天然虾青素对鸭肉品质和脂质氧化稳定性的影响

研究天然虾青素对肉鸭的感官、肉质和储藏稳定性的影响。试验选择108只出壳健康商品樱桃谷肉鸭,随机分为2组,分别饲喂添加0mg/kg(对照组)和10mg/kg虾青素(试验组)的饲粮。结果表明:饲喂虾青素可显著改善肉鸭胫掌、喙的颜色,并可在肝脏、胸肌和腿肌中沉积,可显著降低胸肌鲜样和冰冻样中的丙二醛(MDA)含量。     

亚麻籽和茶多酚对肉鸭生长性能、屠宰性能、血液抗氧化能力和肌肉不饱和脂肪酸含量的影响

研究以亚麻籽为n-3 PUFA来源的肉鸭饲粮中添加茶多酚(TP),对其生长性能、屠宰性能、抗氧化能力和肌肉不饱和脂肪酸含量的影响。选用240只1日龄樱桃谷肉鸭,随机分为4组,其中对照组饲喂基础饲粮,实验组一、二、三分别饲喂含3%亚麻籽、3%亚麻籽+100 mg/kg TP、3%亚麻籽+200 mg/kg TP的实验饲粮。实验期为40d。结果表明:实验组一的平均日采食量(ADFI)和料重比(F/G)显著高于对照组(P 0.05);实验组二、三的ADFI和F/G与对照组差异不显著(P 0. 05)。屠宰率、半净膛率和全净膛率各组间均差异不显著(P 0. 05)。实验组三血浆的总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)、总超氧化物歧化酶(T-SOD)活力显著高于对照组(P 0. 01),丙二醛(MDA)含量显著低于对照组(P 0. 01)。各实验组腿肌中n-3 PUFA的含量均显著高于对照组(P 0. 05)。因此,饲粮中添加3%亚麻籽会显著增加樱桃谷肉鸭的料重比,以及肌肉中n-3PUFA的含量,但对屠宰性能无显著影响。在肉鸭饲粮中添加3%亚麻籽用于生产富含n-3 PUFA肉产品时加入200 mg/kg TP对肉鸭生长性能及机体抗氧化效果最佳。     

不同类型植物甾醇对肉鸭生长及肌肉品质的影响

旨在研究不同类型植物甾醇对肉鸭生产性能、体脂沉积、体成分及肌肉品质的影响。选用1日龄樱桃谷肉鸭540只,随机分为3组,每组6个重复,每重复30只,分别饲喂以下3种日粮:(1)对照组(C):基础日粮;(2)试验1组(Ⅰ):基础日粮+20 mg.kg-1植物甾醇A;(3)试验2组(Ⅱ):基础日粮+20 mg.kg-1植物甾醇B,饲养时间为42 d。结果表明:日粮中添加不同类型植物甾醇均极显著降低前期料重比(P<0.01);与植物甾醇A相比,日粮中添加植物甾醇B极显著增加了21 d平均体重和前期平均日增重(P<0.01),但极显著降低后期平均日增重(P<0.01);日粮中添加植物甾醇A和植物甾醇B,均能显著降低肝脏中胆固醇的含量,分别降低了15.92%(P<0.05)和24.57%(P=0.01);日粮中添加植物甾醇A极显著降低肉鸭胸肌的滴水损失(24 h和48 h)(P<0.01);日粮中添加20 mg.kg-1不同类型植物甾醇对肉鸭的肌间脂肪厚度、皮下脂肪厚度、水分、粗脂肪、粗蛋白、pH均无显著影响(P>0.05)。结果提示,日粮中添加植物甾醇A和植物甾醇B均能降低肉鸭肝脏胆固醇的含量,且前期添加植物甾醇B、后期添加植物甾醇A更有利于肉鸭的生长;植物甾醇A能够在一定程度上改善鸭肉品质。     

