不同冻干工艺对冻干米线复水品质的影响

近年来,干制方便米线作为一种方便食品发展迅速,但是干制方便米线存在复水时间长、易糊汤、易断条、口感不理想、质构特性较差等问题。为了改善干制方便米线的这些特性,本研究采用?10、?20和?40 ℃ 三种冻结温度对米线进行真空冷冻干燥,分别得到三种冻干米线FDRN10、FDRN20、FDRN40样品,通过分析冻干米线在不同水温下的复水速度、微观结构、淀粉回生程度和质构特性的变化,探讨了冻结温度对冻干米线复水品质的影响。结果表明,在相同水温下经相同浸泡时间复水处理后,FDRN10含水量最高,表明其复水速度最快。外表面和横断面微观结构观察发现,三种冻干米线样品中FDRN10结构最为疏松,孔隙最大,为72.58 μm,是孔隙最小的FDRN40的4倍,结构吸水性最好。进一步的DSC检测发现FDRN10焓值最高,为92.98 J/g,焓值最低的FDRN40为12.39 J/g,表明FDRN10在三种冻干米线样品中回生程度最高,淀粉吸水溶胀最慢。同时硬度分析结果表明,在相同浸泡时间下FDRN10硬度值随水温的升高而降低,采用70 ℃热水复水8 min,FDRN10质构特性最接近鲜湿米线。以上结果表明,冻结温度和复水温度对冻干米线品质形成起到关键作用,本研究结果可为方便米线工艺改进提供理论依据。     

Effect of freezing temperature on rehydration and water vapor adsorption characteristics of freeze-dried rice porridge

Effect of freezing temperature of rice porridge on quality properties of freeze-dried rice porridge was investigated at various temperatures. Slow freezing produced porous freeze-dried rice porridges with large pores and more brittle structure than rapid freezing. All the quality properties tested were greatly influenced by both freezing temperature and temperature for the property evaluation. Both the initial rehydration ratio and the dissolution time of the freeze-dried rice porridge decreased with increase in water temperature. Results on the effect of freezing temperature on rehydration ratio and dissolution time indicated slow freezing is more preferable for the freeze-dried rice porridge. The Peleg model was fitted better than the Singh and Kulshrestha model to explain the water vapor adsorption kinetics. The activation energy for the water vapor adsorption of the freeze-dried rice porridge determined by using the Peleg model ranged 16.2-23.1 kJ/mol depending on the freezing temperature.     

Effect of pulsed vacuum and ultrasound osmopretreatments on glass transition temperature, texture, microstructure and calcium penetration of dried apples (Fuji)

The effect of pulsed vacuum and ultrasound pretreatments on glass transition, texture, rehydration, microstructure and other selected properties of air- and freeze-dried apples (Fuji) were investigated. Apple cylinders (15 mm height × 15 mm diameter) were first osmoconcentrated in a 60 g/100 g high-fructose corn syrup solution containing 7.5 g/100 g Gluconal Cal^® combined with agitation, pulsed vacuum (PV), or ultrasound for 3 h, then hot-air or freeze dried. Changes in glass transition temperature, hardness, crispness, and rehydration rate were measured, microstructure was observed using scanning electronic microscopy (SEM), and calcium ions distributions were analyzed by a laser ablation inductively coupled mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS). Under the same drying method, ultrasound led to a higher glass transition temperature, lower water activity, moisture content and rehydration rate, severer structure collapse, less cavities and calcium uptake than PV did. Different osmoconcentration pretreatment had no significant (P < 0.05) effect on the hardness, crispness, shrinkage and rehydration rate. Compared to hot-air drying, freeze-dried apples showed the porous structure, minimal shrinkage, softer texture, better rehydration capacity, lighter color, and slightly lower glass transition temperature.     

盐和糖含量对食品复合袋中二氨基二苯甲烷迁移的影响

采用液相色谱-质谱（liquidchromatography-massspectrometry,LC-MS）法检测二氨基甲苯（diaminotoluene,TDA）和二氨基二苯甲烷（diaminodiphenylmethane,MDA）同分异构体的迁移量。调查了市场上10种食品复合袋中TDA和MDA向4%乙酸的迁移水平。此外,将盐析、糖析辅助液液萃取与LC-MS结合,研究氯化钠和蔗糖对食品复合袋中2,4’-MDA和2,2’-MDA向10%乙醇溶液和水迁移的影响。结果显示：4,4’-MDA、2,4’-MDA和2,2’-MDA在4个样品中被测出,其中一个样品的MDA总迁移量超过10μg/kg。盐、糖的存在对2,4’-MDA和2,2’-MDA向10%乙醇溶液和水迁移产生显著影响（P<0.05）,迁移量随着食品模拟物中盐、糖质量浓度的增加（2、5、10、15、20 g/100 mL）显著降低（P<0.05）。对用于高盐、糖食品的包装迁移测试时,可能需要调整食品模拟物。     

