胰蛋白酶水解对荞麦蛋白功能特性的影响

研究胰蛋白酶水解及热处理对荞麦蛋白功能特性的影响。结果表明：随水解度的增大,蛋白质溶解性增大,表面疏水度降低,乳化性及乳化稳定性升高,起泡能力及泡沫稳定性下降。热处理使荞麦蛋白溶解性上升,表面疏水度增大,乳化性及乳化稳定性下降,起泡能力上升,并且加热处理可抑制由于水解度下降导致的泡沫稳定性降低的趋势。     

荞麦麸皮蛋白的制备及功能特性研究

探究了荞麦麸皮蛋白的最佳制备工艺及功能特性差异。通过单因素实验对pH、温度、料液比和时间进行初步优化，并在此基础上采用响应面实验确定最佳工艺参数：pH为10,料液比为1∶10,时间为60 min,温度为40℃。进一步分析了温度和pH对苦荞麸皮蛋白和甜荞麸皮蛋白功能特性的影响。结果表明，随着温度升高，两种蛋白的溶解性及持水性均呈上升趋势，在60～80℃时，两种蛋白有较好的起泡性和乳化性，且稳定性良好。碱性环境(pH≥8)可提高两种蛋白质的溶解性、持水性、乳化性和乳化稳定性。与大豆分离蛋白相比，极酸(pH=2)或碱性(pH≥8)条件下，甜荞麸皮蛋白展现出良好的起泡性，而苦荞麸皮蛋白则展现出良好的泡沫稳定性。综上所述，适当热处理及碱性环境可改善荞麦麸皮蛋白的功能特性。     

加工工艺对荞麦蛋白功能特性的影响

探讨了加工工艺对荞麦蛋白(BWP)功能特性的影响。pH＜5．0和 pH＞6．0时,喷雾干燥制备的荞麦蛋白(SBWP)的溶解度高于商品大豆分离蛋白(SPI)(P＜0．05)。pH＜7．0时,超声协助提取荞麦蛋白(U- BWP)的溶解度较搅拌提取荞麦蛋白(M-BWP)和脱脂、超声协助提取荞麦蛋白(DU-BWP)好；pH＞7．0时,结果相反。总体来说,BWP 持油能力较 SPI 强,且冷冻干燥制备的荞麦蛋白(F-BWP)的持水、持油能力强于 S-BWP (P＜0．05)。BWP 的乳化活性与其溶解度呈正相关。pH 4．0～5．0时,BWP 的乳化活性指数(EAI)最小而乳化稳定性(ES)最高。脱脂处理明显提高了 BWP 的 EAI 和 ES。     

荞麦及荞麦食品研究进展

介绍了荞麦蛋白、荞麦淀粉及荞麦食品的研究现状。荞麦的营养价值和药用价值都很高,荞麦蛋白中80％清蛋白和球蛋白,并有较高的持水性、乳化性、起泡性和咀嚼性。荞麦食品的开发包括面条、面包、饼干等。     

荞麦蛋白研究进展

荞麦具有较高的营养价值和药用价值。荞麦蛋白是荞麦中的主要生物活性成分,它具有特殊的结构、生理功能以及加工功能特性,在食品加工中有着广泛的应用前景。本文就荞麦中蛋白质的含量、蛋白质的结构组成、蛋白质的质量、蛋白质的生理功能、蛋白质的加工功能特性以及营养特性进行了论述,以期推动我国荞麦研究的进一步发展,加快我国荞麦资源的开发利用。     

