猕猴桃切片流化床干燥特性与干燥动力学模型研究

为了提高猕猴桃切片制干品质、缩短干燥时间,采用流化床干燥技术对其进行干燥,研究温度(55,65,75,85℃)、风速(1.5,2.5,3.5,4.5m/s)和厚度(5,10,15mm)对猕猴桃切片热风干燥曲线、水分有效扩散系数以及干燥活化能的影响。结果表明:猕猴桃切片的整个干燥过程属于降速干燥,水分有效扩散系数为1.29639×10^-9~4.58994×10^-9 m²/s,且随温度、风速的增大而升高,随切片厚度的减少而增大;猕猴桃切片活化能为23.03kJ/mol。对10种常见的干燥动力学模型进行拟合发现,Logarithmic模型效果最佳。     

红枣片冷冻—红外组合干燥特性

目的:优化红枣片干燥工艺，改善产品品质。方法:以红枣片为研究对象，研究转换含水率、红外温度和切片厚度与干燥时间和干燥速率的相关关系，计算红枣片在FD-IRD中水分有效扩散系数随转换含水率、红外温度和切片厚度的变化规律，并根据试验数据计算红枣片FD-IRD的干燥活化能。结果:转换含水率越低，红外干燥时间越短，但过低的转换含水率，会使冷冻干燥时间大幅延长；适当提高红外干燥温度有利于提高水分有效扩散系数；红枣片越薄干燥速率越大，减小切片厚度能够提高水分有效扩散系数，利于缩短干燥时间；前后两段均为降速干燥过程，通过费克第二定律求解得到不同干燥条件下的冷冻干燥和红外干燥的水分有效扩散系数分别为3.39×10^-9～9.47×10^-9,3.34×10^-9～2.01×10^-8 m²/s;通过阿尼乌斯公式计算出红外干燥阶段干燥活化能为59.03 kJ/mol。结论:在转换含水率30%,红外温度60℃,切片厚度6 mm的条件下，冷冻—红外组合干燥技术所用干燥时间短、效率高。     

南美白对虾中短波红外干燥特性及模型拟合

目的 研究南美白对虾中短波红外干燥(medium-short-wave infrared drying, MSWID)特性及其干燥模型拟合。方法 在不同温度下(50、60、70℃)对南美白对虾进行干燥试验,并以热风干燥(hot air drying, HAD)为对比。采用8种常用干燥模型对试验数据进行非线性回归拟合,确定最佳干燥模型,并对干燥模型进行验证。并进一步分析不同温度下南美白对虾有效水分扩散系数和干燥活化能。结果 南美白对虾MSWID过程中,干燥温度对干燥过程影响显著,提高干燥温度可提高干燥速率,加快干燥进程。比较模型评价指标发现,Two-term exponential模型可以很好的拟合南美白对虾干燥数据,模型预测值和试验值误差仅为2.09%,可较准确的预测干燥过程中南美白对虾的水分变化规律。二阶多项式回归方程可预测水分比随干燥温度和时间的变化。随着干燥温度的升高,MSWID和热风干燥的有效水分扩散系数分别从2.3721×10^-9 m²/s、2.3027×10^-9 m²/s升高到3.402...     

黄山臭鳜鱼热风干燥动力学及其品质特性

为提高黄山臭鳜鱼干燥效率及成品品质,研究不同干燥温度(55,65,75,85,95℃)条件下臭鳜鱼鱼肉的干燥特性和品质变化。结果表明,热风干燥温度在55～95℃范围,臭鳜鱼鱼肉的有效水分扩散系数D_eff在2.8848×10^-10～8.8663×10^-10m²/s范围,温度越高,有效水分扩散系数越大,其扩散活化能E_a为27.9370 kJ/mol。通过模型拟合发现,Page模型能准确描述臭鳜鱼热风干燥过程中水分迁移情况。不同干燥温度对臭鳜鱼品质影响显著,当温度为75℃时,鱼肉复水比最大,为3.03±0.13,多肽含量最高,为(3.79±0.25)g/100 g,抗氧化作用最显著,以75℃热风干燥对鱼肉的质构特性与综合品质较好。研究结果阐明了臭鳜鱼干燥特性与品质的相关性,为黄山臭鳜鱼干燥加工过程中品质调控优化提供理论参考。     

哈密瓜切片热风干燥特性及数学模型

目的:提高规模化生产的哈密瓜品质,缩短干燥周期。方法:以不同漂烫时间(0.5,1.0,1.5,2.0,2.5 min)、浸渍液(0.1%,0.2%,0.3%,0.4%,0.5%柠檬酸溶液)预处理哈密瓜切片,并分别研究不同热风温度(35,45,55,65,75℃)、热风速度(0.5,1.0,1.5,2.0,2.5 m/s)和切片厚度(2,4,6,8,10 mm)条件下的哈密瓜切片热风干燥特性和水分扩散系数,拟合不同薄层干燥数学模型。结果:0.4%柠檬酸预处理后得到品质最优的干制产品,热风温度和切片厚度对切片干燥影响较为显著,哈密瓜切片无恒速干燥阶段,有效水分扩散系数为1.1348×10^-7~4.9080×10^-7 m²/s,活化能为28.15 kJ/mol。结论:哈密瓜切片的最佳热风干燥工艺为热风温度55℃、热风速度2.0 m/s、切片厚度6 mm,Page模型具有最高的R²值和最小的均方根误差,更适于评估和预测哈密瓜热风干燥的水分去除规律。     

