油藏注烃气混相驱非稳态驱替特征机理研究

应用标定多相流态的无因次量组及高密度网格消除数值弥散技术,采用数值模拟方法研究了针对矿场规模的注气驱替中非均质程度、倾角数对非稳态驱替动态的影响.结果表明:由于油气重力分异和粘性指进双重作用,非均质变异系数值越大,混相驱扫的厚度越少,气体突破时剖面驱扫效率越小;倾角数越大,由重力分异作用影响非稳态驱替效率越明显.当注入气体积倍数较小时,倾角数越大重力混相驱油效果越明显;当注入气体倍数较大时,倾角数小于25时倾角数越大采出程度越高,倾角数大于25时倾角数越大采出程度反而有所降低.     

丘陵油田水驱后注气混相驱可行性实验

吐哈盆地丘陵油田地层油为轻质油,油藏的非均质性导致水驱采收率较低,目前已进入高含水期。针对油藏水驱后注气混相驱可行性问题,首先利用细管实验测试了一级分离器气与地层油的混相压力,并优选了能实现混相的混相助剂类型（液化石油气、甲苯、乙二醇丁醚、CO2、富化的天然气）及段塞注入量;其次用油田地层岩心组成的长岩心研究了高含水状态下混相助剂段塞驱+一级分离器气驱+后续水驱的驱油效果。细管实验结果表明,目前地层条件下一级分离器气驱替地层油要实现混相驱需要在注入气前方加入混相助剂段塞。长岩心混相驱油实验结果表明,水驱后气驱可以较大幅度地提高原油采收率,在注入气前方加入混相助剂段塞,驱油效果明显提高,随混相助剂段塞注入量的增加采收率增加;但在地层油中溶解能力稍弱的混相助剂（如CO2、富化的天然气）与溶解能 力强的混相助剂（如LPG）的作用规律不同,且并不是注入量越大越好。     

沙一下油藏CO2混相驱替提高采收率的研究

以沙一下区块油藏为对象,研究了CO2混相驱技术可行性及提高采收率,通过PVT实验和细管模拟实验,确定了油藏原油的最小混相压力为18.41 MPa,原油采收率达90.01%。实验结果表明,注气驱达到混相压力后,注入压力对驱油效率影响不大,而在混相压力以下的近混相区,注入压力对驱油效率影响非常大。通过长岩心驱替模拟实验,对比了水驱和CO2驱替效率,结果表明CO2混相驱提高采收率达40.8%。     

重力影响注气驱油效率的实验研究

混相驱替中垂向驱扫效率主要受重力和渗透层非均质性的影响，如何确定稳定驱替速度，发挥重力对倾斜油藏注气驱的有利作用，是目前注气驱评价研究中需要解决的重要问题之一。针对非均质较严重、中高渗透水驱后期WX油藏，应用国外先进仪器，开展重力影响注气驱油效率的实验研究，得到的结果表明：倾斜油藏中重力对注气驱油效率的影响作用比预测的要大得多，在注气驱评价研究及油藏工程设计中是不可忽视的影响因素之一，应加强对重力效应的评价研究。     

高含水油藏注气驱提高采收率技术研究

针对高含水中后期油藏以及注水困难的水敏油藏难以实现高效开发与持续稳产的问题,通过PVT釜高压物性实验与长细管驱替实验进行了注富气与CO_2驱提高采收率室内评价研究。实验对原油进行了PVT高压物性分析,研究了注入不同摩尔分数比例的CO_2和富气时,原油饱和压力、降黏效果和膨胀能力的变化规律,并对比分析采用连续注气与交替注气下,高含水油藏的驱油效果。长细管实验对比分析了注CO_2和富气在原油中的最小混相压力及混相驱替效率,CO_2在原油中的最小混相压力为14.27 MPa,富气在原油中的混相压力为34.74 MPa。对原油物性与驱油效率的分析表明,注富气可以较好地提高轻质油藏原油的采收率。与水驱相比,采用连续注气与交替注入,富气驱均可以提高采收率28%以上,且交替注入的效果更好。     

