GH5188合金凝固过程动态原位观察研究

利用高温共聚焦激光扫描显微镜对GH5188合金在冷速为10～200℃/min条件下的凝固过程进行动态原位观察，并研究了冷速对GH5188合金凝固过程、凝固组织及析出相的影响。结果表明，GH5188合金的凝固过程为缓慢凝固-快速凝固-缓慢凝固过程，冷速越大，峰值凝固速度越大。冷速影响合金凝固温度，随着冷速的增加，凝固温度逐渐降低，冷速的增加使合金凝固后二次枝晶间距减小，析出相尺寸更均匀细小，有利于减少合金凝固过程的裂纹敏感性，获得了不同冷速下合金二次枝晶间距的预测公式。     

高铌TiAl合金的高温断裂韧性

利用紧凑拉伸试样通过预制疲劳裂纹研究近片层组织Ti-45Al-8Nb-0.2W-0.2B-0.1Y合金和全片层组织Ti-45Al-7Nb-0.2W-0.2Hf-0.3B-0.15C合金在750℃下的断裂韧性,并分析两种组织合金的断口形貌.结果表明,近片层组织和全片层组织高铌TiAl合金750℃时的断裂韧性分别为19.54和31.58 MPa·m1/2,且近片层组织疲劳裂纹开始萌生时的最大疲劳载荷明显低于全片层组织.断口分析表明近片层组织中裂纹主要在等轴γ晶中萌生,裂纹扩展方式包括沿γ晶、穿γ晶及沿片层、穿片层;全片层组织中裂纹主要在垂直于加载方向的片层间萌生,裂纹以沿片层与穿片层的混合方式进行扩展且伴有二次裂纹的萌生.      

M951合金的热疲劳行为

测试了3种镍基合金和1种定向钴基高温合金矩形缺口试样的热疲劳行为.试样缺口处萌生裂纹的扩展长度作为热循环次数的函数.实验结果表明新型镍基导向叶片材料M951合金的热疲劳裂纹萌生速率和裂纹扩展速率最低.M951合金的热疲劳裂纹主要沿晶内枝晶间扩展,主裂纹生长以裂纹尖端连续开裂的形式进行.     

二次带状组织对低合金非调质钢疲劳性能的影响

采用应力比为0.1的轴向拉伸疲劳试验分别研究了低合金钢DG20Mn和35CrMo钢的疲劳性能与带状组织的关系.结果表明:带状组织对试验材料的轴向拉伸性能没有明显影响,对35CrMo钢的轴向拉伸疲劳性能影响较小,但严重减弱DG20Mn钢的轴向疲劳性能.带状组织对疲劳性能的影响主要是由于在高的疲劳拉应力下,带状组织引发疲劳微裂纹、微空洞等疲劳损伤,导致疲劳裂纹萌生及扩展模式发生变化,从而影响疲劳性能.      

Al对热挤压模具钢 SDAH13连续冷却转变规律的影响

采用热膨胀仪测定Al质量分数分别为0.77%和1.43%以及无Al的热挤压模具钢SDAH13的连续冷却转变曲线,并结合光学显微镜、扫描电镜及显微硬度仪分析Al元素对SDAH13钢相变点、连续转变规律、组织以及硬度的影响.结果表明:Al元素显著提高SDAH13钢的Ac₁、Ac₃和Ms点,降低淬火残留奥氏体含量,同时扩大铁素体及奥氏体两相区.在1060℃奥氏体化温度下,Al元素对SDAH13钢贝氏体相变的临界冷速（0.30℃·s-1）无明显影响,但使贝氏体相区变宽,Al质量分数分别为0.77%和1.43%的SDAH13钢的珠光体相变的临界冷速（0.05℃·s-1和0.3℃·s-1）均高于无Al的SDAH13钢的临界冷速（0.02℃·s-1）,且Al质量分数为1.43%的SDAH13钢在0.02—0.08℃·s-1冷速下出现先共析铁素体组织.Al的加入还使SDAH13钢淬火硬度有所降低.      

连铸参数对高碳钢小方坯二次枝晶间距的影响

通过研究高碳钢小方坯连铸参数对铸坯二次枝晶臂间距的影响发现:采用结晶器电磁搅拌、加大二冷比水量,二次枝晶臂间距减小;过热度升高、拉速增大,二次枝晶臂间距增大.无M-EMS的铸坯接近中心的区域,仍然是枝晶臂发达的柱状晶组织;采用结晶器电磁搅拌,促使铸坯中心区域形成粒状等轴晶组织;随搅拌电流增大,二次枝晶间距明显减小.随二次枝晶臂间距增大,渗透率增加,造成铸坯中心碳偏析加重.     

