局部脆性区对直接淬火回火钢焊接热影响区断裂韧性的影响

通过焊接热模拟和厚板焊接接头ＣＴＯＤ断裂性能试验,研究了直接淬火回火钢焊接热影响区局部脆性区组织和性能及对厚板焊接接头断裂韧性的影响,结果表明,在γ＋α二相区的内再次加热的粗晶区（ＩＣＣＧＨＡＺ）具有最低冲击韧性值,是焊接接头中最薄弱环节,该区在原奥氏体晶界上分布着“项链”状,ＭＡ组元,引发多层焊热影响区脆断起裂,降低热影响区断裂韧性,局部脆性区韧性的高低和尺寸的大小是控制直接淬火回火钢多层焊热和     

焊后热处理对DH36钢焊接接头断裂韧性的影响

文中对DH36钢埋弧焊焊接接头进行了焊后热处理,并根据BS7448标准对焊缝和热影响区进行裂纹尖端张开位移CTOD测试,研究焊后热处理对断裂韧性的影响.结果表明,焊后热处理对焊缝断裂韧性的影响并不一定是好的效果,热处理后,焊缝δ值有的升高有的降低;焊后热处理对热影响区粗晶区的断裂韧性有不利影响,热处理后,热影响区粗晶区的δ值均有所下降.经过焊后热处理,90 mm厚焊缝试样的δ值略有下降,60mm厚焊缝试样的δ值明显升高;90mm厚热影响区试样的δ值明显下降,60mm厚热影响区试样的δ值略有下降.     

A model of heating a flux-cored wire in arc metallizing and analysis of the structure of the coating

Summary

This paper describes HAZ‐notched CTOD tests of multipass welds in SMYS = 420–460 MPa class high‐strength steels for offshore structural applications. The weld metal strength overmatch causes different fracture behaviour depending on the actual CGHAZ toughness. When the CGHAZ is completely embrittled, the weld metal strength overmatch leads to the lower bound critical CTOD value. This is due to elevation of the local stress in the CGHAZ caused by the restraint effect of the overmatched weld metal. The fracture surface is generally flat, and brittle fracture originates from the CGHAZ sampled by the fatigue crack front. A larger fraction of the CGHAZ along the crack front gives a smaller critical CTOD value. When the CGHAZ has moderate toughness, however, the weld metal strength overmatch may produce a higher critical CTOD value at brittle fracture initiation. This is due to crack growth path deviation towards the base metal. Plastic deformation preferentially accumulates to a greater extent on the softer base metal side before the critical stress conditions for brittle fracture initiation occur in the CGHAZ. This asymmetrical plastic deformation promotes deviation of ductile crack growth from the crack tip CGHAZ. In this case, the critical CTOD value does not always reflect the CGHAZ toughness itself.

A notch location nearer the weld metal sometimes causes fracture initiation in the weld metal if the fatigue crack tip samples the CGHAZ. Such experimental data do not reflect the real CGHAZ toughness.

The significance of the critical CTOD value obtained in the tests must be determined in the fracture toughness evaluation of the weld CGHAZ. This paper presents a procedure for evaluation of CTOD test results obtained for HAZ‐notched welds that considers the strength mismatch effect.     

Toughness evaluation of a shielded metal arc carbon-manganese steel welded joint subjected to multiple post weld heat treatment

This study was part of a program to investigate the influence of multiple post weld heat treatment (PWHT) on the fracture toughness and defect tolerance of a welded joint. The present work reports base metal data obtained for a quenched and tempered BS7191 Grade 450EM steel (0.10wt%C–1.08wt%Mn), weld metal data for a ferritic multipass weld obtained by shielded metal arc welding using an AWS E9018M type electrode, and heat affected zone (HAZ) data obtained using a modified bead on groove technique for different PWHT conditions. The effect of the repeated heat treatment cycles on the mechanical properties was evaluated by hardness tests and toughness testing assessed by Charpy V-notch and crack tip opening displacement (CTOD) techniques. The characterization of the microstructure was undertaken utilizing optical and electron microscopy. As fabrication codes for new equipment do not allow more than three PWHT cycles, the application of more cycles is only justifiable for old equipment when a fitness for purpose criterion is applied and these restrictions are not applicable. The results obtained are currently applied in repair work and revamps of pressure vessels and gas storage tanks.     

