液相沉积法制备氢氧化镁包覆碳微球复合阻燃材料

以碳微球(CMSs)、氢氧化钠和氯化镁为原料,采用液相沉积法制备了Mg(OH)_2/CMSs复合阻燃材料,通过场发射扫描电镜(SEM)和X射线衍射仪(XRD)分析了材料的微观形貌和结构;并结合Mg(OH)_2/CMSs复合阻燃材料与聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯(PET)共混制备Mg(OH)_2/CMSs/PET复合材料,通过数显氧指数测试仪分析其阻燃性能。结果表明,通过液相沉积法Mg(OH)_2包覆在CMSs表面,且包覆效果较好;Mg(OH)_2/CMSs复合阻燃材料燃烧时分解生成的氧化镁(MgO)、水和残余炭层,使得Mg(OH)_2/CMSs/PET复合材料的极限氧指数由PET的21.0%增加到27.5%,并具有优良的抑烟性和抗熔滴性,提高了PET材料的阻燃性能。     

水菱镁石-Mg(OH)_2协同聚乙烯阻燃复合材料的性能与分解行为

以水菱镁石(HM)和Mg(OH)_2为阻燃剂,利用双螺杆挤出机制备了一系列HM-Mg(OH)_2协同聚乙烯(PE)阻燃复合材料。采用垂直燃烧仪、极限氧指数仪、锥形量热仪和拉伸性能测试仪分别测试了HMMg(OH)_2协同PE阻燃复合材料的阻燃性能和拉伸性能,采用热重分析仪研究了HM-Mg(OH)_2协同PE阻燃复合材料的热分解行为。结果表明,HM与Mg(OH)_2以适当比例复配作为阻燃剂能在更宽的燃烧温度范围内发生分解,起到更好的阻燃效果,在极限氧指数和拉伸强度不变的前提下,HM-Mg(OH)_2协同PE阻燃复合材料的成本大幅下降。两种阻燃剂协同可以减少复合材料点燃初期的无效甚至负面分解,保留了HM分解产物对PE基体高温下分解的抑制作用,同时还可以在燃烧区域表面形成较为稳定和不易破坏的鳞片状保护层,加之复合阻燃剂总体更高的总分解释放率,多种因素共同作用,使复合材料的阻燃效果提高。当HM和Mg(OH)_2以质量比1∶2协同且用量达到复合材料总质量的60wt%时,HM-Mg(OH)_2协同PE阻燃复合材料的极限氧指数为28%,垂直燃烧级别达到UL-94V-0级,拉伸强度达到28.8 MPa。     

纳米Mg(OH)_2-微胶囊红磷/乙烯-乙酸乙烯酯共聚物阻燃复合材料的性能

以微米Mg(OH)_2(mMg(OH)_2)、纳米Mg(OH)_2(nMg(OH)_2)和微胶囊红磷(MRP)为无卤阻燃剂,乙烯-乙酸乙烯酯共聚物(EVA)为聚合物基体,通过熔融共混方法制备了一系列不同阻燃剂含量的Mg(OH)_2-MRP/EVA阻燃复合材料,采用极限氧指数、垂直燃烧、锥形量热分析、热分析、SEM、拉伸试验、流变学分析等方法研究了复合材料的阻燃、力学和加工性能。结果表明,Mg(OH)_2阻燃剂用量相同时,nMg(OH)_2/EVA复合材料的阻燃和抑烟性能比mMg(OH)_2/EVA复合材料更好,但当Mg(OH)_2用量小于60wt%时,nMg(OH)_2/EVA和mMg(OH)_2/EVA复合材料的垂直燃烧等级都达不到V-0级。Mg(OH)_2本身的阻燃效率较低,nMg(OH)_2和MRP对EVA有非常显著的协同阻燃作用,二者掺杂比例适当时可大幅度降低Mg(OH)_2的用量。与nMg(OH)_2/EVA复合材料相比,nMg(OH)_2-MRP/EVA复合材料燃烧时能够生成连续致密的炭层,覆盖在材料表面形成防火屏障,提高其阻燃性能。nMg(OH)_2的热分解反应对nMg(OH)_2-MRP/EVA复合材料的燃烧性能有极其重要的影响。当nMg(OH)_2热分解后再加入到MRP/EVA体系中时,nMg(OH)_2-MRP/EVA复合材料的阻燃和抑烟性能均急剧降低。当nMg(OH)_2∶MRP∶EVA的质量比为40∶10∶100时,nMg(OH)_2-MRP/EVA复合材料同时具有优异的阻燃性能、力学性能和加工性能,可满足实际应用的需要。     

