人脸的性别分类

人脸的性别分类是指根据人脸的图像判别其性别的模式识别问题．系统地研究了不同的特征提取方法和分类方法在性别分类问题上的性能，其中包括主分量分析(PCA)、Fishel线性鉴别分析(FLD)、最佳特征提取、Adaboost算法、支持向量机(SVM)．给出了在9姿态人脸库、FERET人脸库和一个网络图片人脸库上的对比实验结果．实验表明人脸中的性别信息集中存在于某个子空间中，因此，在分类前对样本进行适当的压缩降维不但不会明显降低分类器的性能，而且可以大大减少分类的时间开销．最后介绍了将性别分类器与自动人脸检测和特征提取平台集成起来的基于人脸图像的性别判别系统．     

Independent component analysis of Gabor features for face recognition

We present an independent Gabor features (IGFs) method and its application to face recognition. The novelty of the IGF method comes from 1) the derivation of independent Gabor features in the feature extraction stage and 2) the development of an IGF features-based probabilistic reasoning model (PRM) classification method in the pattern recognition stage. In particular, the IGF method first derives a Gabor feature vector from a set of downsampled Gabor wavelet representations of face images, then reduces the dimensionality of the vector by means of principal component analysis, and finally defines the independent Gabor features based on the independent component analysis (ICA). The independence property of these Gabor features facilitates the application of the PRM method for classification. The rationale behind integrating the Gabor wavelets and the ICA is twofold. On the one hand, the Gabor transformed face images exhibit strong characteristics of spatial locality, scale, and orientation selectivity. These images can, thus, produce salient local features that are most suitable for face recognition. On the other hand, ICA would further reduce redundancy and represent independent features explicitly. These independent features are most useful for subsequent pattern discrimination and associative recall. Experiments on face recognition using the FacE REcognition Technology (FERET) and the ORL datasets, where the images vary in illumination, expression, pose, and scale, show the feasibility of the IGF method. In particular, the IGF method achieves 98.5% correct face recognition accuracy when using 180 features for the FERET dataset, and 100% accuracy for the ORL dataset using 88 features.     

运动想象脑电信号特征提取与分类算法研究

针对运动想象脑电信号特征提取困难,分类正确率低的问题,提出了利用小波熵进行特征提取并采用支持向量机（SVM）来分类的算法。计算运动想象脑电信号的功率,通过理论分析选择小波包尺度,对信号功率进行小波包分解并计算其小波包熵（WPE）,提取C3、C4导联的小波包熵插值组成特征向量,将特征向量作为分类器的输入送入支持向量机进行分类。采用国际BCI竞赛2003中的Graz数据进行验证,算法的最高分类正确率达97.56%。算法特征向量维数低、数据量小、分类正确率高,对运动想象脑电信号特征提取及分类的任务可以提供参考方法。     

深度稀疏自编码器在ECG特征提取中的应用

针对心电（ECG）信号智能分析模型中,复杂波形的特征提取困难,人工设计特征造成源信号特征丢失,标签样本不足等问题,提出了一种基于深度稀疏自编码器（Deep Sparse Auto-Encoders,DSAEs）的ECG特征提取方法。该方法在DSAEs进行贪婪逐层训练时,采用适应性矩阵估计（Adaptive moment estimation,Adam）对网络权重进行寻优,以此获得最优参数组合,同时提取出高层隐含层的输出,并作为ECG高度抽象的低维特征。最后利用支持向量机（Support Vector Machines,SVM）构建分类模型,完成对ECG的特征分类。使用MIT-BIH心律失常数据库的ECG数据进行仿真实验,结果表明,提出的ECG特征提取方法能有效地分层抽取特征,提高分类识别准确率。     

Improved support vector classification using PCA and ICA feature space modification

An approach that unifies subspace feature selection and optimal classification is presented. Independent component analysis (ICA) and principal component analysis (PCA) provide a maximally variant or statistically independent basis for pattern recognition. A support vector classifier (SVC) provides information about the significance of each feature vector. The feature vectors and the principal and independent component bases are modified to obtain classification results which provide lower classification error and better generalization than can be obtained by the SVC on the raw data and its PCA or ICA subspace representation. The performance of the approach is demonstrated with artificial data sets and an example of face recognition from an image database.     