Modeling rehydration of porous food materials: II. The dual porosity approach

Following the foundation for physical modeling of rehydration (Troygot et al., 2011), the Richards equation together with the independently evaluated characteristic curve yielded a close approximation for the early stage (1000 s) of rehydration data. It was revealed that the porosity of wheat groats (WG) and freeze-dried carrots consists of inter- and intra-particles porosities playing a distinct role on the rehydration kinetics. A dual porosity mobile-immobile model was suggested for modeling water flow by capillarity in the inter porosity and by water-content difference (diffusion-type) in the intra porosity. The model fits the overall rehydration process well. A double Weibull distribution model predicted also well the experimental rehydration data for freeze-dried carrots verified the above, demonstrating the roles for both diffusion and relaxation in a dual-porosity structure. The physically-based model combined with the characteristic curve, hydraulic conductivity function, and a transfer coefficient for rate-limited exchange between inter- and intra-particles porosities was adequate for modeling the rehydration process of porous food.     

Comparison of Nonenzymatic Browning Kinetics in Spray-dried and Freeze-dried Carbohydrate-based Food Model Systems

ABSTRACT: Nonenzymatic browning (NEB) rates of amorphous, carbohydrate-based, freeze-dried and spray-dried food model systems containing L-lysine and D-xylose as reactants (5% w/w) were investigated at different temperatures (40 °C, 50 °C, 60 °C, 70 °C, 80 °C, 90 °C). Samples were exposed to various relative vapor pressure levels (11%, 23%, and 33%) to adjust water contents. Water sorption was determined gravimetrically, and data were modeled using the Brunauer-Emmett-Teller and Guggenheim-Anderson-deBoer equations. Glass transition, T_g, was observed by differential scanning calorimetry. NEB was followed spectrophotometrically. The surface structures of freeze-dried and spray-dried models were observed by scanning electron microscopy. The freeze-dried samples and the spray-dried samples showed different surface structures and slight differences in thermal behavior. Crystallization of component sugars in the freeze-dried samples was slightly more delayed than in spray-dried samples. The glass transition temperatures in spray-dried samples were higher than those of the freeze-dried samples at the same water activity. The temperature dependence of NEB rate in both systems followed the Arrhenius kinetics, but the activation energies were different. Williams-Landel-Ferry equation could be used to model the NEB kinetics in the freeze-dried system, but for the spray-dried system, negative constant values were not within the allowable range.     

Process–quality optimization of the vacuum freeze-drying of apple slices by the response surface method

Summary Working pressure (P) and heating plate temperature (T) were considered to be the most important factors affecting the kinetics of the freeze-drying operation for apple slices as well as the criteria of final product quality (appearance/shape, colour, texture, rehydration ratio). Freeze-drying experiments involving a thick layer of slices under different processing conditions were designed according to a central composite rotatable system with two factors (P, T). Results were analysed by response surface methodology (RSM). By superimposing all quality criteria contour plots, the optimum levels of processing conditions yielding the best quality freeze-dried apple slices were determined to be an operating pressure of 50 Pa, and a heating plate temperature of 55 °C. For a product loading of 17 kg m⁻², the freeze-drying time ranged from 48 to 50 h. The experimental values of the freeze-drying time, appearance and colour of freeze-dried apple slices obtained with these optimal conditions were very similar to those predicted by the corresponding second order polynomial model. The rehydration ratio of freeze-dried apples was about 0.55 g g⁻¹ of water removed and the texture loss of rehydrated apples was estimated to be more than 85%.     

INFLUENCE OF PLATE TEMPERATURE AND MODE OF REHYDRATION ON TEXTURAL PARAMETERS OF PRECOOKED FREEZE-DRIED BEEF

The effects of various plate temperatures and rehydration procedures in texture of precooked freeze-dried beef, were evaluated. Frozen precooked commercial beef was freeze-dried at 20, 40, 60 and 80C during 24 h. The rehydration procedure involved two main variables: distilled water at room-temperature and at 80C, for 30 min. The texture profile analysis was performed with a TA-XT2 Texture Analyzer (SMS) for freeze-dried rehydrated samples and compared to frozen precooked beef. The results showed that with a same drying period, the 60C plate temperature and rehydrated in distilled water at room-temperature resulted in a better product texture, in regards to texture parameters hardness and chewiness.     