谷氨酰胺转氨酶介导的荞麦蛋白-花生蛋白交联及其功能特性研究

该文以谷氨酰胺转氨酶（TGase）为交联酶制剂,对荞麦蛋白与花生蛋白进行交联,通过单因素试验对两种蛋白的比例、总蛋白质浓度、TG酶添加量、交联温度、交联时间和pH进行了参数优化,并研究了最佳交联工艺条件下制备得到的交联产物的功能特性。结果表明,荞麦蛋白与花生蛋白的质量比1:1 (g:g)、总蛋白浓度4%、加酶量1.25%、反应温度40℃、反应时间120 min、pH 8.0时的交联反应效果最佳,交联度为63.1%。功能特性测定结果表明,与未交联的蛋白质相比,交联后的蛋白质的持水性、持油性和乳化稳定性有所提高,但乳化性、起泡性和起泡稳定性降低;在pH 3~12范围,交联蛋白质的溶解度逐渐升高,尤其在pI 4.0处,溶解度提高最为显著。     

荞麦抗消化蛋白的营养特性

介绍了一种抗消化蛋白-荞麦蛋白的营养特性以及生理功能研究进展。“抗消化蛋白”是最近提出的一个新概念，类似于抗消化淀粉，最近研究表明荞麦蛋白具有类似膳食纤维的功效，还具有独特的促进机体肌肉增长以及降低体脂效果。     

棉籽蛋白功能特性的研究

考察了棉籽浓缩蛋白、沉淀蛋白和溶解蛋白3种棉籽蛋白的氮溶指数、吸水性、吸油性、起泡性与泡沫稳定性、乳化性与乳化稳定性等功能特性。结果表明,棉籽溶解蛋白的乳化性和起泡性较佳;棉籽浓缩蛋白和沉淀蛋白,除吸油、吸水能力强之外,其他的功能特性均较差。在吸水性方面,棉籽蛋白的吸水性要低于菜籽沉淀蛋白,但高于大豆沉淀蛋白。在吸油性方面,棉籽蛋白均低于菜籽蛋白和大豆蛋白。     

桃仁清蛋白与大豆分离蛋白功能特性比较研究

为提高桃仁清蛋白(PKA)在食品工业中的应用,将其与大豆分离蛋白(SPI)对照,研究了PKA的溶解性、持水性、持油性、起泡性及泡沫稳定性、乳化性及乳化稳定性和凝胶性等功能特性.结果表明:与SPI相比,PKA具有很好的溶解性、泡沫稳定性、乳化稳定性及较低的凝胶质量浓度,持油性略高于SPI,但起泡性、乳化性及持水性较差;PKA溶解性受溶解条件影响较小.PKA具有良好的功能性质,适合作为食品添加剂或配料.     

荞麦分离蛋白-葡聚糖共价复合物的制备

以荞麦蛋白为原料,在大分子拥挤条件下,采用湿法制备荞麦蛋白-葡聚糖共价复合物。选择60℃和70℃为反应温度,研究了不同反应条件对共价复合物溶解性、乳化性的影响,并通过游离氨基以及褐变程度来控制反应进程。结果表明,荞麦蛋白与葡聚糖在70℃反应6 h后,其乳化性得到明显改善。SDS-PAGE电泳(考马斯亮蓝染色和糖蛋白染色)验证了共价复合物的生成。DSC分析结果表明共价复合后荞麦蛋白的热稳定性得到提高。荧光光谱表明共价复合物的蛋白质极性降低,疏水性增强。     

高静水压和热处理对荞麦蛋白功能性质的影响

高静水压（high hydrostatic pressure,HHP）处理技术作为一种新型的非热食品加工技术,在食品加工中具有对食物营养和感官品质破坏较小等多种优势。本实验通过HHP处理与传统热处理法（heat treatment,HT）处理荞麦蛋白（buckwheat protein,BWP）,并测定BWP溶解性、起泡性和乳化性等性质,此外通过BWP羰基含量、巯基含量和表面疏水性测定以及傅里叶变换红外光谱分析,研究不同加工处理方式对BWP功能性质的影响。结果表明：随着HHP处理压力的增加,BWP的羰基含量、表面疏水性显著升高（P＜0.05）,而巯基含量显著降低（P＜0.05）;在500 MPa、30 min时,BWP乳化性、起泡性均达到最大值（67.3 m2/g和91.5%）,较空白对照组（未经HHP处理）分别提高33.0%、16.1%,较HT处理组分别提高61.5%、52.8%。傅里叶变换红外光谱结果表明,HHP处理后BWP的α-螺旋和β-折叠相对含量减少,β-转角和无规卷曲相对含量增加。经相关性分析发现,BWP的溶解性、乳化性、起泡性、羰基含量与巯基含量之间均存在相关性。其中,BWP的乳化性与起泡性、表面疏水性呈极显著正相关（P＜0.01）,并且与巯基含量呈极显著负相关（P＜0.01）。综上,HHP处理可以改变BWP的功能性质。可为进一步研究BWP在功能食品的应用提供理论和实验依据。     

