改进的溶胶-凝胶法制备不同厚度的PZT薄膜

采用改进的溶胶-凝胶技术,在Pt(111)/Ti/SiO2/Si(100)基底上制备了不同厚度的Pb(Zr0.50Ti0.50)O3薄膜,在600℃的退火条件下获得了晶格完善的钙钛矿结构.通过前驱体溶液的差热(DTA)、热重(TGA)实验以及PZT膜加热到不同温度的物相转化分析了PZT薄膜的相结构演化过程.采用X射线衍射仪和扫描电子显微镜表征了PZT薄膜的物相和微观形貌,用HP4194A阻抗分析仪测量了薄膜的介电性能.实验结果表明,随着退火循环次数的增多,PZT(111)相含量增加;薄膜的晶粒大小不随薄膜厚度改变;薄膜晶粒呈柱状生长;薄膜的介电常数随测量频率的增加而降低,随薄膜厚度增加而增加.     

快速退火工艺条件下温度对Bi4Ti3O12铁电薄膜微观结构与性能的影响

采用快速退火工艺在Pt/Ti/SiO2/p-Si衬底上制备了Bi4Ti3O12铁电薄膜.研究了退火温度对薄膜微观结构、铁电特性及介电性能的影响.研究表明:退火温度对Si基Bi4Ti3O12铁电薄膜晶相结构的影响显著,对晶粒尺寸和表面形貌的影响较小,但退火温度超过800℃后会出现焦绿石等杂相;低于750℃时,薄膜的剩余极化随退火温度升高而增大,高于750℃时却有所减小,但矫顽电场随退火温度升高而逐渐降低;退火温度对薄膜的漏电流密度有一定的影响,薄膜的漏电流密度在200kV/cm极化电场作用下低于3×10-9A/cm2,750℃时的剩余极化和矫顽电场分别为11μC/cm2和77kV/cm,具有较好的铁电和介电性能.     

Sol-gel法制备Si基Bi_(3.15)Nd_(0.85)Ti_3O_(12)铁电薄膜

采用Sol-gel法分别在Si(100)和Si(111)衬底上制备Bi_(3.15)Nd_(0.85)Ti_3O_(12)(BNT)铁电薄膜。研究了衬底、退火温度、退火保温时间和薄膜厚度等因素对BNT铁电薄膜结晶和微观结构的影响。在500℃退火的BNT薄膜已经结晶形成层状钙钛矿相;升高退火温度(500～800℃)、延长保温时间(30～150min)、增加薄膜厚度(170～850nm),都有利于BNT薄膜晶粒长大,其中退火温度和薄膜厚度是影响晶粒长大的关键因素;每次涂覆的厚度大约是85nm。与Si(100)衬底相比,由于Si(111)与BNT薄膜具有更好的晶格匹配,因此BNT薄膜在Si(111)衬底上更容易结晶。     

Sol-gel法制备Si基Bi_3.15Nd_0.85Ti_3O_12铁电薄膜

采用Sol-gel法分别在Si（100）和Si（111）衬底上制备Bi3．15Nd0．85Ti3012（BNT）铁电薄膜。研究了衬底、退火温度、退火保温时间和薄膜厚度等因素对BNT铁电薄膜结晶和微观结构的影响。在500℃退火的BNT薄膜已经结晶形成层状钙钛矿相;升高退火温度（500-800℃）、延长保温时间（30-15...     