低聚壳聚糖对肉鸡肌肉发育的影响

480羽1日龄AA肉鸡,随机分为4组,每组120羽,设6个重复,对照组饲喂玉米-豆粕型基础日粮,抗生素组基础日粮添加50 mg/kg金霉素,试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ组分别添加20 mg/kg和40 mg/kg低聚壳聚糖,试验期42 天。分别于试验第21天和42天每组随机选取18羽肉鸡,每个重复3羽,禁食不禁水过夜,颈动、静脉放血致死,解剖取胸肌、腿肌,测定胸肌、腿肌重量及器官指数,显微测定胸肌纤维直径,切取胸肌适量,制作常规石蜡切片,HE染色,显微观察与摄影。结果显示,与对照组相比较,21日龄时,试验组Ⅰ、Ⅱ组胸肌和腿肌重量及器官指数、胸肌纤维直径均差异不显著（P > 0.05）;42日龄时,试验组胸肌和腿肌重量显著升高（P < 0.05）,腿肌器官指数极显著升高（P < 0.01）;21日龄和42日龄试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ组胸肌纤维直径增大、肌纤维间结缔组织减少、横断面肌原纤维排列紧密、结构清晰。试验结果表明,低聚壳聚糖能明显促进肉鸡饲养后期肌肉的生长发育,显著提高胸肌和腿肌重量,改善肌肉品质。     

乳化剂对肉鸭胴体品质、肌肉营养物质含量及组织胆固醇含量的影响

研究不同水平乳化剂对肉鸭胴体品质、肌肉营养物质含量以及组织胆固醇含量的影响,试验期为42 d.结果表明:与对照组相比,添加乳化剂对肉鸭肌间脂肪厚度和皮下脂肪厚度均无显著影响(P＞0.05);200、400mg/kg乳化剂组肉鸭胸肌肌内脂肪含量分别提高了6.97％(P＞0.05)和2.05％(P＞0.05),腿肌肌内脂肪含量分别提高了22.53％ (P＜0.05)和11.46％ (P＞0.05);对肉鸭胸肌粗蛋白质含量影响差异不显著(P＞0.05),腿肌粗蛋白质含量均有所提高(P＞0.05);对肉鸭胸肌、腿肌水分含量影响差异不显著(P＞0.05);肉鸭肝脏胆固醇含量分别下降了7.89％ (P＞0.05)和8.24％(P＞0.05),肉鸭胸肌胆固醇含量分别下降了10.20％(P＞0.05)和17.35％ (P＜0.05).     

复合肉质改进剂对肉鸭屠宰性能、脏器系数和肌肉成分的影响

选用体重(2.36±0.01)kg的樱桃谷肉鸭108只,随机分成3个组。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验Ⅰ组饲喂"基础日粮 250 mg/kg复合肉质改进剂",试验Ⅱ组饲喂"基础日粮 500 mg/kg复合肉质改进剂",正试期为15 d。研究酵母硒和茶多酚配伍的复合肉质改进剂对育成鸭屠宰性能、脏器系数和肌肉成分的影响。结果表明:(1)在肉鸭饲料中添加250 mg/kg复合肉质改进剂可显著降低肉鸭的腹脂率(P<0.05),并有提高肉鸭半净膛率和肌内总脂肪含量的趋势。(2)在肉鸭饲料中添加500 mg/kg复合肉质改进剂可显著提高肌肉中水分含量和肉鸭的腿肌率(P<0.05)。(3)添加复合肉质改进剂对肉鸭的脾脏系数、胸腺系数、法氏囊系数和肾脏系数均无显著影响(P>0.05);但添加250 mg/kg复合肉质改进剂可提高肉鸭的肝脏系数(P<0.05)。     

植物甾醇对肉鸭生产性能、血液胆固醇含量和胴体品质的影响

选用15日龄健康商品代樱桃谷肉鸭2400只,随机分成6组,每组4个重复,日粮中分别添加植物甾醇0(对照组)、10、20、40、80、160mg/kg。研究植物甾醇对肉鸭生产性能和血液中胆固醇含量的影响。结果表明:与对照组相比,添加植物甾醇试验组肉鸭的平均日增重、料重比和平均体重差异不显著(P>0.05)。但添加植物甾醇均降低了肉鸭血浆中总胆固醇(TC)和低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)的含量,且添加量20mg/kg的组差异显著(P<0.05)。此外,各试验组肉鸭的肌间脂肪含量均有提高,其中10mg/kg的组与对照组相比有显著性差异(P<0.05),这提示植物甾醇可能具有重新分配动物体内脂肪的效果。     