低渗透油藏二氧化碳混相驱超前注气实验研究 ——以吉林油田黑79区块为例

为了进一步提高低渗透油藏采收率,进行了二氧化碳混相驱超前注气可行性实验研究。以吉林油田黑79区块为例,利用细管实验确定二氧化碳驱的最小混相压力,通过长岩心物理模拟实验研究低渗透油藏超前注气室内驱油效果,并与相同地层条件下水驱和同步注气的驱油效果进行了对比分析。结果表明,二氧化碳混相驱超前注气、同步注气和水驱的最终采收率分别为77.03%,73.09%和56.47%。二氧化碳混相驱超前注气最终采收率最高,原因是超前注气能够在开采前就使地层压力升高、地层能量增加,并且提前注入的气体与原油接触混相,可降低原油粘度、增加原油流度。     

涠洲12-1油田注气重力辅助稳定驱替机理研究

涠12-1油田涠四段油藏注采井网不完善,并且在钻完井过程中由于储层受到严重污染,注水较晚,最终导致涠四段油藏地层压力下降,开发效果不好。为改善该油藏开发效果,试图进行注气开发,为确定油藏注气开发的效果,结合油藏的地质油藏特点,综合运用带倾角的长岩心注气重力稳定驱、带倾角的注采井组二维均质剖面模型、层状剖面模型以及韵律剖面模型,并采用注气驱机理数值模拟的方法对注气驱替机理进行了研究。模拟结果表明,涠洲12-1油田中块涠四段注气非混相驱油的主要机理为重力分异辅助作用,储层非均质性、油气毛管压力和注入气黏度变化对注气驱油的采收率影响较小。采油速度不超过5%,注气近混相驱可以形成比较稳定的下倾气驱油界面,且比注水开发将提高采收率10个百分点以上。     

注气压力对气驱驱油效率影响的实验研究

通过多组细管实验,研究塔里木油田某区块原油在模拟地层温度108℃下注气压力对气驱驱油效率的影响,分析了不同注入压力下气驱驱油效率和气体突破的影响。实验结果证实：随着注气压力、注气体积增加,气驱驱油效率增加且增幅较大,表明提高注气压力可以显著提高驱油效率;且CO2与原油间最小混相压力为35．1MPa。注气压力越大,气体与原油混相程度越高,气驱越接近活塞式驱替,气体突破时间越长。     

注气辅助重力泄油开发油藏采收率预测方法

注气辅助重力泄油已成为油藏提高采收率的最新开发方式,可解决常规连续注气和水气交替注入体积波及系数低的主要问题,大幅度提高最终采收率,然而还未有相对应有效的采收率预测方法。通过对注气辅助重力泄油开发机理研究,利用量纲分析方法,对毛管数、邦德数及重力数进行分析,评价其对采收率影响的相对作用,然后通过考虑储层润湿性、油气密度差与粘度比,重新修正重力数和重力泄油数,利用实验及现场数据,确定其与采收率的关系,最后建立了注气辅助重力泄油开发油藏采收率预测方法。非混相驱替时,重力泄油数与采收率具有很好的相关性,修正重力泄油数与采收率的相关性更好;混相驱替时,重力泄油数与采收率的相关性差一些,但修正重力泄油数与采收率的相关性较好。实例应用表明,经过修正的采收率预测方法计算的结果更接近实际采收率。     

压力对二氧化碳驱油效果影响的实验研究

为研究CO_2注入压力对驱油效果的影响规律,在模拟大庆扶杨油层及恒定注采压差条件下,利用细管法进行CO_2驱油实验。研究结果表明:扶杨油层原油与CO_2的最小混相压力为22.5 MPa,注气压力越高,CO_2突破时注气量及采收率、累计采收率、生产气油比及注入能力越大;达到混相驱后,注气压力对CO_2驱油效果影响非常小,但生产气油比明显高于非混相驱。因此,CO_2非混相驱油时,为取得好的驱油效果,应尽可能提高注入压力;混相驱油时,提高注气压力对增加采收率效果不大。CO_2突破后不宜继续进行CO_2驱,应改用其他的开采方式。该项研究在相同注采压差条件下注入压力对驱油效果影响方面取得了突破。     