沉积在Pt电极上的铁电PZT薄膜特性

研究了射频磁控溅射沉积在Pt电极上的Pb（Zr0．53Ti0．47）O3薄膜特性。经过不同温度退火处理后得到了钙钛矿结构的PZT薄膜。在对其结构的形成和变化进行研究的基础上，探讨了薄膜PZT相的形成机理。其电性能的测试表明，这种铁电PZT（53／47）薄膜具有较好的铁电性能和疲劳特性。在600℃下PZT薄膜的剩余极化强度Pr为24．8μC／cm2，矫顽场强度Ec为70kV／cm。210kV／cm的电场下，疲劳循环直到4×108次时，最大极化强度仍有20．6μC／cm2，降低了约34％，其剩余极化强度保持为10μC／cm2左右。     

Bi4Ti3O12薄膜的取向生长及其电性能研究

采用Sol—Gel工艺，在快速退火的工艺条件下制备了Bi4Ti3O12铁电薄膜，研究了退火温度及时间、薄膜厚度对Bi4Ti3O12薄膜的取向生长行为及其铁电性能、漏电流的影响，探讨了Bi4Ti3O12薄膜取向生长的微观机制．结果表明：退火温度显著影响薄膜的C轴取向生长，其(00ι)品面的取向度F=(P—P0)／(1-P0)由550℃的0．081增加到850℃的0．827，退火时间对其(00ι)晶面的取向度也有较大影响；经750℃以上温度退火处理的Bi4Ti3O12薄膜呈高度c轴取向，对铁电性能有较明显的削弱作用；薄膜的漏电流密度随退火温度升高而增大，但薄膜的c轴取向生长有利于减缓漏电流密度的增长。     

退火温度对Pb(Zr_(0.53)Ti_(0.47))O_3薄膜结构及其性能的影响

采用sol-gel法在Pt/Ti/SiO_2/Si衬底上制备Pb(Zr_(0.53)Ti_(0.47))O_3薄膜.利用X射线衍射仪(XRD)和原子力显微镜(AFM)对其晶格结构和微观形貌进行了表征,通过改变退火温度制得了具有单一钙钛矿结构的Pb(Zr_(0.53)Ti_(0.47))O_3薄膜.然后将该薄膜与环氧树脂形成复合结构材料.对其铁电性能以及复合材料的阻尼性能进行了测试,结果表明,退火温度的升高有利于改善薄膜的铁电性能,在750℃下退火的Pb(Zr_(0.53)Ti_(0.47))O_3薄膜,其剩余极化值2Pr达到了68.6μC/cm~2, 矫顽场强2E_c达到158.7kV/cm;同时退火温度的升高还有利于薄膜致密度的提高,对复合材料的阻尼性能也有一定的改善,当退火温度达到800℃,复合材料的阻尼损耗因子达到最大值,阻尼温域最宽,阻尼性能最好.     

PZT薄膜反提拉生长的PbO挥发与退火条件研究

通过一新的溶胶-凝胶工艺:反提拉涂膜方法,在Si(100)和Pt(111)/Ti/SiO2/Si(100)基片上制备了PZT(Zr/Ti=52/48)铁电薄膜,并研究了退火工艺及其PbO的挥发对薄膜微结构、表面形貌、取向、及铁电性能的影响.本文首次提出并应用反提拉涂膜技术制备了PZT薄膜,此技术相对于传统的溶胶-凝胶工艺具有以下几方面的优点:操作控制简单方便、成本低、原料利用率高、无污染等.研究发现PZT薄膜通过增加PT晶种层后可以抑制PbO的挥发,同时薄膜呈现较强的(110)取向;在薄膜的退火处理过程中还发现氧气氛有助于降低PbO的挥发、促进晶粒的长大和降低钙钛矿的晶化温度,在氧气氛中退火的PZT薄膜显示了很好的铁电性能,其剩余极化强度明显增大而矫顽场只有极小的增加.     

溶胶-凝胶法制备PZT(95/5)反铁电纳米粉

采用溶胶-凝胶法制备Pb(Zr0.95Ti0.05)O3(简称PZT(95/5))反铁电纳米粉,差热分析确定干燥后粉体的煅烧温度范围为550~750℃。将干燥后粉体分别在550,600,650,750℃下煅烧,保温2 h,经XRD分析发现,随着煅烧温度的升高,主晶相的强度逐渐升高,杂质相的峰高逐渐减弱。当煅烧温度为750℃时,形成了完全的钙钛矿相。所制PZT95/5粉体的平均粒径约100 nm。     