改性氧化石墨烯/氢氧化镁/聚酰胺-6复合材料的制备和性能研究

采用γ-氨丙基三乙氧基硅烷(KH-550)改性处理氧化石墨烯(GO),添加改性后的GO,与聚酰胺-6(PA6)/氢氧化镁[Mg(OH)_2],成功制备了改性GO/PA6/Mg(OH)_2复合材料。通过红外光谱、热重分析、X-射线衍射、机械拉伸、锥形量热仪等技术手段对复合材料进行了分析和表征。结果表明,添加改性GO之后PA6/Mg(OH)_2复合材料的热分解速率大大降低,拉伸强度由32MPa提高至43MPa,在改性GO添加量为1%(wt,质量分数),Mg(OH)_2添加量为40%(wt,质量分数)条件下,制得的改性GO/Mg(OH)_2/PA6的极限氧指数达到28.5,具有较好的阻燃性能。     

密胺树脂包覆氢氧化镁及其阻燃硅橡胶的研究

通过采用原位聚合法以密胺树脂为囊材包覆于Mg(OH)_2表面,形成微胶囊化Mg(OH)_2阻燃剂,将阻燃剂以不同组分添加至硅橡胶中,并与纯硅橡胶试样进行对比测试。通过傅里叶红外测试、氧指数、拉伸、断面扫描对其进行测试,研究发现,傅里叶红外测试得到阻燃剂中含有密胺树脂,氧指数提高27%,随着阻燃剂的加入会使材料的拉伸强度下降,添加40份时断裂伸长率提高49%,对比硅橡胶中添加40份未经过改性的Mg(OH)_2样条,氧指数提高23%,拉伸强度提高16.3%,断裂伸长率提高21%,扫描电镜观察脆断断面可看出经过微胶囊化处理的阻燃剂具有更好的分散性和与基体的相容性。     

硼-氮阻燃剂与氢氧化镁协同阻燃环氧树脂

将硼-氮阻燃剂2,4,6-三(4-硼酸-2-噻吩)-1,3,5-三嗪(3TT-3BA)与Mg(OH)_2进行复配,然后将其添加到环氧树脂(EP)中,通过热重分析、锥形量热、极限氧指数、垂直燃烧等测试方法,研究了3TT-BA/Mg(OH)_2复配体系对EP的阻燃性能。研究发现,3TT-3BA与Mg(OH)_2具有协同阻燃作用,添加10%3TT-3BA/10%Mg(OH)_2到EP中,其极限氧指数达到了32.5%,垂直燃烧达到了UL94 V-0等级。同时,3TT-BA/Mg(OH)_2复配体系还能有效减小EP热释放速率、热释放总量和生烟总量。通过扫描电镜等手段探讨了3TT-BA/Mg(OH)_2复配体系的阻燃机理。     

