基于PSO优化空间约束聚类的SAR图像分割

相干斑噪声的存在使得合成孔径雷达(SAR)图像的分割问题变得非常复杂.本文提出一种具有鲁棒抗噪特性的SAR图像分割方法,该算法通过将多尺度条件下的边缘信息以及相邻像素的相对位置和强度信息所构成的空间信息融入模糊C-均值(FCM)聚类算法的相似性测度中,增强了分割方法的抗噪性.空间信息对FCM聚类算法的调控由粒子群优化(PSO)算法完成,优化的调控参数有助于获得良好的分割结果.该算法对初始分割不敏感,并具有鲁棒的抗噪性能.MSTAR数据的分割实验结果表明:该算法能够有效地分割SAR图像,与通过改进型FCM(IFCM)算法获得的分割结果比较,分割结果明显改善.     

Information-theoretic heterogeneity measurement for SAR imagery

A heterogeneity feature, calculable from synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images on a per-pixel basis, but relying on global image statistics, is defined and discussed. Starting from the multiplicative speckle and texture models relating the amount of texture and speckle to the local mean and variance at every pixel, such a feature is rigorously derived from Shannon's information theory as the conditional information of local standard deviation to local mean. Thanks to robust statistical estimation, it is very little sensitive to the noise affecting SAR data, and thus capable of capturing subtle variations of texture whenever they are embedded in a heavy speckle. Experimental results carried out on two SAR images with different degrees of noisiness demonstrate that the proposed feature is likely to be useful for a variety of automated segmentation and classification tasks.     

SAR图像的自动分割方法研究

由于存在相干斑噪声的影响,给SAR图像分割造成很大的困难,该文提出了一种SAR图像的自动分割方法。首先在特征提取阶段,通过计算小波能量提取纹理信息,用邻域统计量提取灰度信息,用保边缘平均灰度提取边缘信息,以确保边缘准确。然后提出一种改进的完全无监督的聚类算法进行图像分割,该算法可以自动确定分割的类型数目。由于该方法充分考虑了SAR图像的纹理、灰度和边缘信息,因而极大地提高了其最终分割性能。实验结果证明了该方法的有效性。     

Speckle filtering of SAR images based on adaptive windowing

Speckle noise usually occurs in synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images owing to coherent processing of SAR data. The most well-known image domain speckle filters are the adaptive filters using local statistics such as the mean and standard deviation. The local statistics filters adapt the filter coefficients based on data within a fixed running window. In these schemes, depending on the window size, there exists trade-off between the extent of speckle noise suppression and the capability of preserving fine details. The authors propose a new adaptive windowing algorithm for speckle noise suppression which solves the problem of window size associated with the local statistics adaptive filters. In the algorithm, the window size is automatically adjusted depending on regional characteristics to suppress speckle noise as much as possible while preserving fine details. Speckle noise suppression gets stronger in homogeneous regions as the window size increases succeedingly. In fine detail regions, by reducing the window size successively, edges and textures are preserved. The fixed-window filtering schemes and the proposed one are applied to both a simulated SAR image and an ERS-1 SAR image to demonstrate the excellent performance of the proposed adaptive windowing algorithm for speckle noise     

基于ICA优化空间信息PCM的SAR图像分割

可能性C-均值(PCM)聚类算法提高了数据聚类的抗噪性能,但由于这种算法没有考虑数据的空间依赖特性,应用于合成孔径雷达(SAR)图像分割时,受SAR图像中斑点噪声的影响,通常不能得到正确的分割结果。该文在PCM目标函数中引入空间相对位置信息和多尺度空间像素强度信息,这些空间信息取值由前次迭代优化的聚类结果确定,空间信息影响程度(影响因子)由免疫克隆算法(ICA)优化,实现了空间信息影响因子的自适应调整,优化了PCM聚类结果。实验将这种算法应用于人工合成图像和实际SAR图像的分割,结果表明该文所提出的算法对初始分割不敏感,具有强的抗噪性能,改善了SAR图像的分割效果。     

免疫克隆SAR图像分割算法

由于存在相干斑噪声的影响,使得常规的图像分割技术应用于SAR图像时,效果往往较差。该文提出一种新人工免疫系统SAR图像分割算法,算法首先提取每幅图像的纹理特征,并对其进行实数编码,然后通过借鉴生物学免疫系统的抗体克隆选择机理,构造适合于图像分割的克隆算子,以较快的收敛速度优化目标函数。实验结果表明,新算法是一种有效的SAR 图像区域分割方法。     

