general disturbance, and uses an extended state observer (ESO) to estimate it in real-time and feeds it back in the control loop, thus can achieve good disturbance rejection performance. However, ADRC is not quite suitable for unstable delayed processes due to its inherent structure. In this paper, a two-degree-of-freedom (2DOF) control structure is proposed for unstable time- delayed systems. Set-point tracking and disturbance rejection are separated in this structure and ADRC is solely responsible for disturbance rejection. A method to tune the ADRC parameters using all the information of the system is proposed, and robustness and performance of the proposed method are analyzed. Simulation examples show that 2DOF-ADRC can achieve good tracking and disturbance rejection performance.     

A novel extended state observer

A novel extended state observer, which feeds back the output estimation error via both nonlinear and switching terms, is put forward for the first time in this paper. No longer neglecting the lumped uncertainty׳s first time derivative, the problem of disturbance observer design is transformed into the problem of state observer design in the presence of external disturbance. The switching term of the output estimation error is employed to counteract the adverse effect of external disturbance. The newly developed extended state observer provides an attractive solution to the issue of high precision motion control system. Both numerical simulation and experimentation on a speed turntable with temperature box are implemented to verify the performance of the proposed newly developed extended state observer.     

Distributed ESO based cooperative tracking control for high-order nonlinear multiagent systems with lumped disturbance and application in multi flight simulators systems

Based on extended state observer, a novel and practical design method is developed to solve the distributed cooperative tracking problem of higher-order nonlinear multiagent systems with lumped disturbance in a fixed communication topology directed graph. The proposed method is designed to guarantee all the follower nodes ultimately and uniformly converge to the leader node with bounded residual errors. The leader node, modeled as a higher-order non-autonomous nonlinear system, acts as a command generator giving commands only to a small portion of the networked follower nodes. Extended state observer is used to estimate the local states and lumped disturbance of each follower node. Moreover, each distributed controller can work independently only requiring the relative states and/or the estimated relative states information between itself and its neighbors. Finally an engineering application of multi flight simulators systems is demonstrated to test and verify the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm.     

基于压电智能结构状态估计误差补偿的自抗扰振动控制

压电智能结构的模型难以精确建立,且存在外界环境激励干扰和内部参数不确定等问题,从而影响闭环结构的振动控制性能。基于此,将结构的内部干扰和外界激励的影响归结为系统的集总干扰,并利用扩张状态观测器(Extended state observer,ESO)设计不依赖于模型的自抗扰振动控制器。然而当外界扰动激励变化时,扩张状态观测器对扰动和各阶状态的估计不可避免存在偏差,难以保证振动控制的效果。为克服二阶自抗扰策略在振动主动控制中的不足,提出一种基于压电智能板结构的状态估计误差补偿自抗扰振动控制方案。利用状态观测误差信息,对二阶自抗扰控制器进行补偿,从而减小ESO对扰动和各阶状态估计的压力,提高振动控制效果。利用dSPACE实时仿真系统,搭建四面固支压电智能板结构的振动主动试验平台。四种干扰激励的试验结果验证该方法的有效性、实用性和强抗干扰能力。     

航空光电稳定平台的自抗扰控制系统

对航空光电稳定平台模型进行分析并利用电流环简化了平台模型。阐述了影响平台稳定性的扰动及抑制扰动的方法,提出一种基于预报修正的自抗扰控制系统。首先,提出了一种预报修正方法,采用"先预报,后修正"的方法来减小扰动观测值的滞后和超调;然后,设计了基于二阶扩张状态观测器的自抗扰控制系统,对扰动进行线性化动态补偿;最后,在振动平台上对系统进行了速度稳定实验、目标跟踪实验和鲁棒性分析。结果表明,与经典的平方滞后超前控制方法相比,本文设计的控制方法对扰动的隔离度至少提高了5.88dB。另外,设计的系统具有很强的鲁棒性,在系统参数改变±15%的范围内,仍得到很好的控制效果。由于所设计的控制系统具有很强的实用性和鲁棒性,在工程实际应用中提高了航空光电稳定平台的抗扰动性能。     

Active disturbance rejection control based human gait tracking for lower extremity rehabilitation exoskeleton

