柴油机高效清洁燃料二甲醚（DME）的研究及其发展

对柴油机新型含氧清洁燃料DME的研究及其应用进行概括分析,阐明了柴油机燃用DME应解决的关键技术问题,从经济和环保的角度分析了DME作为发动机高效清洁燃料的可行性,指出了DME的研究发展方向及其广阔的应用前景。     

车用DME发动机的共轨燃油系

DME(二甲基醚)被认为是柴油的理想替代燃料。燃用该代用燃料的柴油机具有良好的性能和超低的有害排放水平。本文介绍的车用共轨燃油系的设计思路,对DME发动机燃油系统设计者提供了一些有益的参考。     

甲醇和二甲醚燃料在发动机中的应用现状

论述了我国发展甲醇和二甲醚燃料的必要性,并分析了甲醇和二甲醚(DME)作为发动机燃料的优势和不利因素,详细阐述了目前汽油机、柴油机和HCCI发动机燃用甲醇和二甲醚燃料的现状,指出了今后发动机代用燃料的发展方向。     

二甲醚发动机低压共轨燃料系统关键部件研究

针对二甲醚（DME）应用于柴油机易造成燃料供给系统严重磨损与泄漏的现状,基于二甲醚低压共轨燃料系统,对系统中的加压泵及喷油器等关键部件重新设计;介绍了DME新型加压装置——直列隔膜式燃料泵及DME新型喷射装置——独立润滑喷油器的结构及工作原理,并进行了相应的试验研究。进一步完善了二甲醚低压共轨燃料系统．为二甲醚发动机的深入研究奠定了基础。     

论DME燃烧与微量污染物生成机理研究

回顾了直喷式柴油机燃用清洁代用燃料二甲醚（DME）的燃烧与污染物生成机理的研究情况。结合DME高温热解、高温氧化以及低温自燃着火过程研究现状的讨论,着重阐述了DME发动机尾气中甲酸甲酯、蚁酸、甲醛等微量污染排放物的生成机理。论述了在DME燃烧中蚁酸与NOx之间的相互作用及其对低NOx排放的影响。     

DME/柴油混合燃料HCCI燃烧与排放特性的试验研究

在单缸柴油机上采用轴针式喷嘴进气道燃油喷射方式,开展了二甲醚(DME)/柴油混合燃料预混均质压燃(HCCI)燃烧及其排放特性的试验研究,探讨了喷油嘴启喷压力、进气温度以及进气掺混不同比例CO2对混合气制备率和发动机性能的影响.结果表明:低沸点液相DME在进气道喷射过程中所具有的闪急沸腾效应,可有效强化柴油/DME混合燃料的雾化与蒸发,减少燃油撞击壁面而出现的进气歧管壁湿现象,从而改善柴油HCCI发动机均质混合气的形成与燃烧,拓宽发动机的运行工况范围.进气掺混0~30%的CO2能使HCCI发动机的正常工作范围从0.32MPa提高到0.5MPa,实现高负荷工况下同时降低NOx和碳烟的排放,但CO和未燃HC排放有所增加.     

柴油机燃用二甲醚排放特性的研究

利用定容燃烧室和共轨式燃料喷射系统，对二甲醚(DME)燃料喷雾特性进行了试验研究．在单缸柴油机上，采用不同的喷孔直径、孔数、喷射率及涡流比时，对DME发动机排放性能进行了对比试验．结果表明，较少的喷孔数和较大的喷孔直径可以提高燃料喷雾的贯穿距离，抑制燃料的早期蒸发，有利于减少大负荷工况下CO、THC和NOx排放。     