7475-T7351铝合金抗疲劳性能研究

采用旋转弯曲疲劳试验、轴向加载疲劳试验、疲劳裂纹扩展速率试验等疲劳性能测试方法,研究了7475-T7351铝合金厚板的疲劳性能.并通过透射电镜(TEM)和扫描电镜(SEM)分析了该合金的显微组织和疲劳断口形貌.结果表明:7475-T7351铝合金具有良好的耐疲劳损伤性能,光滑试样(Kt=1)在室温旋转弯曲和高温轴向加载条件下的疲劳极限分别为180.0和345.0 MPa,缺口试样(Kt=2.2)在室温旋转弯曲加载条件下的疲劳极限为91.9 MPa;合金厚板材料在高温下缺口敏感性有所降低;国产材料裂纹扩展速率随应力比增加而增大,裂纹扩展门槛值减小;国产7475铝合金与进口材料在裂纹稳定扩展阶段裂纹扩展行为基本相当;在近门槛值附近不同应力比下的裂纹扩展门槛值略有差别.     

Haynes282耐热合金铸态组织及锻后析出相研究

Haynes282合金是700℃超超临界发电机组高温段转子和气缸等构件的首选材料。Haynes282合金铸件组织控制和锻件析出相调控,是相关产品生产工艺制定的难点。以Haynes282为研究对象,通过金相、SEM、EDS等方法,对Haynes282合金电渣重熔后的铸态组织以及锻造后的析出相特性进行系统表征。结果表明,Haynes282合金的枝晶尺寸对冷速非常敏感;电渣锭心部的二次枝晶臂间距要大于表层的,分别为72μm和56μm。枝晶臂和枝晶间元素Al、Cr、Co的偏析系数接近1,元素Mo和Ti的偏析系数较大,Ti的偏析系数超过了1. 7;铸锭心部的偏析比表层略大。经过1 150℃均匀化8 h的热处理和锻造,基本消除了合金中的元素偏析;锻后在晶界上断续分布的第二相主要为富Mo和Cr的M_(23)C_6。     

温度与应力比对6061铝合金疲劳裂纹扩展行为的影响

为了研究温度与应力比对航空铝合金疲劳裂纹扩展行为的影响,利用电液伺服疲劳试验机对6061铝合金材料开展了不同温度(室温、-70、150 ℃)、应力比(0.1、0.5)条件下的疲劳裂纹扩展速率试验,获得不同条件下的疲劳裂纹扩展速率曲线,揭示温度与应力比对疲劳裂纹扩展的影响规律。结果表明,在相同应力比下,室温与高温150 ℃下的疲劳裂纹扩展速率曲线(da/dN-ΔK)基本一致,低温-70 ℃下的疲劳门槛值与疲劳裂纹扩展速率明显提高,这表明低温环境下6061铝合金材料具有较高的抗疲劳裂纹扩展性能;在相同温度下,随着应力比的增大,疲劳门槛值降低,疲劳裂纹扩展速率升高。讨论了温度与应力比对疲劳裂纹扩展行为影响的可能原因。     

4Cr5MoSiV1热作模具钢700 ℃的低周疲劳行为

采用轴向应变幅控制的低周疲劳试验研究了总应变幅对4Cr5MoSiV1热作模具钢700 ℃低周疲劳行为的影响,包括循环应力响应行为、循环应力应变行为、循环迟滞回线和应变疲劳寿命行为等。结果表明:随着总应变幅从0.2%增大到0.6%,4Cr5MoSiV1钢在700 ℃时循环应力响应均表现为先循环硬化再循环软化的特性,并且应力幅最大值从220 MPa增大到308 MPa。同时,随着总应变幅的增大,4Cr5MoSiV1钢在700 ℃下的低周疲劳寿命由6750循环周次降低到210循环周次,且其过渡寿命约为1313循环周次。疲劳断口形貌分析结果显示,高温低周疲劳过程中裂纹主要萌生于试样表面处,且随着应变幅增大,裂纹源逐渐增多,疲劳条纹间距变宽,其断裂方式由韧性断裂转变为脆性断裂。透射电镜分析结果显示,循环软化可能与板条结构转变为胞状结构、基体发生位错湮灭、碳化物的析出和粗化有关。      