新型发酵豆粕在肉仔鸡生产中的应用研究

采用多菌种混合二次发酵工艺生产的新型发酵豆粕替代部分鱼粉,研究其对21日龄AA肉鸡生产性能、器官指数、血清指标及粪便营养成分的影响,将384羽1日龄AA肉鸡随机分成4组,分别为饲喂基础日粮的对照组及添加1%、2%、3%发酵豆粕替代部分鱼粉的试验组(FSBMⅠ、FSBMⅡ、FSBMⅢ)。试验结果表明,饲料中添加1%、2%的发酵豆粕,对肉鸡生产性能无明显作用,但3%发酵豆粕组肉鸡平均增重略有提高,料重比显著改善(P0.05);各试验组对器官发育和养分排泄等均无明显影响;FSBMⅠ组肉鸡血清TP、ALB和G水平均显著降低(P0.05),BUN含量显著提高(P0.05),FSBMⅡ组血清GLU含量显著降低(P0.05),FSBMⅢ组血清指标均无显著影响。可见,肉鸡日粮中添加3%发酵豆粕时效果较好,能起到替代部分优质鱼粉、促进肉鸡生长的作用。     

沸石对肉鸭肝脏抗氧化性能和组织中金属元素含量的影响

研究沸石对樱桃谷肉鸭肝脏抗氧化性能和组织中金属元素含量的影响.结果表明:添加3％、5％和7％沸石能不同程度地提高肉鸭肝脏SOD活性(P＞0.05),降低MDA含量(P＞0.05),显著降低肉鸭肝脏中的镉含量(P＜0.05),还能一定程度上提高肝脏、胸肌、腿肌中铜、铁、锌的含量;其中1％沸石组能显著提高肝脏中铁和.锌的含量(P＜0.05),5％沸石组能显著提高肝脏铁的含量和胸肌中铁和锌的含量(P＜0.05).     

精氨酸对夏季旱养肉鸭生长性能和免疫器官的影响

研究循环高温环境下精氨酸营养对肉鸭生长性能和免疫器官的影响。选择90只出壳健康商品樱桃谷肉鸭,随机分为3组,分别饲喂添加0%、0.5%和1.0%L-精氨酸的饲粮。结果显示:添加0.5%L-精氨酸可显著降低肉鸭生长全期(0～49日龄)的料重比(P<0.05),并可显著提高21日龄肉鸭肝脏指数和49日龄肝脏粗蛋白质的含量(P<0.05)。     

The effects of fermented soybean meal on immunophysiological and stress-related parameters in Holstein calves after weaning

The present experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of partial substitution of soybean meal (SBM) with fermented SBM (FSBM) on immunophysiological and stress-related parameters in Holstein calves after weaning. Eighteen Holstein calves were randomly assigned to receive either SBM or FSBM (5% of SBM was replaced with FSBM) calf starter and calves were weaned at 42d of age. It was noted that FSBM contained a lower content of trypsin inhibitor but higher crude protein, amino acids, and small-sized peptides than those of SBM. The group fed FSBM calf starter significantly increased body weight gain and intakes of both feed and milk, when compared with those fed SBM calf starter at 4wk of age. Calves fed the FSBM calf starter had significantly lower fecal scores than those fed the SBM calf starter during both pre- and postweaning periods. Calves also had better health scores when fed the FSBM calf starter than those fed SBM during the preweaning period. Weaning challenge significantly increased proinflammatory cytokines, tumor necrosis factor α, IL-1β, and IL-6 levels at 1d postweaning (DPW). The TNF-α and IL-6 levels of the SBM group were significantly higher compared with those of the FSBM group at 3 DPW. Acute phase proteins (serum amyloid A and haptoglobin) in the serum were increased after weaning. Concentrations of serum amyloid A and haptoglobin in calves fed FSBM calf starter were significantly lower than those fed the SBM calf starter at 3 and 5 DPW, respectively. The concentration of cortisol was significantly lower in the FSBM group than that of the SBM group at 3 DPW. Weaning stress did not cause drastic changes in the total serum immunoglobulin levels and composition of peripheral lymphocytes. Our results indicate that FSBM may not only improve growth performance, feed intake, and health conditions during the preweaning period, but also alleviate stress responses, which was indicated by reduced induction of stress hormone, proinflammatory cytokines, and acute phase proteins in Holstein calves after weaning.     