不同退火方式对0.7BiFeO3-0.3PbTiO3薄膜的铁电性能及漏电流的影响

利用溶胶凝胶法在LaNiO3/SiO2/Si衬底上制备了0.7BiFeO3-0.3PbTiO3(BFPT7030)薄膜,研究了快速退火及常规退火两种不同的后续退火处理方式对薄膜铁电性能及漏电流性能的影响.XRD测试表明,经快速退火处理的BFPT7030薄膜结晶完好,呈现出单一的钙钛矿相.SEM测试结果显示,经快速退火处理的BFPT7030薄膜结晶充分,但经常规退火处理的BFPT7030薄膜表面致密性较好,且在升温速率为2℃/min时薄膜的晶粒更细小.经快速退火处理的BFPT7030薄膜的铁电性能较为优异,在升温速率为20℃/s时,其剩余极化Pr为22μC/cm2,矫顽场Ec为70 kV/cm,并具有较小的漏电流.XPS测试结果表明,经常规退火处理的BFPT7030薄膜其铁离子的价态波动较小.     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

The Research of Anti-Wear Properties of Organomolybdenum Compounds in the Engine Oils

A four-ball tester was used to evaluate the anti-wear performance of three kinds of organomolybdemun compounds in the engine oils, i. e., molybdenum dialkyldithiophosphate (MoDDP), molybdenum dialkyldithiocarbamate ( MoDTC), and sulphur and phosphorus freeorganomolybdeum (Molybdate). The results indicate that a low concentration of MoDDP doesn' t improve the anti-wear properties of the commercial engine oils, but a high concentration of MoDDP can obviously improve the anti-wear properties and the load-carrying capacity of the engine oils. MoDTC doesn' t improve the antiwear properties of the engine oils, but worsens the anti-wear properties of the oils. Signifi can timprove ment of frictional and wear characteristics is obtained with Molybdate added in the commercial engine oils and the formulated oils.     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Certification Becomes Important for the I Quality; and Safety Supervision of the Chinese Liquor Sector

The end of 2007, over 200 unit products of more than 80 Chinese firms have passed the quality grade certification for liquor products. These products involve distilled spirits, beer, wine, yellow wine, fruit syrup wine and others, and cover over 80% of the national top-branded liquor products.……     

Synthesis of Alumina-Zirconia Nanocomposites by Solgel Process

Al₂O₃-ZrO₂ nanocomposites were developed starting with the solgel process. Composite alumina-zirconia nanopowders were synthesized from metallorganic precursors (Aluminium secondary butoxide and zirconium Iso propoxide) using the solgel process. The parameters affecting the synthesis—solvent, concentration of precursor, R/H ratio (i.e., dilution of water in solvent)—were varied as also the temperature and pH. BET and TEM were used to measure nanosize. Diffuse reflectance spectroscopy and also qualitative optical absorption led to identical particle size estimate. The variation of process parameters was used to study the effect and interdependence of process parameters. Artificial Neural Networks was used to rigorously analyze the process. Although this led to confirmation of interdependence of parameters, the presence of a single overwhelming solvent variable was also established. Then the optimal process was used to synthesize more nanopowder. To produce bulk nanocomposite the nanopowders were sintered by varying the temperature and time period. The sintered lithoids were probed with a vickers hardness tester to measure elastic modulus, hardness, and fracture toughness. The results showed high elastic modulus, modest hardness, and very high fracture toughness.     

Deposition and Coating Properties on CVD Tungsten

Surface characterization and microstructure studies are performed on chemical vapor deposited (CVD) tungsten coating. There is about 2 μm thickness diffusion layer of tungsten in the molybdenum substrate. The thermal shock test shows tungsten coating has good adhesion with molybdenum substrate, but the elements of oxygen and carbon in the tungsten coating have the bad affection to the adhesion. The result of high-temperature diffusion experiment is the diffusion rate from molybdenum substrate to tungsten coating is faster.