二甲醚发动机燃料喷射系统研究现状及发展

介绍了近几年国内外在二甲醚(DME)柴油机代用燃料方面的研究进程,并重点介绍了现阶段一种较适合DME燃料的低压共轨喷射系统。     

发动机燃用柴油和二甲醚时颗粒排放对比研究

采用电子低压撞击仪(ELPI)和HORIBA MDLT-1302部分流稀释采样颗粒排放质量测量系统,研究了2102QB发动机分别燃用柴油和二甲醚(DME)时颗粒排放(PM)的粒径分布及质量排放特性。试验结果表明:发动机燃用柴油时,PM主要是粒径为0.05~0.30μm的积聚态粒子,而燃用DME时则主要为粒径在0.05μm以下的核模态粒子;柴油机PM的颗粒数浓度比燃用DME时高1~2个数量级;随着转速的增加,发动机燃用两种燃料时的PM的颗粒数浓度均增加,DME发动机的质量浓度也增加,但柴油机的质量浓度降低;柴油机排气颗粒数浓度和质量浓度随负荷增加均升高,尤其在高负荷段急剧增加。DME发动机排气颗粒质量浓度随着T_(tq)·exp(n/1000)值的增加而先增加后降低,呈现明显的单峰曲线,且各转速下峰值位置基本相同。除全速低负荷工况外,发动机在部分负荷工况下,燃用DME时PM质量浓度为燃用柴油时的0.44%~16.6%,全负荷工况下为0.44%~0.98%。     

压缩比、CO2和LPG对二甲醚燃料均质压燃燃烧的影响

在一台2-135柴油机上实现了纯DME的均质压燃(HCCI)燃烧方式.实验结果表明,DME的HCCI燃烧模式不但可以实现无烟燃烧,还可以有效控制发动机Nox排放,使其接近于零排放.在实验负荷范围内,CO排放随负荷增加而降低;HC的排放随负荷增大而减少.对DME的HCCI燃烧机理进行研究表明,由于纯DME十六烷值高导致的着火比较早(上止点前28°CA左右),使得发动机只能在中低负荷较小范围内运行.为了扩展发动机工况,控制HCCI着火,进一步通过调节实验发动机压缩比,以及在优化的压缩比下,在进气道加入气体CO2或者在DME中加入LPG降低燃料十六烷值的方法来改进和控制HCCI的燃烧.实验表明以上方法可以有效控制HCCI燃烧,拓宽HCCI发动机运转范围.     

降低直喷式柴油机NO_x排放的试验研究

未来柴油机要求更高的功率强度和更低的燃油消耗率．同时还必须满足更严格的排放法规。NOx排放是直喷式柴油机排放中最受关注的部分,且它的降低需要采用许多新技术。本文针对一台6缸涡轮增压直喷式柴油机的研制试验,介绍分析高压喷射系统、低涡流燃烧系统、涡轮增压器匹配优化等一些现有技术的效果和优劣,阐明了如何在简化结构、保持低成本的基础上改善缸内燃烧过程以降低NOx排放。     

用扩散及准均质混合气压燃的组合燃烧降低柴油机碳烟与NOx排放的研究

在柴油机的一部分工况采用现有的扩散燃烧方式，另一部分工况采用柴油引燃醇燃料均质混合气的组合燃烧方式，利用醇燃料的高汽化潜热和含氧的特性，达到同时降低柴油机碳烟及氮氧化物(NOχ)的目的，并且避免在小负荷燃烧醇燃料带来的高醛类排放问题。在一台4缸水冷直喷式发动机上采用上述组合燃烧法进行试验，从发动机进气管处喷进乙醇形成均质混合气，然后由柴油引燃。由电控装置控制乙醇喷入量及其喷入时刻。试验结果表明，与原机相比，碳烟和NOχ排放分别减少了50％和30％，同时燃料的消耗率也有大幅度降低。     

甲醇发动机排放特性的研究

以一台电控M85甲醇燃料发动机为研究对象,在发动机台架上,采用废气分析仪和气相色谱仪,分别研究了甲醇发动机的常规排放和非常规碳氢排放。研究表明:M85甲醇发动机可以实现很低的常规排放,在非常规碳氢排放方面,甲醛在总碳氢排放占有较大的比例,而甲醇的排放接近0。三效催化反应器对甲醛的净化率较低,并且存在随负荷增大,净化率降低的趋势。甲醇的净化率始终接近100％。     