Preparation of tartary buckwheat protein product and its improving effect on cholesterol metabolism in rats and mice fed cholesterol-enriched diet

ABSTRACT:  Tartary buckwheat protein product (TBP) was prepared from buckwheat flour by alkali extraction and isoelectric precipitation. The protein content of TBP was 45.8%, and its amino acid composition of TBP was similar to that of common buckwheat protein product (BWP). SDS-PAGE analysis showed that the protein profile of TBP was partially different from that of BWP. TBP contained more quercetin (1710 mg/100 g) than BWP (5.4 mg/100 g), while there was a small difference in the contents of rutin between them. In experiment 1, the consumption of BWP and TBP at 20% net protein level for 13 d caused 32% and 25% reductions in serum cholesterol of rats fed cholesterol, respectively, when compared to the consumption of casein ( P < 0.05). The reduction of serum cholesterol by BWP and TBP was associated with enhanced excretion of fecal neutral sterols. In experiment 2, the consumption of BWP and TBP for 27 d caused 62% and 43% reductions in the lithogenic index in mice fed cholesterol, respectively ( P < 0.05). The reduction in lithogenic index was associated with enhanced excretion of fecal bile acids. Taken together, these results suggest a potential source of TBP as a functional food ingredient as well as BWP.     

苦杏仁蛋白的功能特性

采用稀盐溶液浸提及等电点盐析相结合的方法提取制备苦杏仁蛋白,研究pH值、NaCl浓度、蛋白质量浓度和温度等因素对苦杏仁蛋白功能特性(溶解性、持水性、吸油性、乳化性及乳化稳定性、起泡性及起泡稳定性)的影响。结果表明：在等电点pI附近时,苦杏仁蛋白的溶解性、持水性、乳化性及乳化稳定性、起泡性最差;在较低NaCl浓度范围内(0～0.8mol/L)提高NaCl浓度可促进蛋白溶解性、乳化性及乳化稳定性、起泡性及起泡稳定性的提高,而较高的NaCl浓度对蛋白功能特性提高具有抑制作用;当蛋白质量浓度达到一定水平时(3～4g/100mL),蛋白功能特性(乳化性及乳化稳定性、起泡性及起泡稳定性)提高趋于平缓;在适宜的温度范围内,提高温度可有效提高苦杏仁蛋白各项功能特性,但当温度继续上升,各项功能特性持续降低。     

Comparative studies on the functional properties of various protein concentrate preparations of peanut protein

The effect of different preparations on the functional properties of peanut protein concentrates was studied. Peanut protein concentrates were isolated from defatted peanut flour by isoelectric precipitation, alcohol precipitation, isoelectric precipitation combined with alcohol precipitation, alkali solution with isoelectric precipitation and their functional properties (protein solubility, water holding/oil binding capacity, emulsifying capacity and stability, foaming capacity and rheology) were evaluated. The results showed that the protein solubility, foaming capacity and stability of protein prepared by alkali solution with isoelectric precipitation were the best of all the peanut protein products. But the protein prepared by alcohol precipitation had better water holding/oil binding capacity, which was significantly different from other protein products. The emulsifying stability of protein concentrate prepared by different methods was significantly lower than that of defatted protein flour. The protein prepared by isoelectric precipitation and isoelectric precipitation combined with alcohol precipitation had better gel properties which indicated that they were a potential food ingredient.     