碳纳米管包裹聚磷酸铵协同Mg(OH)2构筑乙烯-醋酸乙烯酯共聚物复合材料及其火安全性能

本文采用微胶囊法制备了具有多层次结构的碳纳米管包裹聚磷酸铵(APP@CNT)阻燃剂,在此基础上与Mg(OH)₂复配,采用纳米复合技术制备了火安全的电线电缆用阻燃乙烯-醋酸乙烯酯共聚物(EVA)复合材料(APP@CNT/EVA-Mg(OH)₂)。采用SEM、TGA、极限氧指数(LOI)、垂直燃烧(UL-94)、微型锥形量热仪(MCC),电子万能拉伸机和高阻计对阻燃EVA复合材料的结构与性能进行系统研究。结果表明,APP@CNT/EVA-Mg(OH)₂的残炭率从2.4%上升至43.9%,氧指数高达38%,垂直燃烧达到UL-94 V-0级,热释放峰值(PHRR)比纯EVA下降了57.85%,总热释放(THR)下降了57.80%,屈服强度提高了408%,复合材料体积电阻率仍高达3.9×10¹⁵Ω·cm。以上数据表明多层次结构APP@CNT协同Mg(OH)₂阻燃EVA复合材料(APP@CNT/EVA-Mg(OH)₂)具有良好的火安全性能。     

微胶囊Mg (OH)2的合成及其对乙烯-乙酸乙烯酯共聚物的阻燃作用

用原位聚合方法合成了以微米Mg（OH）₂粒子为芯材、交联聚脲为壁材的微胶囊Mg（OH）₂（M-Mg（OH）₂）阻燃剂,并把M-Mg（OH）₂加入到乙烯-乙酸乙烯酯共聚物（EVA）中,研究了M-Mg（OH）₂对EVA的阻燃作用。采用FTIR、SEM、热分析和酸滴定方法研究了M-Mg（OH）₂的性质,用极限氧指数（LOI）和垂直燃烧方法（UL-94）研究了M-Mg（OH）₂/EVA复合材料的阻燃性能以及酸腐蚀对M-Mg（OH）₂/EVA复合材料阻燃性能的影响。结果表明,采用原位聚合方法能够成功地在Mg（OH）₂粒子表面包覆交联聚脲壁材,得到M-Mg（OH）₂。与纯Mg（OH）₂相比,M-Mg（OH）₂的颗粒尺寸增大,热稳定性增加,在水中溶解度显著降低,在EVA基体中分散更加均匀。阻燃剂用量相同时,M-Mg（OH）₂/EVA复合材料的LOI总是比Mg（OH）₂/EVA复合材料的数值稍大。阻燃剂与EVA质量比小于135∶100时,两种复合材料的垂直燃烧级别均为V-2级,阻燃剂与EVA质量比在135∶100~150∶100之间时,前者的燃烧级别为V-0级,而后者只能达到V-2级,阻燃剂与EVA质量比超过150∶100时,两种复合材料都能达到V-0级。M-Mg（OH）₂/EVA复合材料的耐酸性比Mg（OH）₂/EVA大幅度提高,可以在酸性环境中使用。     

Mg(OH)2对苯并噁嗪环氧树脂复合材料阻燃性的影响

以Mg(OH)₂为无机阻燃剂,以苯并噁嗪(BZ)-环氧树脂(EP)为基体,通过热压成型制得Mg(OH)₂-玻纤布/BZ-EP层压板。通过垂直燃烧和极限氧指数测试层压板的阻燃性,分析了Mg(OH)₂粉体的用量、粒径及不同粒径粉体复合添加对复合材料阻燃性的影响,通过SEM对 Mg(OH)₂粉体在浸渍胶中的分散结构进行表征。研究发现: Mg(OH)₂粉体的粒径和用量对板材阻燃性有一定影响,不同粒径的粉体混合添加可以在复合材料中形成阻燃网络,达到最佳的阻燃效果,同时可以减小无机粒子对板材力学和电学性能的影响。当阻燃剂Mg(OH)₂用量为BZ-EP总质量的30wt%,粒径为2 μm的粉体(YX-105)和粒径为4 μm(YX-110)的粉体以质量比1:2复合添加时,所制层压板的极限氧指数为34%,垂直燃烧单个试样自熄时间最短为7.52 s,5个试样总自熄时间为49.81 s,达到UL-94V-0级标准。复合材料的弯曲强度为399.84 MPa,相对介电常数为3.848。     