模糊支持向量机在人脸识别中的应用

本文首先介绍了人脸图像的代数特征抽取方法 ICA,再对模糊支持向量机(Fuzzy Support Vector Machine,FSVM)作了重点分析和研究。将抽取的人脸特征应用到基于FSVM和基于模糊系统的算法上,采用基于模糊分类系统和二叉决策树相结合的方法进行人脸识别,可以达到理想的识别效果。     

Locally linear discriminant embedding: An efficient method for face recognition

In this paper an efficient feature extraction method named as locally linear discriminant embedding (LLDE) is proposed for face recognition. It is well known that a point can be linearly reconstructed by its neighbors and the reconstruction weights are under the sum-to-one constraint in the classical locally linear embedding (LLE). So the constrained weights obey an important symmetry: for any particular data point, they are invariant to rotations, rescalings and translations. The latter two are introduced to the proposed method to strengthen the classification ability of the original LLE. The data with different class labels are translated by the corresponding vectors and those belonging to the same class are translated by the same vector. In order to cluster the data with the same label closer, they are also rescaled to some extent. So after translation and rescaling, the discriminability of the data will be improved significantly. The proposed method is compared with some related feature extraction methods such as maximum margin criterion (MMC), as well as other supervised manifold learning-based approaches, for example ensemble unified LLE and linear discriminant analysis (En-ULLELDA), locally linear discriminant analysis (LLDA). Experimental results on Yale and CMU PIE face databases convince us that the proposed method provides a better representation of the class information and obtains much higher recognition accuracies.     

基于模糊自适应共振理论映射算法的单样本三维人脸识别

针对传统的三维人脸识别分类算法大多需要多个样本进行训练,而在单训练样本的前提下识别性能会严重降低的问题,提出了基于模糊自适应共振理论映射(Fuzzy ARTMAP)的算法对三维人脸数据库进行分类识别。首先对三维人脸深度图像进行局部二值模式(LBP)统一模式算子的特征提取,再对LBP特征进行Log-Gabor小波变换,提取图像的频域特征向量作为训练的输入向量,最后将单样本训练向量集送入Fuzzy ARTMAP分类器进行训练识别。该算法在FRGC v2.0三维人脸数据库中的识别率可达到87.15%,分类器的训练时间为24.88s,单张待识别人脸样本与单张已注册的人脸匹配时间为0.0015s,一张新的人脸样本在数据库完成一次搜索匹配则需要1.08s。实验结果表明,所提方法在测试中的性能优于概率神经网络(PNN)和极限学习机神经网络(ELM),既能保证较高的识别率,又能拥有较短的训练时间,且时间增幅稳定,可控性强。     

基于Gabor系数分块统计和自适应特征选择的人脸描述与识别

提出一种新的人脸描述及识别方法,首先对归一化后的人脸图像进行多方向多尺度Gabor变换;然后对人脸区域进行分块,以块为单位统计Gabor系数的均值和方差,求得块特征矢量(block feature vector,BFV),按先行后列的顺序将各块的BFV拼接,构成整幅人脸图像特征矢量(face feature vector,FFV).在分类器设计阶段,引入两两比对和投票机制,用多个两类分类器组合成多类分类器.在训练某个具体的两类分类器时,根据隶属训练样本计算FFV中每项的分辨力,以分辨力大小为依据选出最优特征子集(best subset feature vector,BSFV).基于Yale人脸数据集展开实验,与已发表的算法和结果进行对比,证明了该方法的有效性.     