非直喷式增压柴油机燃用生物柴油的性能与排放特性

研究了非直喷式增压柴油机燃用柴油一生物柴油混合燃料的性能和排放特性。未对原机作任何调整和改动，研究了不同生物柴油掺混比例的混合燃料对功率、油耗、烟度和NOx排放的影响。结果表明：非直喷式柴油机燃用生物柴油后柴油机功率略有下降，油耗有所上升，烟度大幅下降，NOx排放增加明显。油耗、烟度和NOx的变化均与生物柴油掺混比例呈线性关系，合适的生物柴油掺混比例即可以保持柴油机的性能，又可有效地降低碳烟排放，且不引起NOx排放的显著变化。对于该增压柴油机，掺混生物柴油对外特性下的排放影响最大，影响最小的为标定转速下的负荷特性。不论是全负荷还是部分负荷，燃用生物柴油时低速下的烟度降低和NOx上升幅度均比高速时大，而同转速下高负荷时烟度降低和NOx上升更为明显。     

Performance enhancement of ammonia-fueled engine by using dissociation catalyst for hydrogen generation

The effect of combustion of hydrogen generated by an ammonia dissociation catalyst on engine performance and exhaust emissions in a spark-ignition engine using ammonia-gasoline was investigated. An ammonia dissociation catalyst coated with 2% ruthenium on 3.175-mm alumina pellets were used in order to analyze the effect of the catalyst as an ammonia cracker to decompose ammonia into hydrogen and nitrogen. Results show that combustion of hydrogen generated by an ammonia dissociation catalyst resulted in improved engine performance and reduced exhaust emissions. The conversion rate of ammonia into hydrogen was affected by the flow rate of ammonia, and the catalyst was very effective at low to medium flow rates, resulting in significantly increased engine power and decreased fuel consumption. With the use of the catalyst, emissions of CO, HC, NH₃ and NOx were reduced considerably. Overall, it was demonstrated the ammonia dissociation catalyst can enable ammonia to be used as a hydrogen carrier for use in internal combustion engines effectively.     

Effect of hydroxy (HHO) gas addition on performance and exhaust emissions in compression ignition engines

In this study, hydroxy gas (HHO) was produced by the electrolysis process of different electrolytes (KOH_(aq), NaOH_(aq), NaCl_(aq)) with various electrode designs in a leak proof plexiglass reactor (hydrogen generator). Hydroxy gas was used as a supplementary fuel in a four cylinder, four stroke, compression ignition (CI) engine without any modification and without need for storage tanks. Its effects on exhaust emissions and engine performance characteristics were investigated. Experiments showed that constant HHO flow rate at low engine speeds (under the critical speed of 1750 rpm for this experimental study), turned advantages of HHO system into disadvantages for engine torque, carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbon (HC) emissions and specific fuel consumption (SFC). Investigations demonstrated that HHO flow rate had to be diminished in relation to engine speed below 1750 rpm due to the long opening time of intake manifolds at low speeds. This caused excessive volume occupation of hydroxy in cylinders which prevented correct air to be taken into the combustion chambers and consequently, decreased volumetric efficiency was inevitable. Decreased volumetric efficiency influenced combustion efficiency which had negative effects on engine torque and exhaust emissions. Therefore, a hydroxy electronic control unit (HECU) was designed and manufactured to decrease HHO flow rate by decreasing voltage and current automatically by programming the data logger to compensate disadvantages of HHO gas on SFC, engine torque and exhaust emissions under engine speed of 1750 rpm. The flow rate of HHO gas was measured by using various amounts of KOH, NaOH, NaCl (catalysts). These catalysts were added into the water to diminish hydrogen and oxygen bonds and NaOH was specified as the most appropriate catalyst. It was observed that if the molality of NaOH in solution exceeded 1% by mass, electrical current supplied from the battery increased dramatically due to the too much reduction of electrical resistance. HHO system addition to the engine without any modification resulted in increasing engine torque output by an average of 19.1%, reducing CO emissions by an average of 13.5%, HC emissions by an average of 5% and SFC by an average of 14%.     

