蜡质玉米淀粉微晶的理化性质及其消化性研究

以蜡质玉米淀粉为原料,在酸醇介质中制备淀粉微晶。对制得的不同水解率的蜡质玉米淀粉微晶进行了颗粒形貌、X射线衍射、DSC热稳定性分析,溶解度和消化性能的测定。结果表明:随着酸醇水解程度的增加,淀粉颗粒形貌逐渐呈片晶状,最终为碎片;淀粉颗粒的无定形区先被水解,结晶区后被水解,进而导致颗粒破裂;晶体形态仍为A型。与原淀粉相比,淀粉微晶的Tp和Tc均增大,糊化温度范围也有很大提高;不同水解率的淀粉微晶的热焓(△H)先减小后增大。淀粉微晶的溶解度随水解率的增加不断增大。酸醇水解蜡质玉米淀粉的水解率越高,其在in vitro模型中的消化产物也就越多,消化速度也越快。对于同一水解率的淀粉微晶,其消化速度随时间的延长先上升后下降。     

酸醇水解制备玉米淀粉微晶及其性质研究

以玉米淀粉为原料,在酸醇介质中制备淀粉微晶。实验测定了淀粉微晶的水解率,并进行了淀粉颗粒形貌、偏光十字、溶解度及X射线衍射测定。结果表明:在盐酸量1.72%、温度70℃、乙醇浓度65%、淀粉浓度25%和反应6h时制得较理想的淀粉微晶。随着酸醇水解程度的增加,淀粉颗粒形貌逐渐呈片晶状,最终为碎片;颗粒无定形区先水解,内部比较紧密的无定形区域和缺陷结晶结构接着被水解,进而导致颗粒破裂;颗粒部分偏光十字消失,与扫描电镜分析结果一致;晶体形态仍为A型;同一水解率的淀粉,其溶解度均随温度升高而逐渐增加。     

酸解时间对大米淀粉结构性质的影响

以4种不同直链淀粉含量的大米淀粉(0%的优糯3号、10.90%的稻花灿、21.03%的聚两优、28.46%的华优香占)为原料,酸解处理不同时间,以酸解大米淀粉的酸解率、颗粒形貌、结晶性质、溶解度的变化为指标衡量不同酸解时间对大米淀粉结构及性质的影响。结果表明,不同直链淀粉含量的大米淀粉具有不同的耐酸性,酸解时间对不同直链淀粉含量大米淀粉的结构和性质有着不同的影响。大米淀粉酸解率与直链淀粉含量成反比,优糯3号为50%而华优香占仅为30%;所有淀粉颗粒在酸解后均产生一定程度的破碎,偏光十字变形直至消失,酸解相同时间,直链淀粉含量高的大米淀粉破碎率低;酸解未改变淀粉的晶型,仍为A晶型;随着酸解时间的延长相对结晶度增加;淀粉的溶解度随着酸解时间的增加而增大。     

酸解对不同链/支比含量玉米淀粉特性的影响

以4种不同链/支比含量的玉米淀粉为原料,酸解处理不同时间,以酸解玉米淀粉的形貌特性、冻融稳定性、膨胀度、溶解度、晶体性质为指标衡量不同酸解时间对玉米淀粉结构性质的影响。结果表明:4种玉米淀粉酸水解程度的顺序为:蜡质玉米普通玉米淀粉G50G80。酸解后,同品种的4种玉米淀粉的析水率随着酸解天数的增加而增加;溶解度增加,膨胀度降低。酸解并未改变淀粉的晶型,随着酸解时间的延长,蜡质玉米淀粉和普通玉米的相对结晶度先增大后保持不变,G50和G80的相对结晶度随着酸解时间的增加而增大。表明酸解对低直链淀粉(蜡质玉米淀粉和普通玉米淀粉)的结构、性能影响最大。     

湿热处理玉米淀粉的溶胀和水解性质初探

对三种不同链淀粉含量的玉米淀粉(高链玉米淀粉、普通玉米淀粉和蜡质玉米淀粉)经湿热处理前后的溶胀及酸、酶水解性质进行研究,探索湿热处理对淀粉微观性质的影响。研究结果表明:湿热处理后淀粉的膨胀度和溶解度较原淀粉减小;湿热处理淀粉在酸、酶作用初期水解率比原淀粉大,后期由于经湿热处理后淀粉链之间的重新结合,形成了新的双螺旋结构,结合更为紧密,酸、酶难于作用,水解率较原淀粉降低。     