Functional properties of protein hydrolysates from pea (Pisum sativum,L) seeds

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of partial enzymatic hydrolysis on functional properties of two different pea protein isolates obtained from two pea genotypes, Maja and L1. Papain and commercial protease (Streptomyces griseus protease) were used for protein modification. Solubility, emulsifying and foaming properties were estimated at four different pH values (3.0, 5.0, 7.0 and 8.0). Papain increased solubility of L1 pea protein isolate at pH 3.0, 5.0 and 8.0, emulsifying properties and foaming capacity at all pH values. Otherwise, papain increased solubility of Maja pea protein isolate only at pH 8.0. This pea protein isolate modified with both enzymes formed emulsions with improved stability at lower pH (3.0, 5.0). The commercial protease‐prepared pea protein isolates showed generally low solubility and different emulsifying and foaming properties. Proper selection of enzyme, conditions of hydrolysis and genotypes could result in production of pea protein isolates with desirable functional properties.     

加工工艺对荞麦蛋白热性质和体外模拟消化过程的影响

本实验研究了加工工艺对荞麦蛋白(BWP)的热性质和体外模拟消化过程的影响。荞麦蛋白有两个变性温度,在80℃和102℃附近,分别对应8S和13S球蛋白的变性。脂肪的存在对荞麦蛋白的变性温度影响不大,但会降低其热焓。在模拟的胃蛋白酶消化过程中,BWP的氮释放量较大豆分离蛋白(SPI)先高后低;而在胰蛋白酶消化过程中,BWP的氮释放量较SPI高。这与其蛋白组成以及SPI中存在活性较高的胰蛋白酶抑制剂有关。荞麦蛋白的球蛋白(13S和8S)易被降解(胃蛋白酶消化阶段),而2S清蛋白的降解主要集中在胰蛋白酶消化阶段。经脱脂处理、超声协助提取的荞麦蛋白(DFU-BWP)和搅拌提取的荞麦蛋白(FM-BWP)的氮释放量在整个胃蛋白酶消化过程中类似,均明显高于超声提取的荞麦蛋白(FU-BWP)(p<0.05),说明胃蛋白酶对BWP的降解过程与其脂肪含量以及加工工艺有关。     

Functional properties of 8S globulin fractions from 15 mung bean (Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek) cultivars

The functional properties including solubility, water absorption capacity, oil absorption capacity, foaming properties and emulsifying properties of 8S globulin fractions from 15 mung bean cultivars were investigated in this study. In addition, the effects of pH on solubility, foaming properties and emulsifying properties were studied. The functional properties of the 8S globulin fractions varied significantly among the different mung bean varieties and exhibited better performance in solubility and emulsion stability compared with soya bean 7S protein. A negative correlation was found between water absorption capacity and oil absorption capacity. Remarkable differences in polypeptides constituents were observed in 8S globulin fractions, and the ratio of 11S/8S globulins has a positive effect on water absorption capacity while a negative effect on oil absorption capacity. As a function of pH, the emulsifying activity indexes of the 8S globulin fractions were found to be distinctly dependent on the solubility, while no significant correlation was found between the emulsifying stability and solubility, nor between the foaming properties and solubility. The foaming capacity showed a strong correlation with foam stability.     

Functional properties of raw and heat processed cashew nut (Anacardium occidentale, L.) kernel protein isolates

The functional properties viz. solubility, water and oil absorption, emulsifying and foaming capacities of the protein isolates prepared from raw and heat processed cashew nut kernels were evaluated. Protein solubility vs. pH profile showed the isoelectric point at pH 5 for both isolates. The isolate prepared from raw cashew nuts showed superior solubility at and above isoelectric point pH. The water and oil absorption capacities of the proteins were slightly improved by heat treatment of cashew nut kernels. The emulsifying capacity of the isolates showed solubility dependent behavior and was better for raw cashew nut protein isolate at pH 5 and above. However, heat treated cashew nut protein isolate presented better foaming capacity at pH 7 and 8 but both isolates showed extremely low foam stability as compared to that of egg albumin.