旋转闪蒸干燥南极磷虾的干燥特性和动力学模型

目的:实现南极磷虾旋转闪蒸干燥过程的控制。方法:对南极磷虾在120～180℃范围内进行干燥试验，选取常用的6种干燥模型对试验数据进行拟合，进一步采用回归分析建立干燥模型常数项与温度的方程，得到干燥模型表达式并进行验证。根据Fick第二定律方程计算得到南极磷虾干燥水分扩散系数。结果:干燥温度对干燥热效率和干燥速率的影响显著，干燥温度为130～180℃的南极磷虾干燥曲线均为降速干燥阶段。Page模型适合用来描述和预测南极磷虾旋转闪蒸干燥过程，回归分析得到模型常数项方程为k=exp(-27.532 1+0.301 8T-8.538 2×10^-4T²)、n=14.010 6-0.157 67T+4.750 9×10^-4T²。随着温度的升高，南极磷虾有效水分扩散系数从2.539 35×10^-7 m²/s升高到13.889 64×10^-7 m²/s。结论:采用旋转闪蒸干燥方式可以有效保护南极磷虾中的热敏性成分不被破坏，提高产...     

Ca(OH)2对大米淀粉凝胶特性的影响

该研究从大米中提取大米淀粉，向其中添加不同质量分数(0%～1.6%)的Ca(OH)₂,研究大米淀粉的结晶度、热特性、糊化、流变、质构、淀粉短程有序性以及淀粉凝胶中水分状态的变化。结果表明，Ca(OH)₂使大米淀粉的相对结晶度和糊化焓降低，添加量小于0.8%时，冷糊黏度提高、回生性能改善，添加量为0.8%时，冷糊黏度和回升值达到最大值，分别为对照组的1.31倍和3.93倍。Ca(OH)₂可改善大米淀粉凝胶的流变和质构特性，添加量为0.8%时，大米淀粉凝胶的贮能模量、硬度和咀嚼性达到最大值。通过比较傅里叶红外光谱上1 047 cm^-1/1 022 cm^-1和1 022 cm^-1/995 cm^-1比值可知，随着Ca(OH)₂添加量增加，大米淀粉的短程有序性呈先增加后降低的趋势。通过低场核磁共振测定大米淀粉凝胶的横向弛豫时间T₂,发现Ca(OH)₂使自由水的比例显著增加，一部分...     

干燥环境下粉煤灰混凝土表面假性碳化研究

回弹法检测混凝土强度需要测量混凝土表面的碳化深度,混凝土表面的碳化深度测量在干燥环境下将受到一定的影响。该文通过设置烘干组、干燥组、标养组试块及墩柱A、墩柱B进行回弹法试验。从试验中发现,干燥环境下混凝土的碳化,在喷上酚酞时出现明显分界线,随着时间推移,碳化区颜色变粉再变红,碳化分界线往混凝土表面移动。干燥环境下粉煤灰混凝土的碳化受三方面影响,一是由于水泥熟料占比减少,产生的Ca(OH)₂减少;二是由于粉煤灰的二次水化消耗Ca(OH)₂;三是干燥环境会进一步影响水泥的水化反应及碳化,导致Ca(OH)₂结晶析出。     

基于Logarithmic方程的干燥参数对稻谷水分扩散特性影响分析

稻谷籽粒内部水分扩散的快慢决定了干燥速率。本文基于Logarithmic方程,建立稻谷水分传递动力学模型,并分析热风温度(40、50、60、70℃)和风速(0.3、0.4、0.5 m/s)对稻谷(湿基水分含量23.4%)有效水分扩散系数和扩散活化能的影响。结果表明:随着干燥温度和风速的上升,稻谷干燥速率提高,同时对应的有效水分扩散系数越大,分别为5.123×10-12~2.141×10-11m~2/s;扩散活化能从32.94 k J/mol增加至36.30 k J/mol;对比常用的5种谷物干燥模型发现,Logarithmic模型对稻谷薄层干燥的拟合度较好,R20.997,RMSE2.810×10~(-3),同时该模型模拟得出的有效水分扩散系数与实际差值均低于3.8×10~(-13)m~2/s,扩散活化能均低于2.53 k J/mol,与实际值基本吻合。     