焊缝CTOD试验中的Pop-in效应及产生原因

依据BS7448标准对海洋平台结构埋弧焊焊缝进行了CTOD测试,并评定试验中出现的Pop-in效应,计算CTOD的有效值.结果表明,当出现Pop-in效应时,断裂韧度CTOD的有效值δPop比忽略Pop-in效应的CTOD值下降几倍到十几倍.研究发现Pop-in效应的产生是由于裂纹尖端出现局部脆化现象,如裂纹尖端局部出现夹渣缺陷、组织中出现沿晶网状析出物等;多层多道焊时其中一道焊缝出现粗大的侧板条铁素体和贝氏体,裂纹尖端恰好落在粗大脆性组织处且裂纹扩展方向与脆性组织生长方向一致时,易导致局部脆化产生Pop-in效应.     

Evaluation of cryogenic fracture toughness in SMA-welded 9% Ni steels through modified CTOD test

As the first step of the study for the safety performance of LNG storage tank based on the concept of fitness-for-purpose, the change of cryogenic toughness within the X-grooved weld HAZ (heat-affected zone) of SMA (shielded metal arc)-welded QLT (quenching, lamellarizing, and tempering)-processed 9% Ni steels, was investigated qualitatively and quantitatively. In general, CTOD (crack tip opening displacement) test is widely used to determine the fracture toughness of steel weldments. But there is no standard or draft for evaluating the toughness of thick weldment with X-groove such as in this case. Therefore, in this study, modified CTOD testing method for fatigue precracking. calculation of CTOD, examination of fractured specimen was proposed and used. And the results of modified test were compared with those of conventional CTOD test and Charpy V-notch impact test. In addition, the relationship between the fracture toughness and microstructure was analyzed by OM, SEM and XRD. The cryogenic toughness in HAZ decreased as the evaluated region approached the fusion line from base metal. The decrease in toughness was apparently caused by the reduction of the retained austenite content and the absence of grain refinement effect in the coarse-grained zone in HAZ. The austenite reduction resulted from the decrease in nucleation sites for α’γ reverse transformation due to the increase in fraction of coarse-grained zone within HAZ. More complex thermal cycles in the mixed zone of weld metal and base metal caused the poor stability of retained austenite in the zone by the redistribution of alloying element in retained austenite. Due to this reason, the toughness drop with decreasing test temperature in F.L. (fusion line)-F.L.+3 mm was larger than that in F.L.+5 mm and F.L.+7 mm.     

Determination of lower bound fracture toughness of a high strength low alloy steel welded joint

Abstract

The use of high strength low alloy steels for high performance structures (e.g. pressure vessels and pipelines) requires high strength consumables to produce an overmatched welded joint. This globally overmatched multipass welded joint contains two significantly different microstructures, as-welded and reheated. In this paper, the influence of weld metal microstructure on fracture behaviour is estimated in comparison with the fracture behaviour of composite microstructures (as-welded and reheated). The lower bound of fracture toughness for different microstructures was evaluated by using the modified Weibull distribution. The results, obtained using specimens with crack front through the thickness, indicated low fracture toughness, caused by strength mismatching interaction along the crack front. In the case of through thickness specimens, at least one local brittle microstructure is incorporated in the process zone at the vicinity of the crack tip. Hence, unstable fracture occurred with small, or without, stable crack propagation. Despite the fact that the differences between the impact toughness of a weld metal and the that of base metal are insignificant, the fracture toughness of a weld metal can be significantly lower.     