不同品位沸石对肉鸭生产性能、养分消化率、血液生化指标及屠宰性能的影响

选取1日龄樱桃谷肉鸭540只,随机分成3组,每组设6个重复。第1组为对照组,饲喂基础日粮,第23、组在基础日粮中分别添加3%普通沸石和3%的高品位沸石,研究不同品位沸石对肉鸭生产性能、养分消化率、血液生化指标及屠宰性能的影响。结果表明:饲料中添加普通沸石和高品位沸石对肉鸭前期平均日增重、料重比影响差异不显著(P>0.05);高品位沸石使肉鸭后期平均日增重提高4.01%(P<0.05),料重比略有升高(P>0.05)。添加高品位沸石能显著提高肉鸭后期干物质、粗蛋白和能量的表观消化率(P<0.05),并使肉鸭前期血清总蛋白(TP)提高7.50%(P<0.05),三酰甘油(TG)提高47.42%(P<0.01),碱性磷酸酶(ALP)活性提高31.54%(P<0.05);肉鸭后期血清TP和TG分别提高10.87%、50.00%(P<0.05)。普通沸石和高品位沸石均显著降低了肉鸭后期血氨(BA)的浓度(P<0.05)。高品位沸石能显著提高肉鸭屠体率(P<0.05)。沸石对肉鸭生产性能、养分消化率、血液生化指标及屠宰性能有一定的改善作用,且高品位沸石优于普通沸石。     

Milk feeding level and starter protein content: Effects on growth performance,blood metabolites,and urinary purine derivatives of Holstein dairy calves

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of milk allowances equal to 526 g/d as moderate (MOD) versus 790 g/d of milk dry matter as high (HI), and starter diets containing 18% or 23% crude protein (CP), on growth performance, blood metabolites, and purine derivative (PD) excretion in the urine of dairy calves. A total of 52 female Holstein dairy calves (40.8 kg of body weight) were randomly assigned to the experimental diets. The treatments were (1) moderate milk and 18% CP starter diet (MOD-18CP); (2) MOD and 23% CP starter diet (MOD-23CP); (3) high milk and 18% CP starter diet (HI-18CP); and (4) HI and 23% CP starter diet (HI-23CP). Calves had free access to a starter feed and water and were weaned on d 53 but remained in the study until d 73. Urine samples were collected during the preweaning period (for 6 consecutive days between d 35 and 40) and postweaning period (for 6 consecutive days between d 65 and 70) to investigate urinary excretion of PD. Starter feed intake, β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB), and blood urea concentrations were reduced; however, average daily gain (ADG) and blood glucose levels increased in calves fed HI before weaning compared with MOD. During the preweaning period, high milk feeding increased total urinary PD excretion but decreased it after weaning. The 23CP diet resulted in higher feed intake and ADG before weaning and higher excretion of allantoin and total excretion of PD compared with the 18CP diet. The HI-23CP treatment resulted in the greatest withers and hip heights at weaning and final measurement, as well as the highest preweaning blood insulin concentrations. In terms of rumen development, MOD-23CP showed the greatest benefits based on starter intake, blood BHB concentration, and urinary excretion of PD. Based on the higher urinary excretion of PD found in HI-fed calves before weaning, it is possible that milk feeding overestimates estimated microbial yield. The results suggest that feeding starters with a higher proportion of CP may help maintain a more balanced ratio of CP to ME during high milk feeding, to avoid protein deficiency due to low starter intake. When calves are fed a high milk allowance, urine excretion of PD may be misinterpreted as a measure of estimated microbial growth and rumen development; this should be considered during calculations of estimated microbial yield in milk-fed calves.     

