Capto C6主轴/刀柄接口扭转刚度特性

Capto刀柄与HSK刀柄均为高速数控机床配套使用的刀柄,其动静态刚度、可靠性、安全性等直接影响到被加工零件的质量和加工效率,这两类高速刀柄和主轴接口在工况下的扭转变形是影响整个主轴-刀柄系统刚度及其性能的重要指标。文章运用有限元分析方法分析了两种刀柄在相同过盈量、扭矩等情况下和主轴接口的刚度特性及其规律,研究结果为合理选型高速刀柄提供理依据。     

滚齿机主轴-立柱动态特性分析

针对滚齿加工切削力大,对主轴-立柱刚度要求高的特点,以一台小模数滚齿机为对象,在考虑结合面刚度特性的基础上建立了其主轴-立柱有限元模型,并对主轴、立柱及主轴-立柱系统进行了模态分析和谐响应分析。分析结果表明:该机床整体刚度良好,能满足齿轮加工的需要,但主轴、导轨和滚珠丝杠为其刚度薄弱环节,低频时主要表现为主轴振动,高频时主要为导轨和丝杠振动并会引起立柱振动频率的降低,且主轴-立柱系统的整体性能在很大程度上受到结合面动力学特性的影响;此外法向切削力也是引起滚刀主轴变形的重要因素。     

数控机床主轴热误差建模参数优化

数控机床主轴系统的热变形所引起热误差是影响其加工质量及效率的主要因素,因此,对机床主轴的热误差进行建模及补偿有着十分重要的意义,而建模的方法多种多样,其中利用最小二乘支持向量机法建模对于非线性系统效果良好并使模型具备更好的决策能力.文章对机床主轴温度场进行了实时的采集,并以此为基础以matlab为平台利用网格搜索法在相对更大的范围内针对最小二乘支持向量机建模时核函数的重要参数对(γ、σ)的选值进行优化,有效的提高了建模精度.     

基于ANSYS Workbench的微型数控车床主轴动静态性能分析

数控机床主轴的结构特性对其加工精度具有重要影响。根据自行设计的微型数控车床的主轴结构特征,应用有限元分析软件ANSYS Workbench对其主轴进行了动静态性能分析。通过对微型数控车床主轴的静力分析、疲劳分析的和模态分析,得到其动静态特性参数。在静态特性分析中将轴承约束等效为刚性约束,在模态分析中将轴承约束等效为弹簧单元的弹性约束,求主轴约束模态,进而求其临界转速。求得主轴动静态特性参数均在合理的范围内,验证了主轴设计的合理性,为后续进行微型数控车床整机的动静态特性研究与优化设计奠定了基础。     

卧式数控机床主轴系统热特性测试及研究

数控机床主轴系统的热特性成为影响机床加工精度的主要因素之一,有必要对数控机床主轴系统的热特性进行相关的研究。以AH130卧式镗铣床为研究对象,分析了数控机床的热变形机理,对数控机床热变形进行了描述,构建了机床主轴热特性测试实验,利用FLIR红外热像仪测温技术、激光三角测距技术测得机床主轴箱温度场分布以及主轴热变形。实验研究发现,主轴上越靠近主轴后部其温升越快,并且主轴Z方向的伸长量大于X、Y方向的变形量,研究工作对数控机床主轴系统的优化设计以及进一步热分析提供了有效的支持。     

基于均布弹簧模型的电主轴有限元建模及动态特性分析

为了研究轴承刚度、结合面刚度等各个参数对电主轴动态特性的影响、验证弹簧模型在电主轴建模中的适用性,基于国产电主轴170XDS20Z11,使用有限元方法,利用Ansys workbench对电主轴单元进行建模。首先分别建立刀具、刀柄和主轴的模型,结合实验进行动静态特性的分析与验证;然后基于均布弹簧的模型对刀柄—刀具结合面、刀柄—主轴结合面和轴承进行建模,通过对实验数据的拟合得到了结合面弹簧的刚度数值,通过预测刀尖点频响函数的方法验证该模型的准确性。研究得出了轴承刚度和结合面刚度的最佳范围,证明了弹簧模型的准确性和实用性。     

机床主轴系统的振动特性分析

以某普通车床主轴系统为研究对象,采用有限元分析软件ANSYS建立主轴系统的有限元模型,并进行动态性能分析,得出特定工况及不同结构参数下主轴系统的前8阶固有频率、振型及最大综合变形;分析了支承刚度、支承跨距等结构参数对主轴系统低阶固有振动特性的影响以及对其抗振性能的影响.为机床主轴系统及同类零部件的动态设计及残余应力振动时效工艺提供了有益的分析数据和可行的分析方法.     