三种不同预处理的冻干苹果片品质比较

为了解决冻干苹果片加工过程中的护色问题,设计了对照组(CK)、热烫组(BT)、护色液浸泡组(CP)、热烫-护色液浸泡复合护色组(BCP)四组,再采用真空冷冻干燥技术将苹果片制成即食脆片,对每组产品的含水率、维生素C含量、滴定酸度、复水比、质构、色差、感官评价、微观结构等品质进行比较分析。结果表明,四组冻干苹果片的含水率在5.13%～5.47%,维生素C含量在9.56～17.06 mg/100 g,滴定酸度在2.22～2.37 g/100 g,复水比在5.15～3.49,硬度在9715.67 g～9384.67 g,脆度在1762.50 g～1989.00g,亮度在77.73～84.04,感官评分在5.82～8.02,其中CK组的维生素C含量显著高于其他三组(p0.05);BCP组的复水比显著高于CK组(p0.05);BCP组的护色效果最佳,产品亮度值L*84.04,综合评分8.02。微观结构的结果表明,经预处理与真空冷冻干燥复合处理后细胞呈现杂乱排离,结构松散破碎。总体来说,四组冻干苹果片虽然在营养成分和感官评价上具有差异,但均保留了苹果的风味,BCP组具有更好的冻干片品质。本研究为冻干苹果片的工业化生产提供理论和技术指导。     

Current topics in active and intelligent food packaging for preservation of fresh foods

The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of current packaging systems, e.g. active packaging and intelligent packaging, for various foods. Active packaging, such as modified atmosphere packaging (MAP), extends the shelf life of fresh produce, provides a high‐quality product, reduces economic losses, including those caused by delay of ripening, and improves appearance. However, in active packaging, several variables must be considered, such as temperature control and different gas formulations with different product types and microorganisms. Active packaging refers to the incorporation of additive agents into packaging materials with the purpose of maintaining or extending food product quality and shelf life. Intelligent packaging is emerging as a potential advantage in food processing and is an especially useful tool for tracking product information and monitoring product conditions. Moreover, intelligent packaging facilitates data access and information exchange by altering conditions inside or outside the packaging and product. In spite of these advantages, few of these packaging systems are commercialized because of high cost, strict safety and hygiene regulations or limited consumer acceptance. Therefore more research is needed to develop cheaper, more easily applicable and effective packaging systems for various foods. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry     

脉冲喷动床微波冻干方便面品质与能耗研究

以湿面条为实验原料,进行脉冲喷动床微波冻干(PSBMFD)面饼品质与能耗研究,并与传统电加热冻干(CFD)方式进行对比分析。研究表明:PSBMFD面饼的复水时间、复水比及复水前后硬度值分别为150 s、3.07、4 692.36 g、520.45 g,水分、色差及收缩率的均匀度分别为94.51%、94.31%、92.23%,感观评价总分为8.2,干燥时间为3.5 h,干燥产品总耗能为8.05 kWh/kg。PSBMFD技术不仅提高冻干面饼的干燥均匀度,改善冻干面饼的品质,而且与CFD相比,能够明显地缩短冻干时间(58.83%),降低冻干能耗(66.63%)。     

生鲜香豆干常温保鲜工艺研究

利用聚酰胺(PA)薄膜包装经不同浓度白砂糖、食醋、食盐处理的新鲜香豆干,并对其常温保鲜工艺进行研究。通过单因素试验分别确定白砂糖、食醋、食盐的最佳浓度,利用正交试验确定相对理想的保鲜液浓度配比。结果表明:在保鲜液配比为白砂糖1g/L、食醋3g/L、食盐7g/L,沸水处理时间为0.5min时,香豆干的贮存保鲜时间最长。     

