输电线路光差动保护初探

全光纤电流互感器是通过Faraday磁光效应测量载流导体中电流,不存在磁饱和、测量范围广、线性度好。由于载流导体中电流磁场效应可以叠加,可将输电线路差动电流测量转换为利用光学器件在光路层面直接进行Faraday磁光效应偏转角的运算,不需要繁复的对时就可直接获得线路两端电流差值,在此基础上构成光差动保护。在PSCAD中搭建光差动保护模型,仿真结果表明光差动保护测量差流能够反映实际差流变化情况,采用固定门槛值的光差动保护对区内故障具有较高的灵敏度,在区外故障时具有一定的可靠性。     

基于Kerr电光效应的变压器油中直流电场测量系统

在直流电场下油纸绝缘系统中,空间电荷的存在会对系统的绝缘性能造成影响。通过实时测量得到绝缘系统中的电场分布和电荷分布具有重要意义。Kerr电光效应法因不会对绝缘系统中电场分布造成影响而得到很多研究者的关注。由于实验系统中包含较复杂的光学器件及微弱信号检测单元,其实现具有一定的难度。文章采用光电二极管作为光接收器件,采用一种交流电压调制方法,结合锁相放大器实现了对微弱信号的检测;通过检测输出光强中直流和所施加的交流信号分量,计算得到了待测直流电场的数值。试验结果表明该系统具有较好的线性度。     

模型参考自适应系统全阶观测器的一种电压误差补偿方法

针对MRAS全阶观测器,分析了死区时间和管压降引起的定子电压误差对磁链观测的影响及定子电压误差和电流观测误差之间的关系,提出了定子电压基波分量幅值误差补偿和定子电压直流分量误差补偿方法并进行了仿真,结果表明了此方法的有效性.     

光路结构参数对光学电流互感器运行稳定性的影响

基于法拉第磁光效应原理的光学电流互感器存在运行稳定性差的问题,其主要表现为直流工作光强的逐步衰竭。文章分析了闭合光路与直通光路光学电流传感头的结构特点,从光路耦合效率的角度讨论了光学电流传感头光程长度引起的光路耦合损耗对直流工作光强的影响,从理论上论证了直通光路结构具有更好的温度稳定性。文章最后介绍了直流光路结构的应用,提出采用直通光路的螺线管聚磁光路结构具有测量灵敏度高、抗外界电磁干扰能力强、结构简单稳定等优点,具有很好的实用化前景。     

一种新型光电式一体化电流电压互感器

介绍了一种将光学电流互感器和光学电压互感器同放于一个绝缘体内,可同时测量电流和电压的光电式一体化电流电压互感器。电流互感器采用法拉第镜式光学电流传感技术,电压互感器采用全反射光学电压传感技术,采用双光路补偿技术解决光强衰弱以及干扰双折射引起的误差。装置在佳木斯110 kV佳西变电站糖厂线试运行,运行情况良好,满足现场实际要求。     

Flow electrification of transformer oil effects of mixed fields

Static electrification in transformer oil is investigated experimentally using a laboratory synthetic closed cycle, where the oil is pumped in a coaxial electrode arrangement. The electrode system is electrically energized radially with dc and/or ac, and the electrostatic charging tendency (ECT) of the oil is quantified by measuring the streaming current. The results indicate that for the same voltage ratio (K=Vˆ/(Vˆ+V)), increasing the ac or the dc voltage component leads to higher ECT of oil, although the ECT under only ac field is much lower than that under dc field. The unenergized streaming current is inherently affected by the electrode material and configuration; where electrodes having a lower work function give higher positive ECT of oil at high temperature. The energized streaming current increases with oil temperature, oil velocity and electric field; where negative dc voltage application to the outer electrode gives both higher conduction and streaming currents. While the conduction current decreases with oil velocity, increasing the frequency of mixed ac voltage has no significant effect on streaming current. Moreover, the effect of combined radial electric (ac or dc) and axial magnetic (ac or dc) fields on ECT of oil is investigated, and the results reveal that the ECT is enhanced by the magnetic field while the radial conduction current decreases. Derived formulas for the streaming current for unenergized and ac energized cases are also presented together with expressions of the volume and surface charge densities for the coaxial electrode system     