基于Adaboost的人脸与虹膜融合识别

传统生物特征识别系统的识别率经常受到环境以及生物学特征的自身局限性影响。针对该不足,提出一种基于人脸与虹膜特征级融合的多模态生物识别系统,采用中心对称局部二值模式算子提取人脸和虹膜的纹理特征,将人脸特征与虹膜特征线性整合成混合特征向量,利用Adaboost算法从该混合特征向量中优选出一组最佳特征组合,从而构成强分类器。实验结果表明,该多模态系统相比单模态系统具有更好的鲁棒性。     

Using Genetic Algorithm and ELM Neural Networks for Feature Extraction and Classification of Type 2-Diabetes Mellitus

An automated system for early diagnosis of type 2-diabetes mellitus is proposed in this paper, by using the Extreme Learning Machine neural network for classification and the evolutionary genetic algorithms for feature extraction, to be employed on a real data set from Saudi Arabian patients. The dimension of the feature space is reduced by the genetic algorithms and only the effective features are selected. The data is then fed to an Extreme Learning Machine neural network for classification. Diabetes is a major health problem in both industrial and developing countries, and when it appears in pregnancies it may cause many complications, hence its early diagnosis is beneficial for both mother and fetus. Our hybrid algorithm, the GA-ELM algorithm, has produced an optimized diagnosis of type 2-diabetes patients and classified the data set with an accuracy of 97.5% and with six effective features, out of the original eight features given in the dataset. Moreover, comparisons of the GA-ELM method with other available methods were conducted and the results are promising.     

LBP 直方图与PCA 的欧式距离的人脸识别

基于LBP算子具有旋转不变性和灰度不变性等显著特点,本文通过LBP算子的特征提取,将人脸分成子区域,然后通过连接这些子区域的LBP直方图生成人脸特征向量,由于生成的特征向量的维数过高,通过PCA算法降维压缩,最后用欧式距离分类器完成测试样本和训练样本的人脸识别,通过实验比较得出很好的人脸识别效果,此人脸识别算法过程用于火车站等各种公共场合有很好的应用效果。     

一种数值属性的深度置信网络分类方法

深度置信网络是个包含多个受限玻尔兹曼机的深层架构。针对深度置信网络分类时由于受限玻尔兹曼机的输入一般是二值向量而造成的信息的丢失从而使分类效果降低的问题,提出了通过在sigmoid单元中增加噪声来将输入缩放到[0,1]区间,使用带有一个高斯隐藏节点的顶层受限玻尔兹曼机实现分类功能的一种数值属性深度置信网络分类方法。深度置信网络和受限玻尔兹曼机可以作为特征提取方法也可以认为是带有训练的初始权值的神经网络。由于连接权值的初始化而不仅仅是神经网络的随机权值,深度置信网络分类应该比原有的传统的神经网络分类拥有更好的性能。在UCI的多个数据集上进行对比验证,实验结果表明深度置信网络分类方法比传统的SVM算法拥有更高的准确性。     

基于奇异值分解和径向基函数神经网络的人脸识别算法研究

提出一种基于奇异值分解和径向基函数神经网络的人脸特征提取与识别方法,来解决人脸识别中的高维、小样本问题。该方法采用奇异值分解、奇异值降维压缩、奇异值矢量标准化和奇异值矢量排序,最后得到用于识别的奇异值特征矢量。运用基于径向基函数神经网络分类器进行人脸分类识别。在ORL数据库上进行实验和数据分析表明,该方法无论是在分类的错误率上还是在学习的效率上都能表现出极好的性能。     