Effects of milk replacer composition on growth, body composition, and nutrient excretion in preweaned Holstein heifers

Twenty-four newborn Holstein heifer calves were fed 1 of 4 milk replacers (MR): control (20% CP, 21% fat; MR fed at 441 g/d); high protein/low fat (HPLF; 28% CP, 20% fat; MR fed at 951 g/d); high protein/high fat (HPHF; 27% CP, 28% fat; MR fed at 951 g/d); and HPHF MR fed at a higher rate (HPHF+; 27% CP, 28% fat; MR fed at 1,431 g/d). Dry calf starter (20% CP, 1.43% fat) composed of ground corn (44.4%), 48% CP soybean meal (44.4%), cottonseed hulls (11.2%), and molasses (1.0%) was offered free choice. Heifers were obtained from a commercial dairy, blocked by groups of 8 in the order acquired, and randomly assigned to treatments within group. Upon arrival at the research farm, heifers were fed the control for 2 feedings. Treatments were imposed when heifers were 4 ± 1 d of age. Heifers were on study for 61 ± 1 d. Body weight and body size measures were taken weekly. Four-day total collection of feed refusals, feces, and urine was initiated at 57 ± 1 d of age. Heifers were slaughtered at the end of the collection period to evaluate body composition. Preplanned contrasts were used to compare control to all, HPLF to HPHF, and HPHF to HPHF+. Heifers fed the control diet consumed more starter than those fed other treatment diets, but their total dry matter intake and apparent dry matter digestibility were lowest. Fecal output was highest in heifers fed the control diet, whereas urine output and urine N excretion were lowest. Nitrogen intake and urine N excretion were greater for heifers fed HPHF+ compared with HPHF but were not affected by MR fat content (HPLF vs. HPHF). Retention (g/d) of N and P was greater in heifers fed all nutrient-dense diets compared with those fed the control diet, but was not improved by increasing fat in the milk replacer (HPLF vs. HPHF) or by increasing the amount fed. Addition of fat to the milk replacer (HPLF vs. HPHF) increased empty body weight fat content without improving average daily gain or frame measures. Increasing the volume fed (HPHF vs. HPHF+) increased growth rate and empty body weight, but HPHF+ heifers were neither taller nor longer and their carcasses contained more fat. Clear improvements in growth and nutrient retention were observed with more nutrient-dense diets, but most of the improvements were seen with the increased protein intake relative to the control MR; adding fat to the high protein MR did not further improve lean tissue gain.     

Short commuunication: Effect of dietary protein depletion and repletion on skeletal muscle calpastatin during early lactation

Sixteen multiparous Jersey cows were assigned at calving to one of 4 dietary treatments. An 18% crude protein (CP) diet was fed as a total mixed ration through 30 d in milk (DIM), and beginning at 31 DIM a 9, 12, 15, or 18% CP diet was fed through 58 DIM (depletion). All cows were then fed the 18% CP diet until 84 DIM (repletion). Muscle biopsies were taken under local anesthesia at 49 and 84 DIM from the semitendinosus muscle. Milk production, DMI, and milk component contents were measured. Calpain and calpastatin contents of muscle taken at biopsy were evaluated using Western blotting techniques. Milk production and milk protein content were reduced during the depletion period by decreasing dietary protein. Diet had no effect on milk fat content or DMI. During repletion, DMI was affected by dietary treatment. Western blots of muscle extracts indicated no differences in calpain content at any stage of the experiment or in calpastatin content of muscle at 49 DIM. However, at 84 DIM, calpastatin (135 kDa) was lower or undetectable in cows fed either the 9 or 12% CP diets from 31 to 59 DIM. Bands for a 110-kDa degradation product of calpastatin were present in some cows fed the 9, 12, and 15% CP diets during the depletion period. Results indicate a change in skeletal muscle calpain/calpastatin proteolytic system during protein repletion following depletion with diets of less than 15% CP during early to peak lactation in dairy cows.     