This paper presents an active disturbance rejection control (ADRC) based strategy, which is applied to track the human gait trajectory for a lower limb rehabilitation exoskeleton. The desired human gait trajectory is derived from the Clinical Gait Analysis (CGA). In ADRC, the total external disturbance can be estimated by the extended state observer (ESO) and canceled by the designed control law. The observer bandwidth and the controller bandwidth are determined by the practical principles. We simulated the proposed methodology in MATLAB. The numerical simulation shows the tracking error comparison and the estimated errors of the extended state observer. Two experimental tests were carried out to prove the performance of the algorithm presented in this paper. The experiment results show that the proposed ADRC behaves a better performance than the regular proportional integral derivative (PID) controller. With the proposed ADRC, the rehabilitation system is capable of tracking the target gait more accurately.     

地基大口径望远镜伺服系统的抗扰动设计

针对地基大口径望远镜伺服系统的抗扰动问题,提出了一种抗扰动控制算法。该算法采用双闭环控制结构:内环为高带宽的电流环,采用PI控制器;外环为速度环;采用线性自抗扰控制器,通过线性扩张状态观测器辨识出系统扰动,然后将该扰动前馈到系统控制量中去,构成复合校正系统。为解决大动态输入引起的控制器饱和问题,状态观测器的输入控制量加入了抗饱和控制算法,保证了系统的稳定性和良好的动态特性。仿真和实验结果表明:与传统的PI控制器相比,引入抗饱和功能的自抗扰控制器在高低速均可以获得良好的动态性能;在低速平稳跟踪实验中,速度波动误差(RMS)由0.000 68(°)/s降低到0.000 32(°)/s。实验结果证明提出的方法能够有效提高伺服系统抗扰动能力和速度跟踪的平稳性。     

基于预测函数控制和扰动观测器的永磁同步电机速度控制

设计了基于预测函数控制的速度控制器,以减小永磁同步电机的转矩波动,提高电机的转速控制精度。针对因外部扰动因素引起的控制器跟踪性能下降问题,设计了基于预测函数控制和扰动观测器的双环控制器;通过扰动观测器估计系统扰动,并据此产生转矩电流补偿量对控制量进行前馈修正,从而实现扰动的抑制。实验结果显示：当电机从静止跟踪到设定600 r/min转速时,系统没有超调,稳态精度为2 r/min;当电机以600 r/min稳速运行并加入1.6 N·m的转矩扰动时,转速最大波动为5 r/min。与传统的PI控制算法相比,所设计的控制器使转速波动减小了4.2% 。仿真分析和实验数据表明：基于预测函数控制和干扰观测器的控制器能够有效地抑制扰动,提高系统转速跟踪精度。     

基于LADRC的电动舵机高动态控制方法

自抗扰控制(Active Disturbance Rejection Control,ADRC)继承了PID控制基于误差反馈的优点,在控制中不需要模型的先验知识,并结合了经典调节理论与现代控制理论各自的优点,因而在实际工程中得到了广泛应用。文中分析了电动舵机传统PID控制中存在的动态响应慢和抗扰能力弱的问题;建立了基于直接转矩控制的舵机系统数学模型;设计了线性扩张状态观测器,并给出了观测器参数的简便确定方法,通过观测器观测出的扰动将系统补偿为串联积分器的形式;采用不同的控制器对补偿后的系统进行稳定性分析,根据稳定性和实现难易程度,决定采用比例微分负反馈控制器。最后对设计的观测器和控制器进行了仿真,仿真结果表明,设计的观测器和控制器与传统PID控制相比在动态响应和抗扰能力上都具有巨大的优势。     

航空相机镜筒位置控制的扰动估计与补偿

在航空相机镜筒速度内环设计了自抗扰控制器,以减小镜筒内偏心凸轮机构的运动对镜筒的扰动.采用扩张状态观测器对扰动进行实时估计,并生成扰动补偿量抵消扰动的影响.首先,分析了凸轮机构的运动对镜筒扰动的特点.然后,建立了镜筒的数学模型,基于带宽的单参数化设计思想设计了扩张状态观测器及带扰动补偿的控制律,设计了镜筒位置控制器.最后,在镜筒上对控制器的抗扰动性能进行了验证,并与目前航空相机常用的一阶平方滞后超前校正法进行了比较.结果表明,采用自抗扰控制能将凸轮机构对镜筒的扰动偏差减小为传统方法的50％左右.在提高系统抗扰动性能的同时,控制器增益减小约2个数量级,大大降低了对控制器增益的要求,提高了系统的稳定性,对改善航空相机控制系统的抗扰动性能及降低控制器设计难度具有较高的实用价值.     