Variations of Microsegregation and Second Phase Fraction of Binary Mg-Al Alloys with Solidification Parameters

A systematic experimental investigation on microsegregation and second phase fraction of Mg-Al binary alloys (3, 6, and 9 wt pct Al) has been carried out over a wide range of cooling rates (0.05 to 700 K/s) by employing various casting techniques. In order to explain the experimental results, a solidification model that takes into account dendrite tip undercooling, eutectic undercooling, solute back diffusion, and secondary dendrite arm coarsening was also developed in dynamic linkage with an accurate thermodynamic database. From the experimental data and solidification model, it was found that the second phase fraction in the solidified microstructure is not determined only by cooling rate but varied independently with thermal gradient and solidification velocity. Lastly, the second phase fraction maps for Mg-Al alloys were calculated from the solidification model.     

37Mn5连铸圆坯中心等轴晶率预测

为控制油井管用连铸圆坯的质量,基于薄片移动法建立了连铸圆坯凝固传热数学模型,并应用Procast软件的CA—FE模块对37Mn5钢Ф150mm圆坯凝固组织进行了模拟。中心等轴晶率模拟结果与工业试验检测结果相一致,据此,建立了柱状晶-等轴晶转变判据。基于此判据的中心等轴晶率预测结果表明,降低过热度、提高拉速和降低二冷零段...     

Influence of Microstructures on Polarization Resistance and Hydrogen-Induced Cracking of a Micro-Alloyed Steel Submitted to Different Cooling Rates

The effect of different microstructures on the polarization resistance (Rp) and the hydrogen-induced cracking (HIC) of a micro-alloyed steel austenitized and submitted to different cooling rates was studied.Samples 19.1 x 6 x 2 mm,containing the whole thickness of the plate were extracted from a 20 mm plate and heat treated on a quenching dilatometer,were submitted to Rp and HIC corrosion tests.Both Rp and HIC tests followed as close as possible ASTM G59 and NACE standard TM0284-2003,in this case,modified only with regard to the size of the samples.Steel samples transformed from austenite by a slow cooling (cooling rate of 0.5℃.s-1) showed higher susceptibility to hydrogen-induced cracking,with large cracks in the middle of the sample propagating along segregation bands,corresponding to the centerline of the plate thickness.For cooling rates of 10℃.s-1,only small cracks were found in the matrix and micro cracks nucleated at non-metallic inclusions.For higher cooling rates (40℃.s-1) very few small cracks were detected,linked to non-metallic inclusions.This result suggests that structures formed by polygonal structures and segregation bands (were eutectoid microconstituents predominate) have higher susceptibility to HIC.Structures predominantly formed by acicular ferrite make it difficult to propagate the cracks among non-oriented and interlaced acicular ferrite crystals.Smaller segregation bands containing eutectoid products also help inhibit cracking and crack propagation;segregation bands can function as pipelines for hydrogen diffusion and offer a path of stress concentration for the propagation of cracks,frequently associated to non-metallic inclusions.Polarization resistance essays performed on the steel in theas received condition,prior to any heat treatment,showed larger differences between the regions of the plate,with a considerably lower Rp in the centerline.The austenitization heat treatments followed by cooling rates of 0.5 e 10℃.s-1 made more uniform the corrosion resistance along the thickne     

The influence of solidification morphology on the high-temperature mechanical properties of an 18–10CrNi steel

Cylindrical specimens of the grade X4CrNi18-10 (material no 1.4301) having diameters of 10, 15 and 20 mm were examined on a hot tensile testing unit after partial melting and cooling at different rates. Experiments were performed at temperatures between solidification and 1000°C. As a comparison non-melted specimens taken from a continuously cast slab were investigated. In the experiments in which specimens were partially melted the radially solidified area increases with enhancing cooling rate. At cooling rates ≥ 3 K/s it accounts for more than 80 % of the specimen cross-section. The secondary dendrite arm spacings λ₂ range between approx. 30 and 50 μm at these cooling rates. As the radially solidified area increases, strength at zero-toughness temperature decreases. At lower temperatures, on the other hand, the solidification morphology of these samples had no effect on the mechanical properties. Unlike the results achieved with partially melted specimens, with specimens taken from a continuously cast slab the solidification morphology was found to have a distinct effect. Between 1350 and 1100°C toughness is around 20 % points lower when tensile loading acts transversely to the direction of crystal growth in comparison with axial loading. On the contrary strength is slightly higher. These results show that when investigating the causes of fracture initiation and propagation during and after solidification, the solidification morphology is of prime concern.     