一种新的高分辨率SAR图像相干斑噪声抑制算法

提出了一种新的基于小波变换对高分辨率合成孔径雷达图像相干斑噪声抑制的算法。首先从SAR图像相干斑噪声产生的机理出发，论述了通过传统的滤波方法在抑制高分辨率SAR图像的相干斑噪声时，损失了大量的边缘信息和纹理细节而采用小波变换降噪的优越性和必要性；其次论述了在小波域中如何利用高频局部的统计特性和分解尺度大小来选取滤波窗口尺寸进行滤波；最后通过实验结果说明了该方法比采用传统的固定窗来实现对高分辨率SAR图像的降噪、保留边缘信息和纹理细节有着更好的性能。     

SAR图像组合分割算法

由于存在乘性斑点噪声的影响,给SAR图像分割造成很大困难,本文研究利用最大似然区域增长分割算法,提出区域增长前引入自适应边缘检测,图像分割性能获得较大提高.介绍了我们研究的分割性能优异的模拟退火分割算法,提出了分割性能接近模拟退火并且在SAR图像分割中比较实用的模拟退火和最大似然混合分割算法,并给出了这些分割算法的分割性能比较,以及在实际分割SAR图像时应当如何选择分割算法.     

Quantitative comparison of the performance of SAR segmentationalgorithms

Methods to evaluate the performance of segmentation algorithms for synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images are developed, based on known properties of coherent speckle and a scene model in which areas of constant backscatter coefficient are separated by abrupt edges. Local and global measures of segmentation homogeneity are derived and applied to the outputs of two segmentation algorithms developed for SAR data, one based on iterative edge detection and segment growing, the other based on global maximum a posteriori (MAP) estimation using simulated annealing. The quantitative statistically based measures appear consistent with visual impressions of the relative quality of the segmentations produced by the two algorithms. On simulated data meeting algorithm assumptions, both algorithms performed well but MAP methods appeared visually and measurably better. On real data, MAP estimation was markedly the better method and retained performance comparable to that on simulated data, while the performance of the other algorithm deteriorated sharply. Improvements in the performance measures will require a more realistic scene model and techniques to recognize oversegmentation.     

基于统计模型的变分水平集SAR图像分割方法

针对SAR图像感兴趣区域分割问题,提出了一种基于统计模型的变分水平集分割方法。该方法在分析SAR图像特征的基础上,利用相干斑噪声的统计模型直接定义了关于水平集函数的能量泛函,不同于一般水平集方法中关于参数化曲线的能量泛函。通过极小化能量泛函,建立了水平集函数演化的偏微分方程。对水平集演化方程的数值求解,实现了对SAR图像感兴趣区域的分割。分别采用模拟和真实SAR图像对提出的方法进行了验证,试验结果表明该方法充分利用了SAR图像的特征信息,不需要相干斑噪声预处理,能够准确实现对SAR图像感兴趣区域的分割。     

Statistical properties of logarithmically transformed speckle

In synthetic aperture radar (SAR) image processing and analysis, the logarithmic transform is often employed to convert the multiplicative speckle model to an additive noise model. However, this nonlinear operation totally changes the statistics of SAR images. In this communication, we first review the statistical properties of speckle noise in both the intensity and the amplitude formats. Then, we derive the probability density functions, the mean values, and the variances to characterize the log-transformed speckle. Finally we discuss the problems introduced by the logarithmic transform on statistical analysis of SAR images. The statistical models developed in this communication will facilitate subsequent SAR image processing tasks based on the additive noise model     

基于局部平滑加权图割方法的SAR图像分割

针对合成孔径雷达(SAR)图像分割,提出了一种 局部平滑加权图割(LSWGC,local smoothing weighted graph cut)模型。首先,在加权图割(WGCut)的目标函数中加入局部平滑罚项,提高了基于谱 聚类的SAR 图像分割方法对斑点噪声的稳健性,抑制了SAR图像分割中孤立点的产生;其次,利用WGCut 与加权核 K均值(WKKM)的等价性,LSWGC以不同于参数核 图割(PKGC)方法的核化方式将核映射引入目标函数中,用图 割最优化算法求解标号函数,避免了基于谱聚类的SAR图像分割方法中图谱的求解问题,同 时改善了PKGC方法二类划分易丢失目标的不足。模拟和真实SAR图像的实验结果证实 了本文方案的有效性。     

一种新的SAR图像的相干斑滤波方法

该文分析了合成孔径雷达(SAR)图像中的相干斑(Speckle)的统计特性,基于小波变换(WT),提出了一种新的相干斑滤波方法,该方法将小波变换后的HH分量采用Lee滤波,对HG,GH和GG分量则利用恒虚警技术(CFAR),保留重要的目标和边缘,再将这四个分量进行重构。实验结果表明,该方法具有相当良好的相干斑抑制性能,等效视数得以大幅度提高,并且能很好地保持原图像的边沿特征,其性能明显优于通常采用的Lee算法。     