数控铣床主轴系统动态刚度可靠性概率设计

针对数控铣床主轴系统是在变化复杂的、非简谐力的激励下振动,而与该振动特性密切相关的主轴滚动轴承的刚度又不是一个定值,而是载荷的函数的特点,以某数控铣床主轴系统为研究对象,基于概率有限元理论、瞬态响应有限元分析理论及轴承动刚度理论,将有限元分析软件ANSYS10.0中的瞬态响应分析方法与Monto-Carlo模拟方法相结合,对机床主轴系统进行了动刚度可靠性概率有限元计算,得出了在主轴系统中,对其动刚度影响最为敏感的几何因素是主轴前支承处的半径,其次是主轴前端半径以及对主轴系统动刚度影响最为敏感的刀具因素是铣刀杆的悬伸量,其次是铣刀杆半径的结论.     

复合材料层合壳在碳纤维主轴中的建模及仿真分析

现有技术中的机床主轴质量比过大、惯性矩大,不适用于高速加工。而碳纤维主轴轻质高强,有利于减小芯轴的转动惯量,在确保主轴高速加工中快速响应的同时还可以很好地控制精度。以碳纤维主轴上的T300碳纤维环氧树脂复合材料层合壳为研究对象,首先应用拉格朗日方程建立线性动力学模型,通过瑞利-里茨法计算得到刚度矩阵和质量矩阵,求出模型的低阶固有频率值。再应用有限元软件ABAQUS,将数值模拟与理论计算所得到的固有频率进行对比,研究不同几何参数对固有频率和主振型等振动特性的影响。结果表明：不同几何参数对T300碳纤维环氧树脂复合材料层合壳固有频率和主振型均有较大影响,对实现机床主轴轻量化、保证刚度均有重要的指导意义。     

数控机床主轴静动态特性分析与优化设计

针对采用传统方法设计的主轴存在刚度不足、动态响应差的问题,以专用数控机床主轴为研究对象,基于CREO对其进行三维建模,同时进行静态分析与模态分析,得到主轴的变形量、应力、固有频率、临界转速和振型等静动态特性。以主轴质量最轻为优化目标,对主轴的孔径、外径、支承跨距及前端悬伸量进行优化设计,并对优化前后主轴的性能进行比较。结果表明:主轴结构优化后,其质量得到减轻,质量惯性矩得到降低,主轴动态响应特性有显著提高。     

高速机床主轴－轴承系统动态性能研究

为研究主轴－轴承系统的动态性能,以某型号精密卧式加工中心主轴系统为研究对象,通过偏心质量激励法测得主轴支承轴承刚度,采用Timoshenko梁单元对主轴进行有限元建模,系统地分析了主轴离心效应、轴承预紧力对于主轴动态性能的影响,并进行了实验验证。结果表明：提高预紧力可有效增加主轴轴承刚度,提高主轴动态性能。同时证明采用有限元法计算主轴轴承的刚度是一种行之有效的方法。     

Analysis of bearing configuration effects on high speed spindles using an integrated dynamic thermo-mechanical spindle model

This work presents the effects of bearing configuration on the thermo-dynamic behavior of high speed spindles using the comprehensive dynamic thermo-mechanical model. The dynamic thermo-mechanical model consists of a comprehensive bearing dynamic model, a shaft dynamic model and a thermal model. The thermal model is coupled with the spindle dynamic model through bearing heat generation and thermal expansion of the whole system based on the bearing configuration. Thus the entire model becomes a comprehensive dynamic thermo-mechanical model. The new thermo-mechanical model also considers a pertinent mapping between bearing stiffness and shaft stiffness matrices based on bearing configurations, so that more general cases of bearing configurations can be modeled. Based on this model, the effects of bearing orientation on the spindle dynamics are systematically described and experimentally validated. It is shown that bearing orientation has a significant effect on spindle stiffness. Finally, the effects of various bearing configurations on spindle thermal and dynamic behavior are illustrated through numerical analysis with three different spindles.     

空气静压主轴有限元建模及动态特性研究

为提高空气静压轴承支撑的空气静压主轴的动态工作性能,文章利用Fluent计算出了空气静压轴承在不同供气压力下气膜刚度,利用Ansys Workbench中的轴承单元和弹簧—阻尼单元模拟轴承支承,对主轴系统进行了模态分析和动态响应分析,得到不同供气压力下主轴系统的固有频率、振型以及激振力作用下的位移幅频动态响应曲线。结果表明,随着供气压力的增加,轴承气膜刚度增加,且对主轴系统的低阶模态和高阶模态影响不同。另外随着气膜刚度增加,谐振频率逐渐增大、振幅减小,系统抵抗受迫振动能力逐渐增强。研究结果为提高空气静压主轴的动态性能提供了一定的理论依据。     

Effect of preload of linear guides on dynamic characteristics of a vertical column–spindle system

Realization on the dynamic characteristics of the column–spindle system is of importance for enhancing the structural performance of a vertical milling machine. Generally, the spindle head is fed under linear guide mechanism through a ball-screw driver. To assess the dynamic characteristics of a vertical column–spindle system under the influence of a linear guide, this study developed a finite element model integrated with the modeling of linear components with the implementation of contact stiffness at the rolling interface. Both the finite element simulations and the vibration tests reveal that the preload of a linear guide greatly affects the vibration behavior associated with a spindle head, and the dynamic stiffness of the spindle head could be enhanced by increasing the preload of the linear guide. Current results clearly indicate that the simulations agree well with the experimental measurements. This also confirms that the proposed model can be successfully applied to evaluate the dynamics characteristics of machine tool systems of various configurations.     