高直链玉米淀粉添加对挤压荞麦面条结构、蒸煮品质及消化特性的影响

制备挤压荞麦面条,研究不同添加量（10%、20%、25%、30%）的高直链玉米淀粉（m/m,基于全粉）对挤压荞麦面条结构、蒸煮品质及消化特性的影响。结果表明,随着高直链玉米淀粉添加量的增加,挤压面条直径减小,糊化度降低。X射线衍射结果表明添加高直链玉米淀粉后,面条除了V型结晶峰外还存在未完全糊化的直链淀粉的典型B型峰。热力学性质结果也表明直链淀粉发生部分糊化。添加高直链玉米淀粉后,面条色泽变浅变亮,最佳蒸煮时间缩短,蒸煮损失率由9.90%增加到12.43%。当高直链玉米淀粉添加量为25%时,面条开始出现断条。面条硬度由2 105.709 g显著增加至3 680.401 g,弹性由0.961降低至0.866。扫描电镜结果表明,随着高直链玉米淀粉添加量的增加,致密的面条结构逐渐出现裂纹,且面条截面有较多未完全糊化的淀粉颗粒。淀粉体外消化实验表明,随着高直链玉米淀粉添加量的增加,淀粉水解率逐渐下降,预计血糖指数减小,抗性淀粉含量增加。当高直链玉米淀粉添加量为30%时,挤压荞麦面条的预计血糖指数从74.28降至66.31,抗性淀粉含量从34.43%增加至47.86%。     

抗性淀粉直链淀粉含量测定及消化性研究

以蜡质玉米淀粉为原料,经过糊化后使用普鲁兰酶脱支,产生更多的短直链淀粉重新结晶来制备抗性淀粉。通过碘吸光度法测定,直链淀粉含量高的样品的抗性淀粉含量不一定高,但直链淀粉含量低的样品不容易产生高含量抗性淀粉。在In-Vitro消化模型中,和原淀粉相比,所有的抗性淀粉样品消化产物的量、还原糖释放率和平均消化速率都减少或降低,并且抗性淀粉含量越高,减少或降低得越多。     

六种处理方式对慈姑淀粉理化性质的影响

为了提高慈姑淀粉的利用率，采用微波、苹果酸、盐酸、三偏磷酸钠、α-淀粉酶、乙酸酐6种不同改性方法对慈姑淀粉进行改性，并对改性后淀粉的理化特性进行了分析。结果表明：与原淀粉相比，6种处理后的慈姑淀粉均属于A型晶体结构；微波处理后的慈姑淀粉颗粒抱团成为较大颗粒，直链淀粉的相对含量增加，透明度、析水率、溶解度和膨胀度均低于原淀粉；苹果酸处理的慈姑淀粉颗粒破碎明显，透明度及膨润度降低，溶解度和直链淀粉相对含量升高；盐酸处理的慈姑淀粉颗粒出现凹坑和空洞，直链淀粉相对含量增加，凝沉性、析水率及糊化峰值温度提高，淀粉中有基团—Cl接入；三偏磷酸钠处理的慈姑淀粉颗粒出现裂纹，透明度、溶解度及膨润度降低，其糊化特性温度和焓值升高，羟基发生缔合明显；α-淀粉酶处理的慈姑淀粉颗粒表面粗糙，出现大量的凹陷，凝沉性和透明度升高，直链淀粉的相对含量降低，1 047/1 022的比值比原淀粉大，其结构更加短程有序；乙酸酐处理的慈姑淀粉颗粒表面部分出现孔洞，晶型结构没有发生改变，直链淀粉相对含量、溶解度和透明度升高，膨润度降低。综上，不同的处理方法对慈姑淀粉的理化性质影响不同，根据应用需求，可选择对应特性的改性慈姑淀...     

蚕豆和高直链玉米淀粉对马铃薯粉条品质的影响

为研究蚕豆淀粉和高直链玉米淀粉对马铃薯粉条的影响,分别将蚕豆淀粉、高直链玉米淀粉以及两者的混合粉与马铃薯淀粉进行不同比例混合,探讨了共混体系的理化特性并分析了粉条的品质。结果表明,加入蚕豆和高直链玉米淀粉及混合粉均可以降低混合体系的膨胀度、溶解度,提高凝胶的色泽、硬度、凝胶强度、最大破断力;加入蚕豆和高直链玉米淀粉及混合粉显著降低了粉条的断条率、膨润度及蒸煮损失,增强了粉条的硬度、内聚性、回复性、剪切强度和拉伸强度;在所有指标中,添加蚕豆和高直链玉米淀粉混合粉的变化最明显,在添加量为20%时感官评分最高。     