带有迟滞非线性的气动运动模拟平台自抗扰轨迹跟踪控制

针对带有迟滞非线性的气动运动模拟平台的轨迹跟踪提出了带有切换扩张状态观测器的自抗扰控制方法。气动运动模拟平台的迟滞非线性特性主要指气动人工肌肉在正向充气反向放气时长度和拉力曲线的差异。针对此特性设计了切换扩张状态观测器来估计和补偿模型非线性,分别对于气动人工肌肉正反向充放气的不同模型采用不同的观测器增益,以提高状态估计效果,减小跟踪误差。进一步,设计了状态误差反馈控制器,得到了基于切换扩张状态观测器的二阶非线性动态系统全局有界稳定的充分条件。最后实验结果证实了所设计的切换扩张状态观测器的实际效果。     

Composite disturbance rejection control based on generalized extended state observer

Traditional extended state observer (ESO) design method does not focus on analysis of system reconstruction strategy. The prior information of the controlled system cannot be used for ESO implementation to improve the control accuracy. In this paper, composite disturbance rejection control strategy is proposed based on generalized ESO. First, the disturbance rejection performance of traditional ESO is analyzed to show the essence of the reconstruction strategy. Then, the system is reconstructed based on the equivalent disturbance model. The generalized ESO is proposed based on the reconstructed model, while convergence of the proposed ESO is analyzed along with the outer loop feedback controller. Simulation results on a second order mechanical system show that the proposed generalized ESO can deal with the external disturbance with known model successfully. Experiment of attitude tracking task on an aircraft is also carried out to show the effectiveness of the proposed method.     

Predictive active disturbance rejection control for processes with time delay

Active disturbance rejection control (ADRC) has been shown to be an effective tool in dealing with real world problems of dynamic uncertainties, disturbances, nonlinearities, etc. This paper addresses its existing limitations with plants that have a large transport delay. In particular, to overcome the delay, the extended state observer (ESO) in ADRC is modified to form a predictive ADRC, leading to significant improvements in the transient response and stability characteristics, as shown in extensive simulation studies and hardware-in-the-loop tests, as well as in the frequency response analysis. In this research, it is assumed that the amount of delay is approximately known, as is the approximated model of the plant. Even with such uncharacteristic assumptions for ADRC, the proposed method still exhibits significant improvements in both performance and robustness over the existing methods such as the dead-time compensator based on disturbance observer and the Filtered Smith Predictor, in the context of some well-known problems of chemical reactor and boiler control problems.     

Performance optimization of linear active disturbance rejection control approach by modified bat inspired algorithm for single area load frequency control concerning high wind power penetration

The linear active disturbance approach is employed to deal with the load frequency control issue of a single area wind power system based on doubly fed induction generator, and the performance of the control law is optimized by using the bat-inspired algorithm. The load frequency control issue has become more challenging in a complex power system based on wind energy conversion system due to the varying feature of the wind penetration, and sustaining the balance between the power generation and demand by rejecting the internal uncertainties in the process model and the external disturbances simultaneously. In the framework of the presented linear active disturbance rejection control approach, by constructing an extended state observer, the total disturbance, including all the unmodelled dynamics in the process model and the external disturbances, can be estimated in real time and then compensated by a simple linear PD control law. The controller parameters tuning is then simplified into the optimization of the two bandwidths: observer bandwidth, and the controller bandwidth. Then, this issue can be achieved by employing the heuristic modified bat inspired algorithm based on the optimization of the proposed performance index. The effectiveness of the proposed approach is validated by the extensive simulation examples of the load frequency control issue involved in the single area power system, taking into account different wind penetration, as well as the external disturbances. The performance robustness of the proposed approach against the parameters perturbation in the process model is also demonstrated via the Monte-Carlo method. The performance superiority of the proposed approach over the conventional Proportional Integral and Fuzzy-Proportional Integral based controller even in the presence of external disturbances and uncertainty in power system parameters under different cases of high wind penetration is also validated from the simulation results.     