轴芯冷却对电主轴热-机械特性影响的实验研究

电主轴的热特性与机械特性相互作用,采用轴芯冷却在降低电主轴温升的同时也会影响其机械特性。对具有轴芯冷却结构的150SD电主轴进行热特性、静刚度和动态响应测试,研究轴芯冷却对电主轴热-机械特性的影响。结果表明：轴芯冷却减少了电主轴系统热平衡时间和轴向热变形,但会导致不同转速下系统静刚度和1、2阶固有频率降低。在设计阶段需要对轴芯冷却电主轴从悬伸量、跨距和几何尺寸等方面进行综合优化设计,提高其机械特性。     

机床主轴系统静刚度分析及实验研究

为研究机床主轴系统静刚度特性,建立一种高性能加工中心主轴-轴承系统模型,该模型包括主轴转子和轴承。采用有限元法建立主轴轴系零件模型,并与轴承拟静力学模型集成得到主轴系统有限元模型,通过计算得到主轴系统3个方向的静刚度。对该机床主轴系统进行静刚度测试实验,以验证理论计算结果的正确性。研究表明:理论计算结果和实验结果具有较好一致性,因此可以有效地证明该有限元模型的准确性;此外,由于主轴系统内部存在阻尼效应及摩擦作用,卸载时静刚度大于加载时静刚度;同时其轴向静刚度存在一定非线性。     

Virtual Design and Optimization of Machine Tool Spindles

An integrated digital model of spindle, tool holder, tool and cutting process is presented. The spindle is modeled using an in-house developed Finite Element system. The preload on the bearings and the influence of gyroscopic and centrifugal forces from all rotating parts due to speed are considered. The bearing stiffness, mode shapes, Frequency Response Function at any point on the spindle can be predicted. The static and dynamic deflections along the spindle shaft as well as contact forces on the bearings can be predicted with simulated cutting forces before physically building and testing the spindles. The spacing of the bearings are optimized to achieve either maximum dynamics stiffness or maximum chatter free depth of cut at the desired speed region for a given cutter geometry and work-piece material. It is possible to add constraints to model mounting of the spindle on the machine tool, as well as defining local springs and damping elements at any nodal point on the spindle. The model is verified experimentally.     

三轴卧式加工中心主轴静刚度仿真与试验研究

对卧式加工中心主轴系统静刚度进行了仿真和试验研究.研究发现:经有限元方法计算获得的结果与试验有较好的对应性;主轴静刚度在卸载时要大于加载时,卸载时主轴系统弹性恢复迟滞,并且加载曲线与卸载曲线不封闭,卸载时主轴变形恢复不到起点,进而影响加工精度.因此,提高系统刚度十分必要,可通过合理设计机床主轴结构、减小主轴悬伸量、提高传动部件单位质量刚度等方法提高切削系统刚度.     

Creating Stability Lobe Diagrams during Milling

Motorized spindles are in common use in high-speed milling. The dynamic behavior of the spindle depends on the actual number of revolutions and the temperature. The performance of the spindle during milling, particularly, the behavior concerning chatter, is crucially affected by the speed dependent dynamic behavior of the mechanical system. This paper presents the reasons for the speed-sensitive stiffness and the shifting stability lobes. A new method of measuring and calculating the dynamic behavior during milling by means of sub-space-state-space-identification methods is introduced. Finally, the computed stability lobe diagrams are compared with experimentally determined stability lobe diagrams.     

Effect of bearing support structure on the high-speed spindle bearing compliance

This paper investigates the effect of bearing assembly tolerance on the spindle–bearing compliance. In a high-speed spindle system, the bearing characteristics are significantly influenced by the initial assembly tolerance and the thermal deformation of the bearing support structure. In particular, in the very early stage of spindle operation, spindle–bearings could be under hazardous conditions due to the rapid change of the internal pressure resulting from the thermal deformation or the centrifugal force-oriented deformation. The bearing's internal clearance may be also changed with the operating conditions such as external load, rotational speed and operating cycle time. To determine the initial tolerance and the optimal cooling regimen, a comprehensive dynamic modeling and analysis of the high speed spindle system in terms of bearing pressure, bearing compliance and heat generation is required with consideration to those effects. Furthermore, in order to predict spindle characteristics in operation, all of these parameters should be monitored and recalculated in real time. For this purpose, simple and effective equations have been suggested, representing the bearing stiffness in accordance with the thermal deformation. Moreover, contrast to the former bearing analyses which are mostly based on the Hertzian contact model without considering the radial elastic deformation of the races, this paper presents the analytical and experimental investigations on the bearing compliance with additional consideration to both the elastic deformation of the race and the thermal deformation of the housing in terms of the bearing stiffness. The experimental results show the effectiveness of the proposed equations, which will provide a very simplified calculation of the bearing stiffness in dynamic simulation.