Speckle Suppression in SAR Images Using the 2-D GARCH Model

A novel Bayesian-based speckle suppression method for Synthetic Aperture Radar ( SAR) images is presented that preserves the structural features and textural information of the scene. First, the logarithmic transform of the original image is analyzed into the multiscale wavelet domain. We show that the wavelet coefficients of SAR images have significantly non-Gaussian statistics that are best described by the 2-D GARCH model. By using the 2-D GARCH model on the wavelet coefficients, we are capable of taking into account important characteristics of wavelet coefficients, such as heavy tailed marginal distribution and the dependencies between the coefficients. Furthermore, we use a maximum a posteriori (MAP) estimator for estimating the clean image wavelet coefficients. Finally, we compare our proposed method with various speckle suppression methods applied on synthetic and actual SAR images and we verify the performance improvement in utilizing the new strategy.     

A new statistical model for Markovian classification of urban areas in high-resolution SAR images

We propose a classification method suitable for high-resolution synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images over urban areas. When processing SAR images, there is a strong need for statistical models of scattering to take into account multiplicative noise and high dynamics. For instance, the classification process needs to be based on the use of statistics. Our main contribution is the choice of an accurate model for high-resolution SAR images over urban areas and its use in a Markovian classification algorithm. Clutter in SAR images becomes non-Gaussian when the resolution is high or when the area is man-made. Many models have been proposed to fit with non-Gaussian scattering statistics (K, Weibull, Log-normal, Nakagami-Rice, etc.), but none of them is flexible enough to model all kinds of surfaces in our context. As a consequence, we use a mathematical model that relies on the Fisher distribution and the log-moment estimation and which is relevant for one-look data. This estimation method is based on the second-kind statistics, which are detailed in the paper. We also prove its accuracy for urban areas at high resolution. The quality of the classification that is obtained by mixing this model and a Markovian segmentation is high and enables us to distinguish between ground, buildings, and vegetation.     

An optimal multiedge detector for SAR image segmentation

Edge detection is a fundamental issue in image analysis. Due to the presence of speckle, which can be modeled as a strong, multiplicative noise, edge detection in synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images is extremely difficult, and edge detectors developed for optical images are inefficient. Several robust operators have been developed for the detection of isolated step edges in speckled images. The authors propose a new step-edge detector for SAR images, which is optimal in the minimum mean square error (MSSE) sense under a stochastic multiedge model. It computes a normalized ratio of exponentially weighted averages (ROEWA) on opposite sides of the central pixel. This is done in the horizontal and vertical direction, and the magnitude of the two components yields an edge strength map. Thresholding of the edge strength map by a modified version of the watershed algorithm and region merging to eliminate false edges complete an efficient segmentation scheme. Experimental results obtained from simulated SAR images as well as ERS-1 data are presented     

一种新的SAR图像相干斑抑制算法

针对经典局域统计自适应滤波器的窗口大小问题,提出了一种新的用于抑制合成孔径雷达图像相干斑噪声的滤波算法.基于SAR图像的统计特性,窗口大小根据区域特征自动调整,尽可能将窗口调整为包含同一均匀区域,从而在保持细节的同时尽最大可能地抑制斑点噪声.实验结果表明,本算法不仅有效抑制了SAR图像的相干斑,保持图像的边缘细节.而且有着良好的图像视觉效果.     

适用于高分辨SAR图像的全局稳态最小水平集分割方法

该文针对高分辨率SAR图像的分割问题提出了一种新的快速的水平集方法。该方法基于G0分布能够同时描述高分辨率和中低分辨率条件下的SAR图像统计特性,通过水平集方法求解能量泛函最小化实现SAR图像的分割。由于能量泛函被设计为具有全局稳态最小值,使得该方法具有较好的全局分割能力和比较快的分割速度,从而增强了该方法的实用性。利用模拟和真实SAR图像上的分割实验验证了该方法的有效性。     

基于最大熵阈值分割的SAR图像溢油检测

近年来,海上溢油事故频发,使用(合成孔径雷达)SAR遥感图像进行溢油检测有着十分重要的意义。本文提出了一种基于最大熵阈值分割的SAR图像溢油检测算法,算法运算简单,适用于星载平台,可实现高效准确的检测。由于SAR成像存在固有的相干斑噪声,首先需要进行滤波对噪声进行抑制。图像中存在的陆地区域会对溢油检测产生影响,通过先验知识利用经纬度信息对其进行掩模处理,之后采用滑动窗口的方法,在窗口内部基于最大熵选取最佳的分割阈值,最后对分割产生的小块区域进行滤除,并依据距离信息合并相邻的区域。算法使用GF-3卫星图像进行验证测试,并与其他算法对比表明,本算法可满足遥感图像检测实时性、准确性的要求。