光纤直流电流传感器中的V/F转换电路

为了提高供能激光器的寿命和可靠性,降低高压侧信号调制电路的功耗。在介绍用于高压直流输电线路中测量直流电流的光供电式光纤电流传感器的基本原理后,利用CMOS器件的超宽工作电压范围、超低工作电流和窄脉冲的特性,采用集成电路和分立元件(改进型电荷平衡式V/F转换器)设计了含温度补偿电路的低成本超低功耗V/F转换电路,该电路经测试,该电路的功耗<0.7mW,线性度约为0.05%。该V/F转换电路已成功应用在光供电式光纤电流传感器的高压侧调制电路中。     

In-service methods for distinguishing the dc component due to water treeing from noise currents in xlpe cable

This paper describes the water tree diagnoses of 6.6-kV class XLPE cables by the dc component method. The dc current component is measured by energizing the cable with ac high voltage, therefore, it would be suitable for on-line diagnoses. The dc component is considered to be caused by the rectifying effect of water trees inside the insulation. In laboratory tests, the dc component showed a good correlation with the degradation. However, almost no correlation was seen in the on-site measurement. The authors found that the cause of this bad correlation is the galvanic effect inside the jacket. This generates the noise current through the grounding circuit when the jacket resistivity is low. Based on this finding, the equivalent circuit of on-site measurement was proposed. Considering the equivalent circuit, this paper proposes nine methods for discriminating the dc component due to water tree from noise current. Also described are the analytical results of each method. Furthermore, the on-site or laboratory tests show that some of them are effective in separating the dc component due to water tree from noise current.     

基于小波分析和神经网络的光学电流互感器误差补偿系统

介绍了基于法拉第磁光效应的光学电流互感器的基本原理及线性双折射对系统性能的影响,结合电磁式电流互感器的良好稳态性能和光学电流互感器的无饱和暂态性能,设计了一种基于小波分析和神经网络的光学电流互感器误差补偿系统.小波分析用于检测电力系统的故障时刻从而区分暂态和稳态,神经网络用于补偿光学电流互感器线性双折射效应.通过仿真实验证明:系统能够对光学电流互感器的线性双折射等误差因素进行补偿,提高了光学电流互感器的稳定性和测量结果的准确性.     

Application of magneto-optical sensors for fault location in an air-insulated substation bus

A new fault location system using optical current transducers (CTs) to detect faulted sections in the bus bars of directly grounded 275-kV substations has been developed. This system detects fault current by combining optical CTs with wound-type CTs. The new type of optical CT applies a bulk-type Faraday sensor to the combination of windings around a magnetic iron core and a solenoid coil. The optical CT was capable of current measuring over 50 kA. A current differential discriminator combining an optical CT and a wound-type CT verified the operational performance with 40-kA currents. The intended level of fault detection performance was obtained. Based on these results, a system is being made for actual application in 275-kV substations. © 1997 Scripta Technica, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn 119(2): 10–17, 1997     

基于改进UPF滤波算法的稳态及短路电流下光学电流互感器信噪分离研究

我国大力发展特高压电网,对电流互感器的测量精度和速度提出了更高的要求。当输入电流信噪比低时,光学电流互感器(OCT)很难从频域角度进行滤波。因此提出无迹粒子滤波算法(UPF)来提高OCT的信噪分离能力,并针对传统UPF计算量大导致实时性较差的问题,采用基于全局采样的改进UPF滤波提高滤波的实时性。之后对电力系统发生三相短路下该滤波情况进行讨论,以改进UPF滤波中的残差作为阈值进行计算。最后在Matlab进行仿真验证,结果表明基于全局采样的改进UPF方法有效提高了输出信噪比和滤波精度,短路时也能快速、准确滤波,为继电保护装置提供电流。     