Fundamental phenomena affecting low temperature combustion and HCCI engines,high load limits and strategies for extending these limits

Low temperature combustion (LTC) engines are an emerging engine technology that offers an alternative to spark-ignited and diesel engines. One type of LTC engine, the homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) engine, uses a well-mixed fuel–air charge like spark-ignited engines and relies on compression ignition like diesel engines. Similar to diesel engines, the use of high compression ratios and removal of the throttling valve in HCCI allow for high efficiency operation, thereby allowing lower CO₂ emissions per unit of work delivered by the engine. The use of a highly diluted well-mixed fuel–air charge allows for low emissions of nitrogen oxides, soot and particulate matters, and the use of oxidation catalysts can allow low emissions of unburned hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide. As a result, HCCI offers the ability to achieve high efficiencies comparable with diesel while also allowing clean emissions while using relatively inexpensive aftertreatment technologies.     

Theoretical study of the effects of engine parameters on performance and emissions of a pilot ignited natural gas diesel engine

With the increasing concern regarding diesel vehicle emissions and the rising cost of the liquid diesel fuel as well, more conventional diesel engines internationally are pursuing the option of converting to use natural gas as a supplement for the conventional diesel fuel (dual fuel natural gas/diesel engines). The most common natural gas/diesel operating mode is referred to as the pilot ignited natural gas diesel engine (PINGDE) where most of the engine power output is provided by the gaseous fuel while a pilot amount of the liquid diesel fuel injected near the end of the compression stroke is used only as an ignition source of the gaseous fuel–air mixture. The specific engine operating mode, in comparison with conventional diesel fuel operation, suffers from low brake engine efficiency and high carbon monoxide (CO) emissions. In order to be examined the effect of increased air inlet temperature combined with increased pilot fuel quantity on performance and exhaust emissions of a PINGD engine, a theoretical investigation has been conducted by applying a comprehensive two-zone phenomenological model on a high-speed, pilot ignited, natural gas diesel engine located at the authors' laboratory. The main objectives of the present work are to record the variation of the relative impact each one of the above mentioned parameters has on performance and exhaust emissions and also to reveal the advantages and disadvantages each one of the proposed method. It becomes more necessary at high engine load conditions where the simultaneous increase of the specific engine parameters may lead to undesirable results with nitric oxide emissions.     

直喷柴油机燃用二甲醚的试验研究

在直接喷射式柴油机上进行了燃用二甲醚的试验研究,对柱塞有效行程和柱塞直径、供油提前角、喷油压力、进气涡流比、喷嘴型式等燃烧系统主要参数对发动机功率和热效率的影响进行了研究,在燃料供给系统中增加燃油输送泵,消除了气阻,发动机可以在宽广的转速和负荷范围内稳定运行,发动机热效率比原机高３％ 。在优化燃烧系统参数的基础上对示功图和排放的测量及计算表明：二甲醚发动机最高爆发压力、最大压力升高率和 Ｎ Ｏｘ 排放均低于原机,烟度排放为０。试验结果显示了直喷式柴油机燃用二甲醚在降低排放方面的优越性能。     

直喷式柴油机燃用二甲基醚(DME)试验研究

介绍了在1100单缸直喷式柴油机上燃用DME的发动机试验研究结果。研究表明：通过增加循环供油量可使柴油机燃用DME后恢复到原机略低，同时缸内最大爆发压力降低，发动机碳烟排放为零，HC和CO排放比原机略高，NOx排放比原柴油机降低约50%以上，供油提前角减少，缺内最大爆发压力降低，NOx排放可进一步大幅度降低，但HC排放略有升高；加大喷孔直径，缸内爆发压力升高，NOx排放升高，HC和CO排放在中低负荷相差不大，但在大负荷工况有所升高。