马铃薯片热风干燥特性及收缩动力学模型

为提高马铃薯片的热风干燥效率及品质,控制其干燥过程中的收缩变形,本文研究了不同热风温度（45、55、65、75 ℃）和切片厚度（3、5、7、9 mm）对马铃薯片热风干燥特性曲线、有效水分扩散系数及活化能等指标的影响。结果表明,干燥室内热风温度越高、马铃薯切片厚度越小时,干燥速率越快。在研究范围内,马铃薯片的有效水分扩散系数在5.02×10?10~11.53×10?10 m2/s范围内,其值随热风温度升高或切片厚度减小而增大。此外,研究发现Weibull分布函数能够很好地描述马铃薯片的降速干燥过程和收缩动力学模型。通过Arrhenius方程计算得到马铃薯片的干燥活化能和收缩活化能分别为27.35和46.44 kJ/mol,马铃薯片干燥比收缩消耗活化能少。本研究为马铃薯片在热风干燥加工中水分迁移和体积收缩变化的预测提供了理论依据和技术支撑。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

An internet compendium of analytical methods and spectroscopic information for monomers and additives used in food packaging plastics

An internet website (http://cpf.jrc.it/smt/) has been produced as a means of dissemination of methods of analysis and supporting spectroscopic information on monomers and additives used for food contact materials (principally packaging). The site which is aimed primarily at assisting food control laboratories in the European Union contains analytical information on monomers, starting substances and additives used in the manufacture of plastics materials. A searchable index is provided giving PM and CAS numbers for each of 255 substances. For each substance a data sheet gives regulatory information, chemical structures, physico-chemical information and background information on the use of the substance in particular plastics, and the food packaging applications. For monomers and starting substances (155 compounds) the infra-red and mass spectra are provided, and for additives (100 compounds); additionally proton NMR are available for about 50% of the entries. Where analytical methods have been developed for determining these substances as residual amounts in plastics or as trace amounts in food simulants these methods are also on the website. All information is provided in portable document file (PDF) format which means that high quality copies can be readily printed, using freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader software. The website will in future be maintained and up-dated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) as new substances are authorized for use by the European Commission (DG-ENTR formerly DGIII). Where analytical laboratories (food control or other) require reference substances these can be obtained free-ofcharge from a reference collection housed at the JRC and maintained in conjunction with this website compendium.     

Chlorohydrins of bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE) and of bisphenol F diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in canned foods and ready-to-drink coffees from the Japanese market

BADGE.2HCl and BFDGE.2HCl were determined in 28 samples of ready-to-drink canned coffee and 18 samples of canned vegetables (10 corn, 5 tomatoes and 3 others), all from the Japanese market. HPLC was used as the principal analytical method and GCMS for confirmation of relevant LC fractions. BADGE.2HCl was found to be present in one canned coffee and five samples of corn, BFDGE.2HCl in four samples of canned tomatoes and in one canned corn. No sample was found which exceeded the 1mg/kg limit of the EU for the BADGE chlorohydrins. However the highest concentration was found for the sum of BFDGE.2HCl and BFDGE.HCl.H₂O at a level of 1.5mg/kg. A Beilstein test confirmed that all cans containing foods contaminated with BADGE.2HCl or BFDGE.2HCl had at lest one part coated with a PVC organosol.     

European priorities for research to support legislation in the area of food contact materials and articles

A strong science base is required to underpin the planning and decision-making process involved in determining future European community legislation on materials and articles in contact with food. Significant progress has been made in the past 5 years in European funded work in this area, with many developments contributing to a much better understanding of the migration process, and better and simpler approaches to food control. In this paper this progress is reviewed against previously identified work-areas (identified in 1994) and conclusions are reached about future requirements for R&D to support legislation on food contact materials and articles over the next 5 or so years.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Influence des ions sur le pouvoir hydratant de l'ure e: e tude sur peau de porc ex vivo

This study deals with the influence of ions (NaCl and MgSO4) in a W/O emulsion containing 10% urea. Moisturization kinetics are assessed by corneometry on pig skin ex vivo. The formula's influence on urea penetration is measured by infrared spectrometry with an ATR device and the stripping method. Corneometry and spectroscopy were chosen to record simultaneously the hydratation levels and urea localization into superficial cell layers. Urea crystallization after evaporation of emulsions and aqueous solutions is described. Results show that urea does not hydrate nor penetrate when applied to the skin through an aqueous gel. In a W/O emulsion, sodium chloride increases the ability of urea to moisturize without improving penetration. In vitro urea crystallization is disturbed by sodium chloride or magnesium sulphate for solutions and emulsions. This stabilization by ions is correlated with good moisturization values. The stabilization of urea in the solute state provided by ions increases its water epidermal binding capacity without enhancing penetration.     

Analysis on Economic Indicators from 62 Enterprises in Printing Machinery Industry in Q1 2014

Operation of printing machine industry was still unsatisfactory in the first quarter of 2014.Analysis on operation of printing machine industry.a.Market demand was not strong;sales of product undulated and declined.According to the statistics,the total industrial output value fell by 19.28% in the first quarter of 2014 than the average quarter value in 2013; industrial added value decreased by 4.16%; sales revenue dropped by 22.83%. h. Business operation of enterprises was in poor condition. c. R＆D of new products is an important transformation guarantee for enterprises. d. To take self explore new ways upgrading advantages,and explore new ways.