EFFECT OF COMBINATION DRYING ON THE PHYSICO-CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF CARROT AND PUMPKIN

The quality of dehydrated carrot and pumpkin pieces produced by combination drying employing partial freeze-drying and hot air-drying were investigated. The drying rate, the total energy requirement and the physico-chemical properties of the combination dried (CD) products were compared with those of hot air-dried (HAD) and freeze-dried (FD) products. The total carotenoid content of the two vegetables (1050 ppm and 160 ppm) was significantly affected by drying processes. Destruction of carotenoids during storage at different temperatures was less in the CD samples. The HAD vegetables exhibited shrinkage, case hardening and poor rehydration (25 and 28 min in cold water, rehydration ratio 1:2.6 and 1:2.9, respectively). The FD vegetables appeared wholesome, porous, well formed with excellent rehydration features at room temperature (rehydration time 2 and 3 min in cold water, rehydration ratio 1:7 and 1:6.9, respectively). The CD vegetables were comparatively superior to HAD products and were nearer in quality to FD products with respect to appearance, rehydration (9 and 10 min in cold water, rehydration ratio 1:5 and 1:4, respectively). The drying time and total energy for CD processing was 50% less than for FD but similar to HAD. The combination dehydration process is effective in obtaining high quality dehydrated vegetables.     

响应面法优化豆腐真空冷冻干燥工艺

开发豆腐的新型冷冻干燥工艺,并利用响应面优化法确定豆腐最优冷冻干燥工艺:物料厚度9.00 mm、预冻降温速率0.70℃/min、冷阱温度-48.7℃、真空度70 Pa、加热板温度51.9℃。此条件下,冷冻干燥豆腐复水比高达9.42,质量为0.073 1 g,该工艺优化结果可为豆腐及相关制品冷冻干燥产业化提供理论支撑。     

Rehydration characteristics of freeze-dried tropical fruits

Rehydration behaviours of five freeze-dried fruits, namely, pineapple, mango, guava, acerola and papaya were investigated and related to the structural changes during drying and glass transition temperature. After freeze-drying performed under vacuum conditions (13 kPa) and initial sample temperature near to −30 °C, fruits were allowed to rehydrate at 25 °C in distilled water for 6 h. The Exponential, Peleg and Weibull equations were applied to fit the experimental data using non-linear regression analysis. The statistical criteria used to evaluate the goodness of fit of each equation were the coefficient of determination (R²), the standard error of estimate (SEE) and the mean relative percentage deviation modulus (MRD). The Weibull equation was found to be the most adequate for describing the rehydration kinetics, since it gave the higher R² values and lower SEE and MRD values for all fruits examined in this study. From indices that take into account the quantity of water absorbed and the losses of solutes, it was possible to fully characterize the rehydration process of the freeze-dried fruits. Their water uptake capacity was affected not only by injuries during moisture removal but also by structural collapse induced by the rehydration process itself, which was explained using the glass transition concept.     

牡蛎冷冻干燥后复水特性及微观结构的研究

研究牡蛎冷冻干燥后的复水特性,将新鲜牡蛎分为直接冻干组(Fresh+FD组)、预煮处理后冻干组(Boiled+FD组)和自然干燥组(Fresh+ND组),考察干燥后牡蛎的干燥比、复水比、复水率和微观结构的差异。结果表明:两冻干组牡蛎的含水量远低于自然干燥组,在常温和沸水中的复水比和复水速率均大于自然干燥组,冷冻干燥更有利于牡蛎中水分的去除和复水;干燥后牡蛎闭壳肌微观形态优劣程度依次为Fresh+FD组>Boiled+FD组>Fresh+ND组,其中Fresh+FD组闭壳肌纤维细长、舒展,间隙均匀,Fresh+ND组闭壳肌纤维束堆叠,组织致密;常温复水80min,两冻干组牡蛎的复重系数和复水率均高于自然干燥组。     

啤酒花浸膏对壳聚糖/聚乙烯双层膜的性能影响及释放行为

为抑制食品中有害微生物的生长繁殖,同时延缓食品品质变化、延长食品货架期,对储存食品进行适当包装尤为重要。本实验制备了含有啤酒花浸膏的壳聚糖/聚乙烯（polyethylene,PE）双层抑菌膜,研究了啤酒花浸膏添加量对抑菌膜表面结构、物理性能和抑菌活性的影响,以及在不同温度（4、25、35 ℃）和不同食品模拟体系（体积分数10%、50%、95%乙醇）中的释放行为。结果表明：啤酒花浸膏的加入使双层抑菌膜的耐水性增强,且对紫外光具有更高的屏障活性,同时赋予薄膜良好的抗氧化及抑菌活性,且含0.2 g/100 mL啤酒花浸膏的双层抑菌膜性能最佳。在相同条件下,啤酒花浸膏添加量越高,释放率也越高,且释放量随着温度和食品模拟液中乙醇体积分数的升高而增加,表明含啤酒花浸膏的壳聚糖/PE双层膜抑菌膜可用于高脂类食品的包装。因此,含有啤酒花浸膏的壳聚糖/PE双层抑菌膜既可弥补可食性单层膜阻水性差的不足,又能赋予聚乙烯包装膜所不具备的抑菌功能。     