基于扩张状态观测器的快速步进/凝视成像机构控制

提出一种基于扩张状态观测器并引入加速度补偿策略的控制器设计方案,以实现快速步进/凝视成像机构对控制性能的高要求。首先,阐述了扩张状态观测器理论,对其特性进行了详细分析,并设计了以成像机构为被控对象的三阶线性扩张状态观测器。通过将观测器置于速度内环反馈通道,设计了基于扩张状态观测器的位置和速度双回路控制器。在此基础上,利用观测器输出的加速度估计值,提出加速度补偿策略,并设计了补偿环节。实验结果表明,与无加速度补偿环节相比,引入加速度补偿后,成像机构每次步进调节时间由76ms减小到33ms,凝视期间的角位置精度由约0.07°减小到0.01°以内,速度波动减小约2~3倍,成像机构的控制性能明显改善。控制器设计简单,需整定参数少,对于提高同类控制系统性能具有较高的实用价值。     

Generalized predictor based active disturbance rejection control for non-minimum phase systems

In this paper, a generalized predictor based control scheme is proposed to improve system performance of set-point tracking and disturbance rejection for non-minimum phase (NMP) systems. By using a generalized predictor to estimate the system output without time delay, a model-based extended state observer (MESO) is designed to simultaneously estimate the system state and disturbance. Accordingly, an active disturbance rejection control design is developed which consists of a state feedback control and a feedforward control for the disturbance rejection. The MESO and feedback controllers are analytically derived by specifying the desired characteristic roots of MESO and closed-loop system poles, respectively. To improve the output tracking performance, a pre-filter is designed based on a desired closed-loop transfer function for the set-point tracking. A sufficient condition guaranteeing robust stability of the closed-loop system against time-varying uncertainties is established in terms of linear matrix inequalities (LMIs). Three illustrative examples from the literature are used to demonstrate the effectiveness and merit of the proposed control scheme.     

Robust disturbance rejection control of a biped robotic system using high-order extended state observer

This study addressed the problem of robust control of a biped robot based on disturbance estimation. Active disturbance rejection control was the paradigm used for controlling the biped robot by direct active estimation. A robust controller was developed to implement disturbance cancelation based on a linear extended state observer of high gain class. A robust high-gain scheme was proposed for developing a state estimator of the biped robot despite poor knowledge of the plant and the presence of uncertainties. The estimated states provided by the state estimator were used to implement a feedback controller that was effective in actively rejecting the perturbations as well as forcing the trajectory tracking error to within a small vicinity of the origin. The theoretical convergence of the tracking error was proven using the Lyapunov theory. The controller was implemented by numerical simulations that showed the convergence of the tracking error. A comparison with a high-order sliding-mode-observer-based controller confirmed the superior performance of the controller using the robust observer introduced in this study. Finally, the proposed controller was implemented on an actual biped robot using an embedded hardware-in-the-loop strategy.     

基于并联RSO优化自抗扰的PMSM速度控制

为提高永磁同步电机调速系统的速度精度及抗干扰能力,提出一种并联降阶状态观测器优化线性自抗扰控制的方法.对传统线性扩张状态观测器进行改进,设计了降阶状态观测器.为了提升控制器在有限带宽内的抗扰动能力,设计并联型的降阶状态观测器.仿真结果表明,控制系统的速度精度和鲁棒性得到明显的提升.     

三阶线性自抗扰控制器的液压伺服流量控制

针对阀控液压马达系统受非线性复杂扰动导致流量输出不稳定的问题,提出一种基于三阶线性自抗扰控制器(LADRC)的液压伺服流量控制方法。基于高阶LADRC理论,提出将ADRC应用于非线性的液压伺服系统控制,分析并验证了跟踪微分器的跟踪误差前馈增益具有抑制系统超调的作用。采用跟踪误差前馈与扩张状态观测器扰动反馈相分离的办法,提出一种针对复杂非线性三阶被控系统的改进的三阶LADRC算法。最后验证了该算法对一类大范围复杂不确定性液压伺服系统具有较PID更强的扰动抑制能力。