抗固体粒子冲蚀物理气相沉积涂层的研究进展

压气机是航空发动机核心部件之一,其叶片常用钛合金制成。但钛合金本身质地较软,抗击固体粒子冲蚀能力较弱,空气中固体粒子在高速气流作用下将对压气机前级叶片造成严重冲蚀,从结构及航空动力学上降低发动机性能。同时,也使得发动机的寿命大幅下降。为提高压气机叶片的抗固体粒子冲蚀能力,通常在叶片上沉积具有一定硬度和韧性的抗冲蚀涂层。本文综述了国内外近年来抗固体粒子冲蚀物理气相沉积涂层的研究进展。指出多组元、多层膜结构涂层在拥有较高硬度的同时,可以获得较高韧性,具有良好的综合机械性能,是抗冲蚀涂层的理想选择。     

等离子喷涂隔热、抗冲蚀复合涂层的研究现状

等离子喷涂隔热及抗冲蚀复合涂层是目前涂层领域的研究热点之一。综述了国内外等离子喷涂常规氧化锆、纳米氧化锆及表面钨粉抗冲蚀涂层的研究现状。指出了制备隔热及抗冲蚀复合涂层存在的问题,并展望了其发展前景。     

等离子喷涂铝硅聚苯酯封严涂层的组织及抗冲蚀性能

抗冲蚀磨损性能是封严涂层最重要的性能指标之一.采用铝硅聚苯酯(Alsi-ployester)粉末和PARXAIR-3710等离子喷涂系统制备了可磨耗封严涂层.采用磨粒冲蚀试验研究了不同冲蚀角度、冲蚀时间、冲蚀颗粒尺寸和冲蚀速度对涂层抗冲蚀性能的影响,并用SEM观察冲蚀表面形貌.结果表明:在相同冲蚀条件下,Alsi-ployester涂层冲蚀率随冲蚀颗粒速度的增加而增加;涂层的冲蚀率受冲蚀角的影响,90°时的冲蚀率大于30°的;30°时涂层损失主要以刮削为主,90°时以凿削为主;涂层失重与冲蚀时间存在良好的线性关系;涂层冲蚀率随着冲蚀颗粒尺寸增加成波动变化,当颗粒尺寸为250μm时,冲蚀率达到最大.在实际工程应用中,Alsi-ployester涂层展示了良好的抗冲蚀性能.     

CrAlN抗冲蚀涂层制备及性能研究

为提高钛合金材料抗冲蚀性能,利用真空阴极电弧沉积技术在TC11钛合金上沉积CrAlN涂层,研究靶电流、偏压和气压对涂层结构及性能的影响。采用扫描电镜观察膜层表面和截面形貌,金相显微镜对表面的大颗粒进行定量分析;显微硬度计测量膜层的维氏显微硬度;采用喷砂试验机对涂层的抗冲蚀性能进行测试,通过三维表面轮廓仪测量涂层厚度和侵蚀坑的深度;X射线衍射仪表征涂层中的晶体结构。结果表明:靶电流从70A增大到110A,虽可提高涂层的沉积速率,但会导致涂层表面大颗粒增加,从而降低涂层的抗冲蚀性能;气压从1Pa增大至4Pa,可有效地减少涂层表面颗粒的尺寸及数量,但也会一定程度降低沉积速率及硬度;偏压对CrAlN涂层的结构及性能影响最大,偏压在-50V时涂层呈(200)择优取向,-100V涂层呈(111)择优取向,-200V时,涂层择优取向不明显;且随着偏压的增加,涂层的硬度及抗冲蚀性能增大,在高冲蚀角下,冲蚀的失效机理为脆性失效。结论:工艺参数中靶电流对表面质量的影响最大;涂层的生长取向与偏压密切相关;CrAlN涂层的表面质量及硬度直接影响其抗砂粒冲蚀性能,偏压对涂层抗冲蚀性能影响最大。最终优化的工艺参数为:靶电流90A、偏压-100V、气压4Pa。     