Novel Method for Tower Grounding Resistance Measurement

The main problems of tower grounding resistance measurement are the unknown position of the tower grounding body caused by long-time buried span that affects measurement accuracy because of the imprecise electrode arrangement, the low efficiency achieved when measuring without a connected grounding lead, and the large error obtained when a tower grounding lead is connected. Hence, a novel method to measure tower grounding resistance is presented in this paper. In the proposed method, current of different frequency ranges is injected through the grounding lead on the premise of connecting a tower grounding lead. On the one hand, this method detects the buried position by analyzing the surface magnetic field intensity caused by exciting current. On the other hand, the method measures the tower grounding resistance value of different frequency ranges to obtain an accurate value through data processing. A measurement model with a connected grounding lead was constructed. The surface magnetic field distribution of the grounding body was analyzed. The accurate measurement condition was evaluated to determine the frequency range of exciting current and the data processing method. Finally, a simulation was performed to verify the method. Results showed that the method can identify the position of the tower grounding body and can measure the resistance accurately with a connected grounding lead.     

谐波功率对感应式有功电度表计量的影响

谐波对感应式有功电度表计量的影响一直受到关注，但测量显示，现有的分析方法存在明显缺陷，不足以准确描述谐波引起的计量误差，谐波对感应式有功电度表计量的影响可分解为谐波功率和谐波电流影响的叠 加，该文主要分析谐波功率引起的计量误差。该文首先简要说明现有的分析方法所存在的问题，为了突破这些局限，该文将误差模型的推导建立在磁路分析的基础上，因为这更接近感应式有功电度表的工作原理。与现有的分析方法相比，该方法能够反映线路磁阻随频率的变化以及区分电压、电流元件中的工作磁通和非工作磁通，并且指出谐波功角偏移现象是因电压、电流元件中各部件磁阻的变化而产生，而不是只取决于电流元件中相位调整线圈参数的变化，实验分析显示该模型较好的吻合实际测量结果。     

Optical Voltage and Current Measuring System for Electric Power Systems

Recently, optical voltage and current measuring methods based on a principle different from that of the existing apparatus have been developed. As the most promising method among them, a voltage measuring method which uses an electrooptic effect called the Pockels effect and a current measuring method which uses a magnetooptic effect called the Faraday effect have been proposed. The authors have developed an optical voltage measuring system based on the electrooptic effect in bismuth germanium oxide Bi4Ge3O12 and a current measuring system based on the magnetooptic effect of borosilicate crown glass for the purpose of utilization in electric power systems. As a result of the development, high accurate voltage and current measuring systems such as non linearity error less than ±0.4% and temperature stability less than ±1.0% were obtained. Furthermore, short-circuit current was measured with the current measuring system, and an accuracy within 0 to -4% in the range of 30 kApeak to 150 kApeak was obtained. When the measuring systems were mounted on the model of 70 kV class gas insulated switchgears, it was verified that the measuring systems had satisfactory linearity and temperature stability.     

A single-phase PWM current source type converter coupled with an ac chopper

A current source type converter can easily generate a sinusoidal current on the ac side by employing a PWM strategy. In the converter system for a single-phase supply, however, the dc current pulsates because the dc output voltage of the converter contains an ac component with twice the ac supply frequency. The dc current pulsations cause the ac current waveform to be distorted. Although the use of a dc reactor with large inductance reduces the dc current pulsations, the size and the weight of converter equipment including a dc reactor is large. Two-phase rectification using two full-bridge converters and a converter system with an ac chopper circuit has been proposed for elimination of the dc pulsations. In these converters, the number of switching devices comprising the circuit will unavoidably increase. To solve this problem, we propose a novel single-phase current source type converter coupled with an ac chopper circuit and the PWM method. In this circuit, two switching devices in the main bridge are used to form an ac chopper bridge with two added devices and a capacitor. This paper gives the experimental and theoretical waveforms and the steady-state characteristics. The results prove that a smooth dc current and a sinusoidal ac current are obtained, and that a great reduction of the dc inductance can be achieved by using the proposed converter. © 1998 Scripta Technica. Electr Eng Jpn, 123(3): 36–45, 1998     