基于局部特征过滤的快速火焰图像识别方法

传统的基于物理信号的火焰识别方法易被外部环境干扰,且现有火焰图像特征提取方法对于火焰和场景的区分度较低,从而导致火焰种类或场景改变时识别精度降低。针对这一问题,提出一种基于局部特征过滤和极限学习机的快速火焰识别方法,将颜色空间信息引入尺度不变特征变换（SIFT）算法。首先,将视频文件转化成帧图像,利用SIFT算法对所有图像提取特征描述符;其次,通过火焰在颜色空间上的信息特性进一步过滤局部噪声特征点,并借助关键点词袋（BOK）方法,将特征描述符转换成对应的特征向量;最后放入极限学习机进行训练,从而快速得到火焰识别模型。在火焰公开数据集及真实火灾场景图像进行的实验结果表明：所提方法对不同场景和火焰类型均具有较高的识别率和较快的检测速度,实验识别精度达97%以上;对于包含4301张图片数据的测试集,模型识别时间仅需2.19 s;与基于信息熵、纹理特征、火焰蔓延率的支持向量机模型,基于SIFT、火焰颜色空间特性的支持向量机模型,基于SIFT的极限学习机模型三种方法相比,所提方法在测试集精度、模型构建时间上均占有优势。     

A cascade face recognition system using hybrid feature extraction

A novel cascade face recognition system using hybrid feature extraction is proposed. Three sets of face features are extracted. The merits of Two-Dimensional Complex Wavelet Transform (2D-CWT) are analyzed. For face recognition feature extraction, it has proved that 2D-CWT compares favorably with the traditionally used 2D Gabor transform in terms of the computational complexity and features? stability. The proposed recognition system congregates three Artificial Neural Network classifiers (ANNs) and a gating network trained by the three feature sets. A computationally efficient fitness function of the genetic algorithms is proposed to evolve the best weights of the ensemble classifier. Experiments demonstrated that the overall recognition rate and reliability have been significantly improved in both still face recognition and video-based face recognition.     

Development of Efficient Classification Systems for the Diagnosis of Melanoma

Skin cancer is usually classified as melanoma and non-melanoma. Melanoma now represents 75% of humans passing away worldwide and is one of the most brutal types of cancer. Previously, studies were not mainly focused on feature extraction of Melanoma, which caused the classification accuracy. However, in this work, Histograms of orientation gradients and local binary patterns feature extraction procedures are used to extract the important features such as asymmetry, symmetry, boundary irregularity, color, diameter, etc., and are removed from both melanoma and non-melanoma images. This proposed Efficient Classification Systems for the Diagnosis of Melanoma (ECSDM) framework consists of different schemes such as preprocessing, segmentation, feature extraction, and classification. We used Machine Learning (ML) and Deep Learning (DL) classifiers in the classification framework. The ML classifier is Naïve Bayes (NB) and Support Vector Machines (SVM). And also, DL classification framework of the Convolution Neural Network (CNN) is used to classify the melanoma and benign images. The results show that the Neural Network (NNET) classifier’ achieves 97.17% of accuracy when contrasting with ML classifiers.     

基于独立分量分析和遗传算法的人脸性别分类

性别是人脸反映的一个重要信息,通过人脸图像实现性别自动分类对大型人脸数据库的检索和识别具有重要意义。提出了一种新的结合独立分量分析(ICA)和遗传算法(GA)的人脸性别分类方法。首先采用快速独立分量分析方法(FastICA)提取人脸图像的独立基图像和投影向量,获得人脸的低维表征;然后通过遗传算法从该低维空间中选择对性别分类有利的特征子集;最后采用支持向量机进行分类。将ICA的空间局部特征提取功能、遗传算法快速寻优的特征选择功能以及SVM的强分类能力有机地结合起来。实验表明,该方法取得了很好的分类性能。     

结合独立成分分析和核向量机进行人脸识别

在人脸识别过程中,首先利用独立成分分析得到独立的人脸基影像,所提取的特征就是人脸图像在基影像上的投影系数,通过选择合适的特征个数可以达到较高的识别准确率。然后采用支持向量机和核向量机分别对待识别图像在基影像上的投影系数进行分类判决,结果显示二者都能达到较高的识别准确率,但随着特征个数的增加,核向量机的准确率更高,训练时间更短,支持向量更少。实验表明方法可行有效的。