电子束物理气相沉积热障涂层抗冲蚀性能研究

本文采用真空电弧镀技术(AIP)在DZ408高温合金基体上沉积HY3(NiCrAlYSi)金属粘结层,采用电子束物理气相沉积技术(EB-PVD)在HY3粘结层上沉积YSZ陶瓷面层,研究了热障涂层的抗冲蚀性能。对于沉积热障涂层的试样进行了抗冲蚀试验,来评价其抗冲蚀性能,通过扫描电镜(SEM)分析冲蚀前后的试样显微形貌,用X-射线衍射仪分析涂层的相结构,通过质量冲蚀率对涂层抗冲蚀性能进行表征。试验结果表明在相同冲蚀条件下,TBC涂层冲蚀率随冲蚀时间的增加而增加;涂层经光饰处理后降低了TBC的表面粗糙度,提高了TBC的抗冲蚀能力。     

挟沙风作用下风力机叶片涂层冲蚀特性研究

内蒙古中西部地区高频出现沙尘暴活动,风力机叶片涂层长期被挟沙风冲蚀磨损,导致风力机叶片涂层出现冲蚀坑和裂纹,缩短风力机叶片寿命。针对这一问题,利用自制的挟沙风试验台,采用气流挟沙喷射法对以环氧玻璃纤维板为基底的风力机叶片涂层进行低角度加速冲蚀磨损试验,用失重测量法测定冲蚀磨损量与冲蚀速度的关系,用扫描电镜(SEM)观测分析涂层表面的冲蚀形貌来确定冲蚀机理,并提出涂层冲蚀磨损程度的评价计算公式。结果表明:涂层的冲蚀磨损量随着冲蚀速度的增大而增加;低角度冲蚀以微切削冲蚀磨损作用为主,材料的硬度起着决定性作用,高角度冲蚀主要以挤压变形冲蚀磨损为主,材料的韧性起决定性因素,由于聚氨酯涂层材料是塑性材料,其韧性高而硬度低,故在低冲蚀角下冲蚀磨损量大;验证了评价计算公式用于评价涂层冲蚀磨损程度的可靠性,为运行在风沙环境下的风力机叶片涂层的改进提供理论依据。     

常规和纳米陶瓷等离子喷涂层抗冲蚀性能的对比

纳米陶瓷具有高韧性和超塑性等独特的性能,用于制备涂层可极大地提高其耐冲蚀性能.以常规和纳米团聚体Al2O3-13%TiO2(质量分数)陶瓷粉末为原料,采用等离子喷涂工艺在TiAl合金表面制备了2种陶瓷涂层.比较了2种涂层的微观结构、结合强度和抗冲蚀性能,探讨了涂层的冲蚀破坏机理.结果表明:常规涂层呈典型的层状堆积特征,...     

液体高速冲蚀与防护涂层研究现状

本文面向在天然气、风力发电、火力发电等能源行业中所用设备广泛出现的气液两相流水滴型冲蚀难题,分别对其破坏机制、影响因素、涂层防护技术等方面进行了综述,列举了水滴冲蚀实验所用到的设备、行业标准以及冲蚀试验后的检测手段,并探讨了表面防护涂层的硬度、断裂韧性等物理性能以及涂层的厚度、结构、残余应力等特征对材料的抗水滴冲蚀性能和冲蚀机制的影响,通过相关研究的分析和探讨为抗水滴型冲蚀涂层防护设计提供参考.     

材料的冲蚀问题

本文分析讨论了近年来材料冲蚀研究进展,总结出只有当入射角度非常低或入射粒子粒径相当小时,脆性材料的冲蚀率才有可能比韧性材料的冲蚀率低;决定韧性材料抗冲蚀性能的关键因数并不是材料的硬度而是材料的弹性模量;热喷涂涂层的冲蚀显示出脆性材料的冲蚀特性。     

粘结相含量对超音速火焰喷涂Cr_3C_2-NiCr涂层冲蚀磨损的影响

采用不同粘结相含量的粉末,运用超音速火焰喷涂方法制备了Cr3C2-NiCr涂层。运用干砂冲蚀磨损试验机检测不同冲蚀角度下涂层的冲蚀磨损性能,研究粉末粘结剂含量对沉积涂层冲蚀磨损性能的影响。运用扫描电镜技术观察并分析Cr3C2-NiCr涂层冲蚀磨损失效行为。结果表明:粘结相含量不同的HVOF喷涂涂层均表现出脆性材料的冲蚀磨损特性,随冲蚀次数的增加失重量呈近似线性增加;粘结相在涂层中的分布形式影响涂层的抗冲蚀性能,但不改变冲蚀失效的主要机制。     

Estimation of Parameters of Universal Distribution of Moments of Failure of Products

A method is proposed for estimating the parameters of a mixture of exponential and Weibull distributions for which the accuracy of preliminary estimates obtained by graphical analysis is refined in accordance with the criterion of maximum likelihood. The efficiency of the proposed method is supported by the results of statistical modeling.     