Evaluation of fracture behavior of the reheated weld zone in API 2W Gr. 50 steel weld metals

In this study the effect of martensite-austenite (M-A) constituents on the fracture behaviour of the reheated weld zone formed by subsequent weld passes in API 2W Gr. 50 steel welds was evaluated. For the weld thermal cycle simulation process with the Geeble thermal simulator, the actual single-pass weldment was used rather than the base metal. The reheated weld zone in the weld metal was categorized into four typical areas according to the peak temperature. The test results indicated that toughness is closely related to the fraction of the martensite-austenite constituents.In particular, the intercritical reheated weld zone with a high fraction of M-A as well as a coarse-grained reheated zone can be considered as local brittle zones of weld metal.     

焊后热处理对复杂结构件完整性的影响

通过考虑热处理前后δ_CTOD值和残余应力变化,研究了焊后热处理对复杂结构件完整性的影响. 对厚板(80 mm)对接接头进行了焊态和热处理态的残余应力测量和断裂韧性(CTOD)试验. 相对厚板对接接头焊态,热处理态的残余应力有效降低,焊缝δ_CTOD值基本不变,热影响区δ_CTOD值有较大幅度下降;对带拘束和装配应力复杂焊接结构进行局部热处理并测试焊态和热处理态的残余应力. 结果表明,残余应力降低不明显,有的部位残余应力水平反而上升. 基于以上试验结果,对多种情况进行结构完整性的评估,发现了局部热处理并不能够改善复杂结构的安全性.     

Effects of strength matching and crack depth on the fracture parameters for welded joints

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新型高强钢多层焊HAZ的组织计算

根据新型高强钢经受不同热循环后的组织变化规律，建立了新型高强钢多层焊焊接热影响区（HAZ）的数值计算模型。编制了其HAZ中局部脆性区（LBZ）尺寸及百分比的计算程序。作为结果验证，计算了WEL-TEN780A新型高强钢多层焊的HAZ中LBZ的百分比，计算值与实测 值吻合良好，其最大误差为6.69%，在此基础上，本文以影响LBZ的主要因素进行了讨论，计算结果表明，新型高强钢多层焊HAZ的薄弱环节位于距熔合线2～0.5mm处，焊接线能量对LBZ的影响具有一定的阶段性，但总的来说，大约20kJ/cm的线能量对于减少LBZ是有利的，预热也有利于减少LBZ，另外，降低特征温度T1和提高特征温度T3也有利于预防LBZ 。     

Fracture toughness of structural aluminium alloy thick plate joints by friction stir welding

Abstract

The fracture toughness in a friction stir welded joint of thick plates of structural aluminium alloy type A5083-O is investigated. A joint between two 25 mm thick plates is fabricated by one sided, one pass friction stir welding. The Charpy impact energy and critical crack tip opening displacement (CTOD) in the friction stir weld are much higher than those in the base metal or heat affected zone, whereas mechanical properties such as stress–strain curve and Vickers hardness are not conspicuously different. The effects of the microstructure on crack initiation and propagation are studied in order to clarify the difference in fracture toughness between the stir zone and base metal. The analyses of the fracture resistance curves and the diameters of dimples in the fracture surface after both tensile and bending tests show that the fine grained microstructure in the stir zone helps to increase ductile crack initiation and propagation resistance. It is found that the high fracture toughness value in the stir zone is affected by the fine grained microstructure in friction stir welds.     

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 分析了滚筒在筒皮和轮毂焊缝处断裂的原因,通过化学成分分析、硬度测试、显微组织观察、断口宏观观察和扫描电镜分析研究了断裂原因。结果表明：轮毂的化学成分符合国家标准,基体组织正常;筒皮中磷成分超过国家标准,基体的带状组织严重,达到了3级,在焊接热影响区形成魏氏组织,使焊缝的韧性急剧下降,焊接接头变脆,导致滚筒在焊缝处开裂。     

焊后热处理对拘束焊焊缝金属冲击韧性与断裂韧性的影响

针对DH36钢厚板拘束焊焊接接头进行了620 ℃ × 2 h的焊后热处理，测试了热处理前后焊缝金属的冲击韧性和断裂韧性，对比分析冲击韧性与断裂韧性的差异，同时研究了焊后热处理的影响及其韧化机制. 结果表明，焊态下焊缝金属的冲击韧性良好，而断裂韧性较差；焊后热处理后，冲击韧性没有明显变化，但断裂韧性显著上升，平均CTOD值由0.123 mm显著升高至0.707 mm. 一方面，焊后热处理引起位错密度降低，位错缠结显著减少，细小碳化物析出并球化，有利于韧性的改善；另一方面，焊后热处理可消除大厚板拘束焊产生的应变时效局部脆化现象，提高断裂韧性. 由于冲击韧性与断裂韧性测试结果存在较大差异，采用单一温度的冲击韧性评估拘束焊焊缝金属的韧性与结构安全性可能存在风险.     