电力系统中光电电流互感器研究

电力系统中光电电流测量技术是国内外研究的热点和难点,光电电流互感器是未来电力工业电流测量发展的趋势。文中基于传统的电流互感器,利用数字调制和光功率推动技术,对有源光电电流互感器进行了研究;基于法拉第效应,利用相位补偿和传感头组装技术,研制了块状玻璃式无源光电电流互感器,同时还讨论了几种光电电流互感器的发展状况。     

基于扫频法配电网电容电流测量装置研制

准确测量配电网对地电容电流是确定消弧补偿及其容量的重要依据,为此研制了基于扫频法配电网电容电流测量装置,其工作原理是在消弧线圈电压互感器(TV)二次侧注入一方波变频电压,通过检测TV二次侧电流与所注入电压是否同相位来确定配电网对地电容与消弧线圈电感的并联谐振频率,进而求出对地电容电流。该装置由扫频信号发生源和控制器组成,其中扫频信号发生源是基于IGBT、直流侧电压为300 V的单相逆变器,用于向系统注入一方波变频电压;控制器采用混合信号片上系统(SoC)——C8051F 020单片机,用于产生递增变频控制信号,该控制信号经光耦隔离、放大电路驱动,以控制IGBT通断。利用EMTDC/PSCAD仿真和物理试验,对装置有效性进行验证,结果表明装置测量误差小于2%。     

开口式电流互感器耐直流性能研究

传统闭合磁路电流互感器易受直流分量影响引起磁饱和,导致测量误差非常大。定义了电流互感器耐直流性能的含义,从开口式电流互感器在考虑二次侧负载条件下的等效模型出发,分析了气隙长度对电流互感器有效磁导率和误差的影响,通过基于J-A模型从B-H磁滞回线分析了开口式电流互感器具有良好的耐直流性能。提出了基于比例直流叠加法的电流互感器耐直流性能检测方法,实验了气隙长度和直流分量对开口式电流互感器性能的影响。文中通过误差补偿使得开口式电流互感器兼顾耐直流性能和计量特性,为电流互感器在含直流分量负荷下准确计量提供理论基础。     

Development of high voltage harmonic measuring instruments for distribution systems using optical voltage sensor and current sensor

Application of an optical measuring technique was attempted in order to develop harmonic voltage and current measuring instruments for distribution systems. To develop the harmonic voltage measuring system using a Bi₁₂GeO₂₀ crystal as a sensing Pockels cell for high‐voltage distribution lines, zinc oxide elements were adopted as a voltage divider. Also, an optical current sensor system was improved on the harmonic current measuring system using an R₃Fe₅O₁₂ film as a Faraday device. In practical three‐phase distribution systems, the developed high voltage harmonic measuring devices using the optical voltage sensor and current sensor were compared with conventional harmonic analyzers for low voltage. As a result, it was confirmed that the developed high voltage harmonic measuring devices had satisfactory characteristics for practical use. © 1999 Scripta Technica, Electr Eng Jpn, 128(4): 84–93, 1999     

基于PLC的配电网电容电流测量装置的设计与实现

谐振接地系统电容电流的准确测量决定了消弧线圈的补偿效果,而采用最大位移电压法对系统电容电流进行测量的关键是准确找到中性点最大位移电压。为此基于可编程逻辑控制器PLC辅以相关的外围电路,设计了电容电流测量装置,并对自动跟踪系统运行方式、闭环控制测量电容电流等软件的设计思路进行了说明。测量装置在10 kV模拟配电网上的实验结果表明,该装置能够准确测量系统的电容电流,并能够实时监测中性点位移电压、消弧线圈回路电流以及正在运行的馈线数目,根据运行方式变化特征,灵敏准确地跟踪系统的运行方式,提升了消弧线圈的补偿效果。