Evaluation of optical properties of highly scattering media by moments of distributions of times of flight of photons

A novel method for the determination of the optical properties of tissue from time-domain measurements is presented. The data analysis is based on the evaluation of the first moment and the second centralized moment, i.e., the mean time of flight and the variance of the measured distribution of times of flight (DTOF) of photons injected by short (picosecond) laser pulses. Analytical expressions are derived for calculation of absorption and of reduced scattering coefficients from these moments by application of diffusion theory for infinite and semi-infinite homogeneous media. The proposed method was tested on experimental data obtained with phantoms, and results for absorption and reduced scattering coefficients obtained by the proposed method are compared with those obtained by fitting of the same data with analytical solutions of the diffusion equation. Furthermore, the accuracy of the moment analysis was investigated for a range of integration limits of the DTOF. The moment analysis may serve as a comparatively fast method for evaluating optical properties with sufficient accuracy and can be used, e.g., for on-line monitoring of optical properties of biological tissue.     

Analysis of the rate of propagation of the wave of change of boiling modes

An approximate analytical expression is derived for the velocity of the front of the wave of change of boiling modes on a rod and on a plate. The impact of the Thomson effect and of the heater orientation in the gravity field is included. Adequate agreement is demonstrated between the derived relations and experimental data.     

Estimation of potentialities of methods of summation of direct measurement errors

Conventional methods for summation of direct measurement errors are considered. Conditions under which these methods provide consistent results are stated. It is proposed to utilize for characteristic of the total error, its interval estimator or the half-sum of the value obtained by adding up its arithmetic and geometric random errors.Translated from Izmeritel'naya Tekhnika, No. 4, pp. 10–12, April, 1995.     

空压机轴承箱蜗壳温度探头油封改造

由于空压机进气侧轴承箱蜗壳温度探头密封效果不好,使空压机及其后续管道受到油污染。后将温度探头的O形圈密封改为骨架油封,杜绝了轴承箱漏油问题。文章简介空压机的结构和技术参数,详细介绍了骨架油封的制作和优点。     

Characteristics of mechanical properties of materials in studies of conditions of attainment of marginal states

It is shown that conditions of attainment of marginal states in the material of structural components are formulated on the basis of analysis of force and deformation criteria of formation and development of destruction. The parameters of these criteria are data on types of structural materials, standard and special characteristics of their mechanical properties, structural forms of considered elements of the equipment, and their operating stress loading. In this case, the construction of a system of state equations for describing interrelation of current damage, external actions, and responses to them is based on the concept of calculating variations in properties of materials at all stages of the design life cycle.     

Determination of parameters of microstructural inhomogeneity of deformation of metals by the method of modeling

The article suggests a method of evaluating the microstructural inhomogeneity of deformation of metals by modeling. The method includes the measurement of deformations of metal according to meshes of a dividing grid with small base and the calculation of the distribution parameters of microdeformations in model representation. It is shown that the modeling method makes it possible objectively to evaluate the microinhomogeneity of deformation of metals independently of the chosen mesh size of the dividing grid. New structural characteristics are introduced: the base and wave of variation expressing the degree of crumbling or amalgamation of metal grains by inhomogeneity of deformation.Translated from Problemy Prochnosti, No. 7, pp. 40–44, July, 1991.     

水三相点复现的不确定度评定

水三相点是开尔文热力学温度的唯一基准点，也是ITS-90国际温标重要的定义固定点。因此，水三相点不确定度分析对整个温标的建立、温度量值传递起着至关重要的作用。近3年来，中国计量科学研究院研制出一系列高质量的水三相点容器，加强了水三相点的研究，为不确定度的分析提供了更为可靠的实验依据。同时，不确定度的分析也是客观评价新研制容器性能的一个重要指标。因此，根据实验结果对新研制容器所复现的水三相点进行了不确定度评定。评定结果表明，其扩展不确定度为0．16mK(k=2．69，P=0．99)。