Rapid Enumeration of Four Indicator Microorganisms in Ground Beef Using a Freeze-dried Four-culture Method

ABSTRACT: A recently reported, miniaturized method can simultaneously enumerate 4 critical indicator microorganisms in 24 h on a single 96-well microtiter plate, and is a convenient monitoring system for ensuring food plant hygiene. However, the utility of this method is limited by the necessity of plates being freshly prepared prior to each use. This study was undertaken to develop a method that would permit these plates to be prepared and stored in a stable form that could be conveniently used later. A microtiter plate filled with media dedicated to enumerating 4 specific classes of bacteria was freeze-dried. A given series was dedicated to enumerating either, total mesophilic bacteria, Gram-negative bacteria, coliform bacteria, or Escherichia coli . Freeze-dried plates were reconstituted simply by adding 100 μL of sterile water to each well. After adding samples, two-fold serial dilutions were performed, and the plate was incubated for 24 h at 32 °C. Growth of 4 indicator microorganisms was detected in each series using metabolic indicators. The numerical estimates that these procedures yielded correlated very closely with numbers gained from conventional spread-plating methods ( r ² > 0.90). Additionally, the estimates obtained from liquid media microtiter plates and freeze-dried media plates showed a significantly strong relationship ( r ² > 0.92). Analysis of commercial ground beef showed a highly associated relationship ( r ² > 0.94) between the liquid four-culture and freeze-dried four-culture plate methods. The greatly enhanced facility of using premanufactured, freeze-dried microtiter plates would make this a most convenient way to perform microbial food quality analysis.     

Rehydration of Freeze-Dried Cultures of Lactic Streptococci

Cell suspensions (0.2 ml each) of three lactic streptococci were freeze-dried from distilled water. In order to determine the optimum conditions of rehydration the effect of different factors such as composition, temperature, and pH of rehydrating media on viability of the freeze-dried cells of the lactic streptococci has been studied. Rehydration of freeze-dried cells with 10% solution of dextrose, sucrose or reconstituted skim milk at pH 6.5 and 22°C can be recommended as optimum conditions for maximum recovery of viable cells.     

聚氯乙烯类食品包装材料中三甲基锡向食品模拟物的迁移规律

目的：建立聚氯乙烯类包装材料和食品模拟物中三甲基锡的超高效液相色谱-串联质谱（ultra performanceliquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry,UPLC-MS/MS）联用测定方法。用该方法研究聚氯乙烯中的三甲基锡向食品模拟物的迁移规律。方法：聚氯乙烯包装材料样品用乙酸乙酯提取。食品模拟物经阳离子固相萃取柱净化富集,洗脱液水浴条件下氮气吹干,残渣用流动相溶解,旋涡混匀,过0.22 μm微孔滤膜,经C18色谱柱完成分离,MS/MS仪上采用多反应监测正离子模式测定三甲基锡,外标法定量。在设定的不同温度条件下,将聚氯乙烯包装材料浸泡于食品模拟物中,于不同的时间点移取浸泡液,经前处理后测定三甲基锡迁移量。结果：三甲基锡在0.1～100.0 μg/L范围内线性关系良好（相关系数r=0.999 8）,检出限为0.02 μg/L。在1.0、10.0、50.0 μg/L 3 个添加水平范围内的平均回收率为90.6%～97.3%,相对标准偏差不高于6.9%。测定结果显示,三甲基锡迁移量在水模拟物中为0.19～1.65 μg/L、在体积分数10%乙醇模拟物中为0.19～9.89 μg/L、在3 g/100 mL乙酸模拟物中为0.11～9.96 μg/L、在正己烷模拟物中为0.15～3.54 μg/L。结论：建立的阳离子固相萃取-UPLC-MS/MS联用法测定食品模拟物中三甲基锡的方法快速简单、准确有效,三甲基锡在体积分数10%乙醇溶液和3 g/100 mL乙酸溶液迁移量较高,且随温度升高、时间延长,迁移量增加,一定时间后达到迁移平衡。