980MPa高强钢焊接接头薄弱环节的确定

通过在低温下进行拉伸试验、冲击试验以及扫描电镜下的断口观察,对屈服强度为980 MPa新型高强钢的MAG和TIG焊接接头的性能和断裂机理进行了研究,并在此基础上确定焊接接头的薄弱环节,提出其薄弱环节对接头整体性能的影响规律.结果表明,这两种焊接方法焊缝金属的抗拉强度与母材相差不大,但其断面收缩率有所降低;焊缝金属尤其原...     

载荷方向对TC4钛合金激光焊缝疲劳性能的影响

针对不同载荷方向对TC4钛合金激光焊缝的疲劳性能的影响展开对比试验分析,对激光直、斜焊缝的疲劳寿命和疲劳断口进行了对比计算与分析.结果表明,直焊缝试件的疲劳寿命相比斜焊缝的分散性小,斜焊缝试件的中值疲劳寿命是直焊缝的1.98倍;直、斜焊缝试件疲劳裂纹均起始于显微硬度最低的热影响区表面,直焊试件裂纹在焊缝区扩展至断裂,疲劳裂纹扩展区有脆性解理特征,而斜焊试件裂纹穿过焊缝进入母材扩展至断裂,扩展区有典型韧性扩展特征;在瞬断区,斜焊缝试件比直焊缝表现出更好的韧性.     

Fatigue crack growth and fracture toughness properties of 304 stainless steel pipe for LNG transmission

The fatigue crack growth rate and fracture toughness tests of type 304 stainless steel were studied over a temperature range of −162°C to room temperature. Girth weld metal specimens were fabricated using a combination of gas-tungsten-arc-welding and shielded-metal-arc-welding. The seam weld metal was made with submerged arc welding. Fatigue crack growth rate tests were conducted using compact tension specimens in accordance with ASTM E647. Fracture toughness was evaluated through CTOD tests with three point bend specimens. The CTOD values were affected by crack orientation with respect to the rolling direction, but orientation had no influence on fatigue crack growth rates. The fatigue crack growth rates and the CTOD values decreased with decreasing test temperature.     

用KD286焊条堆焊修复后的钢轨的组织性能研究

本研究用KD286焊条进行了伤损钢轨的焊补实验，并进行了未上道运行焊补层和上道运行后的焊补层的组织性能对比研究。研究结果表明：在不预热条件下，用KD286焊补钢轨，焊缝组织为柱状奥氏体组织，熔合区和过热区不可避免地产生脆硬的马氏体组织，而且KD286焊补后的焊缝中的奥氏体组织在运行过程中，受列车轮对的冲击、碾压下将转变为脆硬的马氏体，这将降低焊补层的冲击韧性，加快焊补层的剥离。     

试样尺寸对SA508-3钢焊接接头断裂韧度的影响

针对大型核容器SA508-3钢焊接接头断裂韧度进行了研究.结果表明,在大试样条件下,母材、焊缝金属及热影响区的断裂韧度存在差异,焊缝金属的断裂韧度优于热影响区,母材的断裂韧度最低.试样几何尺寸直接影响裂纹尖端的应力状态,小试样时裂纹尖端处于平面应力状态,母材、焊缝金属及热影响区全部呈韧窝断裂,表现出良好的塑性;大试样时裂纹尖端处于平面应变状态,母材断口特征转变为准解理与解理混合断裂,热影响区为典型的准解理断裂,焊缝为韧窝断裂.