硅丙乳液包覆Mg(OH)2核壳结构纳米粒子的制备与表征

为有效提高Mg(OH)_2纳米粒子在硅丙乳液中的相容性与分散稳定性,在油酸修饰Mg(OH)_2纳米粒子的基础上,以甲基丙烯酸甲酯、丙烯酸丁酯、丙烯酸与乙烯基三乙氧基硅烷为共聚单体,通过乳液聚合法制备出具有核壳结构的硅丙乳液包覆Mg(OH)_2复合材料。利用傅里叶变换红外光谱仪(FTIR)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)等测试手段对样品结构、形貌进行了表征。通过燃烧实验,研究了硅丙乳液包覆Mg(OH)_2纳米粒子对水性防火涂料阻燃性能的影响。结果表明,油酸通过酯化作用修饰在Mg(OH)_2纳米粒子表面,借助油酸分子中双键结构,丙烯酸类混合单体在纳米Mg(OH)_2表面完成聚合过程,形成以Mg(OH)_2纳米粒子为核、硅丙乳液为壳的复合材料。XRD与热分析表明经硅丙乳液包覆的纳米Mg(OH)_2晶体结构与热稳定性能未受影响。此外,掺杂0.1%(质量分数)的硅丙乳液包覆Mg(OH)_2可使水性防火涂料阻燃时间延长至113 min,较未掺杂水性涂料阻燃时间(91min)提高约23%。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

The Research of Anti-Wear Properties of Organomolybdenum Compounds in the Engine Oils

A four-ball tester was used to evaluate the anti-wear performance of three kinds of organomolybdemun compounds in the engine oils, i. e., molybdenum dialkyldithiophosphate (MoDDP), molybdenum dialkyldithiocarbamate ( MoDTC), and sulphur and phosphorus freeorganomolybdeum (Molybdate). The results indicate that a low concentration of MoDDP doesn' t improve the anti-wear properties of the commercial engine oils, but a high concentration of MoDDP can obviously improve the anti-wear properties and the load-carrying capacity of the engine oils. MoDTC doesn' t improve the antiwear properties of the engine oils, but worsens the anti-wear properties of the oils. Signifi can timprove ment of frictional and wear characteristics is obtained with Molybdate added in the commercial engine oils and the formulated oils.     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Synthesis of Alumina-Zirconia Nanocomposites by Solgel Process

Al₂O₃-ZrO₂ nanocomposites were developed starting with the solgel process. Composite alumina-zirconia nanopowders were synthesized from metallorganic precursors (Aluminium secondary butoxide and zirconium Iso propoxide) using the solgel process. The parameters affecting the synthesis—solvent, concentration of precursor, R/H ratio (i.e., dilution of water in solvent)—were varied as also the temperature and pH. BET and TEM were used to measure nanosize. Diffuse reflectance spectroscopy and also qualitative optical absorption led to identical particle size estimate. The variation of process parameters was used to study the effect and interdependence of process parameters. Artificial Neural Networks was used to rigorously analyze the process. Although this led to confirmation of interdependence of parameters, the presence of a single overwhelming solvent variable was also established. Then the optimal process was used to synthesize more nanopowder. To produce bulk nanocomposite the nanopowders were sintered by varying the temperature and time period. The sintered lithoids were probed with a vickers hardness tester to measure elastic modulus, hardness, and fracture toughness. The results showed high elastic modulus, modest hardness, and very high fracture toughness.     

Certification Becomes Important for the I Quality; and Safety Supervision of the Chinese Liquor Sector

The end of 2007, over 200 unit products of more than 80 Chinese firms have passed the quality grade certification for liquor products. These products involve distilled spirits, beer, wine, yellow wine, fruit syrup wine and others, and cover over 80% of the national top-branded liquor products.……     

Deposition and Coating Properties on CVD Tungsten

Surface characterization and microstructure studies are performed on chemical vapor deposited (CVD) tungsten coating. There is about 2 μm thickness diffusion layer of tungsten in the molybdenum substrate. The thermal shock test shows tungsten coating has good adhesion with molybdenum substrate, but the elements of oxygen and carbon in the tungsten coating have the bad affection to the adhesion. The result of high-temperature diffusion experiment is the diffusion rate from molybdenum substrate to tungsten coating is faster.