1~4周龄“武禽10”肉鸭饲粮适宜代谢能、粗蛋白质、钙和有效磷水平研究

本试验旨在通过研究不同营养水平饲粮对1~4周龄“武禽10”肉鸭生长性能、体尺指标、血液生化指标和养分表观利用率的影响,确定1~4周龄“武禽10”肉鸭饲粮适宜代谢能（ME）、粗蛋白质（CP）、钙（Ca）和有效磷（AP）水平。选用1日龄“武禽10”肉鸭576只,随机分为9组,每组4个重复,每个重复16只试验鸭。采用4因素3水平L9（34）正交试验设计,设3个ME水平（11.7、12.1、12.5 MJ/kg）、3个CP水平（18.5%、20%、21.5%）、3个Ca水平（0.6%、0.8%、1.0%）和3个AP水平（0.3%、0.4%、0.5%）,共配制9种试验饲粮,开展饲养试验和代谢试验,试验期28d。结果表明：1）随饲粮ME水平升高,1~4周龄肉鸭平均日增重（ADG）显著增加,料重比（F/G）显著降低（P<0.05）;随CP水平升高,1~4周龄肉鸭的平均日采食量（ADFI）、ADG和F/G均显著增加（P<0.05）。2）饲粮ME和CP水平均显著影响1~4周龄肉鸭的龙骨长、胸宽、半潜水长（P<0.05）;饲粮Ca和AP水平均显著影响1~4周龄肉鸭的胫围（P<0.05）。3）饲粮ME和CP水平均显著影响1~4周龄肉鸭血清总蛋白（TP）和白蛋白（ALB）含量（P<0.05）;饲粮Ca水平显著影响1~4周龄肉鸭血清TP、Ca、尿酸（UA）、总胆固醇（TC）、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇（HDL）、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇（LDL）含量（P<0.05）;饲粮AP水平显著影响1~4周龄肉鸭血清Ca和P含量（P<0.05）。4）饲粮ME水平显著影响1~4周龄肉鸭对能量、CP、Ca和P的表观利用率（P<0.05）;饲粮CP水平显著影响1~4周龄肉鸭对能量和CP的表观利用率（P<0.05）;饲粮Ca水平显著影响1~4周龄肉鸭对能量和Ca的表观利用率（P<0.05）;饲粮AP水平显著影响1~4周龄肉鸭对能量、CP和Ca的表观利用率（P<0.05）。在本试验条件下,综合考虑生长性能、体尺指标、血液生化指标等结果,1~4周龄“武禽10”肉鸭饲粮适宜ME、CP、Ca和AP水平分别为12.10 MJ/kg、20%、0.8%和0.5%。     

Effects of feeding fish meal to cows on digestibility, milk production, and milk composition.

Holstein cows in early lactation, producing about 30 kg/d of milk, were fed high energy diets containing 5% Megalac. Three protein treatments, soybean meal diet (16% CP), fish meal diet (16% CP), and soybean meal-fish meal diet (20% CP) were compared in a change-over design. Digestibilities of DM, gross energy, CP, and ADF were not affected significantly by protein treatments. The fish meal diet decreased DMI but increased milk and SCM production compared with the soybean meal diet. Daily production of milk, SCM, and milk components (fat, protein, and lactose) were highest and BW gain lowest for the high protein soybean meal-fish meal diet. The fish meal and soybean meal-fish meal diets increased fat percentage but decreased lactose percentage of milk compared with soybean meal diet. This suggests that, for each diet, the energy supply was adequate, and the observed changes were the effects of protein (i.e., AA) supply to the cows. Thus, there seems to be good reason to feed a good quality undegradable protein like fish meal to cows producing more than 30 kg/d of milk.     

饲喂不同配比油脂饲料对肉鸡肉品质及肌肉中脂肪酸组成的影响

研究日粮中添加不同配比油脂对肉鸡肉品质、肌肉胆固醇含量及脂肪酸组成的影响。选取648只1日龄AA肉鸡,随机分成6组,CON为对照组(饲喂基础日粮),SO为正对照组(日粮中添加豆油),LO为负对照组(日粮中添加猪油),COP、COC、COV组分别在日粮中添加以棕榈油为主的配比油脂、以椰子油为主的配比油脂、多种植物油组成的配比油脂,实验期为42d。结果表明：COP组胸肌24h的滴水损失显著升高(P＜0.05);COC组腿肌烹饪损失显著降低(P＜0.05)。LO组胸肌不饱和脂肪酸/饱和脂肪酸得到提高(P＜0.05);SO、LO、COP、COC组n-3多不饱和脂肪酸含量均得到提高(P＜0.05);SO、COC组n-6多不饱和脂肪酸含量高于CON组(P＜0.05);除COV组外,各组n-6/n-3低于CON组(P＜0.05)。SO组胸肌胆固醇含量低于除LO组外的各组(P＜0.05)。结论：配比油脂组提高了肉鸡肌肉中多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA)含量,对肉鸡肉品质没有产生不良的影响,豆油组改善了胸肌中脂肪酸比例并降低胆固醇含量,以椰子油为主的配比油脂次之。