海藻酸钠-高直链玉米淀粉-共轭亚油酸三元体系的消化性质

探讨海藻酸钠-高直链玉米淀粉-共轭亚油酸三元体系(AG-HACS-CLA)的消化性质。采用水解度曲线法测定AG-HACS-CLA的体外消化特性,并利用X-射线衍射仪、傅里叶红外光谱分析仪对其结晶结构进行分析,探讨其消化特性和结晶结构的内在联系。结果表明,糊化前后的AG-HACS-CLA分别为低血糖指数食品和中血糖指数食品,其预测血糖指数(p GI)分别为47.06和58.27。AG-HACS-CLA的体外消化特性受其结晶类型和结晶度影响,其抗消化淀粉含量与微晶相有关。AG-HACS-CLA中,淀粉与共轭亚油酸络合后,形成有序度较高的V型结晶,使AG-HACS-CLA中微晶相比不添加共轭亚油酸的样品提高了3.5%。与具有B型结晶结构的天然高直链玉米淀粉相比,AG-HACS-CLA结构稳定,具有良好的抗消化性。海藻酸钠阻碍样品中分子间氢键的形成,导致AG-HACS-CLA的微晶相比不添加海藻酸钠的样品减少了7.1%,抗消化淀粉含量降低了20%左右。     

Effect of acid hydrolysis in the presence of anhydrous alcohols on the structure,thermal and pasting properties of normal,waxy and high‐amylose maize starches

Maize starches with different amylose contents (0%, 23% and 55%) were treated in anhydrous methanol, ethanol, 2‐propanol, 1‐butanol with 0.36% HCl at 25 °C for 5 days. Results showed that the extent of change in physicochemical properties increased from methanol to butanol. Treated waxy maize starch showed higher than 65% solubility at above 75 °C. The diffraction peak at 2θ = 5.3° of amylomaize V starch disappeared after treatment in ethanol, 2‐propanol and 1‐butanol. Acid–alcohol treatment decreased the gelatinisation temperature of normal (from 64.5 to 61.9 °C) and waxy maize (from 68.1 to 61.1 °C) starches, while it increased that of amylomaize V (from 68.7 to 72.3 °C) starch. The extent of the decrease in the pasting viscosity followed the following order: amylomaize V < normal maize < waxy maize. This study indicated that acid–alcohol treatment degraded preferentially the amorphous regions and the different changes depended on the crystal structure and amylose content of starch.     

韧化处理对不同玉米淀粉理化特性的影响

以不同直/支链比例的普通玉米淀粉和蜡质玉米淀粉为材料,在40、50、60℃进行韧化处理,研究韧化处理对玉米淀粉理化特性的影响。结果表明：韧化处理的两种玉米淀粉颗粒形貌有较小变化。韧化处理后,两种淀粉的溶解度和膨胀度随着处理温度的升高而降低;所有韧化处理过的玉米淀粉黏度低于原淀粉,起糊温度高于原淀粉;韧化处理后淀粉的糊化温度升高,热焓变化不大。     

Effect of Ultrasonic Treatment on the Physicochemical Properties of Maize Starches Differing in Amylose Content

Normal maize, waxy maize and amylomaize V starches were treated at a moisture content of 70% by ultrasonic treatment. The results showed that the surface of normal and waxy maize starches was porous after treatment and a fissure could be clearly observed in the surface of amylomaize V starch. Ultrasonic treatment did not change the X‐ray pattern of the three maize starches. The swelling power (amylomaize V (B‐type) > normal maize > waxy maize (A‐type)) and solubility (amylomaize V > normal maize > waxy maize), the syneresis of amylomaize V starch and the gelatinization transition temperatures of the three starches increased on this treatment. Ultrasonic treatment decreased the syneresis of normal and waxy maize starches, the enthalpy of gelatinization (amylomaize V > waxy maize ≈︂ normal maize) and the gelatinization temperature range (amylomaize V > normal maize ≈︂ waxy maize) of all starches. A drop in viscosity of all three starches was observed and the viscosity patterns of three starches remained unchanged after ultrasonic treatment. The data showed that ultrasonic treatment degraded preferentially the amorphous regions and more easily attacked linear amylose than highly branched amylopectin.     

湿热处理对玉米淀粉性质的影响

研究了湿热处理对不同直链淀粉含量的普通玉米淀粉?高直链玉米淀粉和蜡质玉米淀粉性质的影响。试验证明,经湿热处理后,三种玉米淀粉的颗粒形状都没有发生明显的变化,偏光十字也没有消失,但表面出现一些裂纹;湿热处理不会改变三种玉米淀粉的晶型,但经湿热处理后玉米淀粉的晶体结构变强,糊化温度提高,糊黏度降低。     

Comparative Studies on Some Physico-chemical, Thermal, Morphological, and Pasting Properties of Acid-thinned Jicama and Maize Starches