Microstructural effects on high-cycle fatigue-crack initiation in A356.2 casting alloy

The effects of various microconstituents on crack initiation and propagation in high-cycle fatigue (HCF) were investigated in an aluminum casting alloy (A356.2). Fatigue cracking was induced in both axial and bending loading conditions at strain/stress ratios of −1, 0.1, and 0.2. The secondary dendrite arm spacing (SDAS) and porosity (maximum size and density distribution) were quantified in the directionally solidified casting alloy. Using scanning electron microscopy, we observed that cracks initiate at near-surface porosity, at oxides, and within the eutectic microconstituents, depending on the SDAS. When the SDAS is greater than ∼ 25 to 28 μm, the fatigue cracks initiate from surface and subsurface porosity. When the SDAS is less than ∼ 25 to 28 μm, the fatigue cracks initiate from the interdendritic eutectic constituents, where the silicon particles are segregated. Fatigue cracks initiated at oxide inclusions whenever they were near the surface, regardless of the SDAS. The fatigue life of a specimen whose crack initiated at a large eutectic constituent was about equal to that when the crack initiated at a pore or oxide of comparable size.     

冷却速率对奥氏体不锈钢凝固过程影响的原位观察

通过采用激光共聚焦扫描显微镜对AISI304奥氏体不锈钢的凝固过程进行了原位动态观察研究.发现当冷却速率为0.05℃·s-1时,奥氏体不锈钢以胞状晶方式凝固,其凝固模式为FA模式,即δ铁素体相先从液相中形核并长大,γ相在1 448.9℃时通过与液相发生包晶反应(L+δ→γ)在δ铁素体相界形成,当温度降到1 431.3℃时液相消失,δ铁素体相通过固态相变转变为γ相,富Cr贫Ni的残留铁素体位于胞状晶之间.当冷却速率为3.0℃·s-1时,奥氏体不锈钢以枝晶方式生长,冷却到1346.4℃时包晶反应在液相与δ铁素体相界之间进行,其残留铁素体位于枝晶干,与冷却速率为0.05℃·s-1时相比,其残留铁素体的数量增多,残留铁素体富Cr贫Ni的程度减轻.      

锰对低碳耐候钢组织与强韧性的影响

在真空感应炉冶炼了2炉不同锰质量分数的低碳耐候钢,利用热模拟机和金相显微镜分析了其组织特征和相变规律,并通过室温拉伸、冲击实验且结合断口分析表征了实验钢的强韧性。热模拟实验表明,低碳高锰耐候钢组织在低冷速下（＜1 ℃/s)为铁素体＋少量珠光体,而在较大冷速内(1～10 ℃/s)为贝氏体＋铁素体复相特征,随冷却速度的增加则钢中贝氏体增多。分析轧态组织表明,2组实验耐候钢中主要组织均为等轴铁素体;增加钢中锰则其强度明显增大,虽塑性和冲击韧性有所降低,但仍可获得良好的强韧性组合。     

高强度含铜钢奥氏体连续冷却转变产物的强韧性

研究了高强度含铜钢HSLA80和HSLA100奥氏体连续冷却转变产物的强度和韧性随冷却速率的变化规律,探讨了连续冷却过程中形成的Cu沉淀的特征和熟化规律.在Gleeble3800热模拟试验机上进行0.1℃·s-1至20℃·s-1的连续冷却实验,利用扫描电镜和透射电镜分析了显微组织和Cu沉淀.结果表明,随冷却速率提高,HSLA80的连续冷却转变组织由多边形铁素体向块状铁素体和贝氏体转变,在冷速0.1~1℃·s-1范围内Cu发生沉淀,两者综合作用造成随冷却速率提高钢的硬度分阶段变化,而韧性逐渐提高;HSLA100的连续冷却转变组织以贝氏体为主,且不发生Cu的沉淀,随冷却速率提高钢的硬度基本保持不变,但韧性发生剧烈变化.连续冷却过程中形成的Cu沉淀在等温过程中的熟化符合Ostwald熟化规律,半径随时效时间t1/3变化.