Comparative studies on acid hydrolysis of jicama and maize starch were carried out using concentrations of hydrochloric acid of 1.5%, 3.0%, and 4.5% (w/v), for 3 and 6 h, at 40°C. Native maize and jicama starches showed important morphological, thermal, and structural differences from those of tubers and cereals which potentially offer diverse industrial applications. Jicama starch showed low amylose content (12%) and small size of starch granules. Due to these characteristics, jicama starch was more susceptible to degradation during hydrolysis process than maize starch. Under the experimental conditions employed, the acid degradation was not particularly severe, as shown by scanning electronic microscopy analysis which showed small degraded zones and similar X-ray patterns in both starches. However, jicama starch was more susceptible to acid hydrolysis than maize starch, as revealed by the considerable increase in water solubility index, damaged starch, and crystallinity values. Also, the higher susceptibility of jicama starch than maize starch to the hydrolysis conditions was reflected in the sugar content release during hydrolysis. The relative crystallinity of hydrolyzed maize starches decreased during hydrolysis, while those of hydrolyzed jicama starches increased attributable to the lower amylose content of jicama starch in relation to maize starch. Maize and jicama hydrolyzed starches showed low viscosity values with relation to their native starch counterparts. However, native jicama starch showed lower viscosity values than maize starch, suggesting a lower internal stability of the starch granules during hydrolysis. Both native and hydrolyzed maize starches showed higher enthalpy, T _o, T _p, and T _c values than jicama starch and the broadening of the endotherms decreased during the hydrolysis of both starches.     

Effect of maize type and extrusion‐cooking conditions on starch digestibility profiles

This study aimed at evaluating the influence of screw speed (250–600 rpm), barrel temperature (100–160 °C) and water content (16.4–22.5%) on rapidly digestible (RDS), slowly digestible (SDS) and resistant (RS) starch levels of waxy, normal and high‐amylose maize starches. In native starches, an increase in amylose content was correlated with lower SDS content. After extrusion, this trend was reversed. Both waxy and normal maize starches became rapidly digested. However, for normal maize starch, some SDS fraction remained. In contrast, the high‐amylose maize starch showed a significant increase in digestibility and an increase in SDS content from 20.4% in the native starch up to 27.5% after extrusion. This high level of SDS may be attributed to the presence of some remaining granular structures and formation of crystalline orders, which have slow digestion properties.     

热处理对不同直链淀粉含量的玉米淀粉理化性质的影响

采用快速黏度分析法、离心法、差示扫描量热分析法、动态流变仪分析法等,研究了干热与湿热处理对3种不同直链淀粉含量的玉米淀粉糊化性质、膨润性质、热力学性质、流变性质的影响,为淀粉的物理改性研究和加工应用提供理论依据。结果表明,干热处理使淀粉更易糊化,表现为3种玉米淀粉糊化温度降低,溶解度、膨胀度增加。湿热处理加大糊化难度,使3种玉米淀粉的糊化温度升高,膨胀度降低。热处理使玉米淀粉糊稠度、糊化焓值降低。蜡质玉米淀粉经热处理后,溶解度和老化率增加。流变性质测定结果表明,湿热处理不利于高直链玉米淀粉黏弹性凝胶的形成。     

Formation of starch spherulites: Role of amylose content and thermal events

Commercial maize starches and potato starches of two cultivars differing in physicochemical composition (granule size distribution; amylose to amylopectin ratio) and crystallinity were heated to 180 °C and then cooled by fast quench using a differential scanning calorimeter (DSC), in order to produce spherulitic starch morphologies. Among the raw maize starches, waxy maize starch had highest relative crystallinity (49%) whereas a lowest crystallinity of 33–39% was calculated for high-amylose maize starches. Potato starches showed a relative crystallinity of 50%. The temperatures and enthalpies of gelatinisation and melting varied among all the starches. High-amylose maize starches showed higher transition temperatures of gelatinisation (T_gel), whereas waxy maize starch had lowest T_gel and enthalpy of gelatinisation (ΔH_gel). Similarly, a considerable variation in parameters related with crystalline melting (T_m1, T_m2 and ΔH_m1, ΔH_m2) was observed for different starches. The superheated gels of different starches treated using DSC were subjected to polarised microscopy, to confirm the formation of spherulites. Both the high-amylose starch gels showed the presence of spherulites exhibiting birefringence and a weak crystalline pattern. No birefringence was observed for waxy maize starch gel, while potato starch gels had some birefringence. The particle size distribution of high-amylose maize starch gels analysed through Zetasizer showed the sizes of spherulitic particles fall in the range of 300 nm–900 nm. The scanning electron micrographs of the dried high-amylose maize starch gels showed the presence of round spherulites consisting of several aggregated spherulitic particles. Amylose content and melting of crystallites during heating play an important role during recrystallisation of amylose (spherulite morphologies).