Predicting the Method of Oil Recovery in the Gas-assisted Gravity Drainage Process

Gas-assisted gravity drainage (GAGD), solving the problem of low volume sweep coefficient for continuous gas injection (CGI) or water-alternating-gas injection (WAG) and increasing the ultimate recovery to a great extent, is a latest method for enhancing oil recovery. However, no effective predicting methods of oil recovery for GAGD exists. The oil recovery is determined by a set of parameters, such as heterogeneity of the formation, wettability, oil and gas density, oil and gas viscosity, viscous force, capillary force, gravity, gas injection rate, and other controllable parameters. Based on the research of producing mechanism of GAGD and dimensional analysis method, the authors analyzed four dimensionless varies, capillary number, bond number, gravity number, and gravity drainage number, and evaluated its influence on oil recovery. Considering the effect of wettability, viscosity ratio, and the difference between oil density and gas density, gravity number and gravity drainage number are modified. Relationship of gravity drainage number with recovery is re-established by experiments and case data. Finally a new predicting method of oil recovery for GAGD is set up. Application shows that this method is far more suitable for GAGD and its predictive result is more reasonable.     

Relationship Between Wetting Properties and Macroscale Hydrodynamics During Forced Gravity Drainage and Secondary Waterflood

Abstract

In order to relate the wetting properties at the pore scale to the macroscale prevailing forces, a series of experiments was performed in vertical porous media under forced gas invasion at various wettability conditions with partially spreading oil. To describe the dynamics of oil recovery in a three-phase flow condition, the downward gas flood experiments were continued by water injection from the bottom. Experimental results obtained in situations where the magnitudes of viscous, capillary, and gravity forces are comparable. We study the transition from flow configurations where the interface is stable with respect to viscous instability to flow configurations where viscous fingering occurs. The results also have been analyzed using a dimensionless number.     

国外CO2驱流度控制进一步扩大波及体积方法

CO₂驱油是一种有效的提高采收率方法,矿场成功应用已有60多年。理论上微观驱油效率接近100%,但相对原油,CO₂的低黏度低密度与储层的非均质性导致的黏性指进和重力分离两大典型问题大大降低了气体波及系数。本文综述了国外各种流度控制方法,包括气水交替、聚合物直接稠化CO₂、CO₂泡沫驱、气-化学剂联合方法及气体辅助重力泄油,简要介绍了CO₂驱扩大波及体积的其他方法,分析了每种方法的机理及优缺点,力图为我国CO₂驱油进一步扩大波及体积这一难题积累先进做法和经验。     

文72沙三中注天然气驱油藏数值模拟

针对文72沙三中油藏的特点，进行了注天然气驱油藏数值模拟。利用长岩心驱替实验模拟．对地层流体参数进行了校正；通过油藏数值模拟显示．注富化气可以降低原油的混相压力；应用数值模拟技术．对不同的层位、注入量、注入时间和注入方式进行了混相驱和非混相驱研究；数模结果证实．天然气驱能提高采收率15．98%。     

On the importance of gravity and three-phase flow in gas displacement processes

This review paper examines the roles of gravity and capillary forces in determining the efficiency of oil recovery by gas displacement. Gas injection in either miscible or immiscible forms can be designed to achieve attractive additional oil recovery, following water injection, or in combination with water injection (WAG). Factors influencing the selection of three-phase flow correlations and the advantages to be derived by using gravity to benefit the displacement are discussed. The use of nearly miscible displacement with gravity assistance can have attractions which provide opportunities for optimal selection of enrichment and water/gas ratios. Uncertainties associated with modeling the effects of heterogeneities are indicated, and some results given on the benefits of gravity for gas displacement in reservoirs with vertical fractures. Some future research needs are summarized.     

孤东油田九区稠油油藏化学蒸汽驱提高采收率技术

稠油油藏在经历了蒸汽吞吐和蒸汽驱开发后,随着注蒸汽井吞吐次数和开采时间的增加,产量递减快、汽窜严重等现象成为开发中后期面临的共性问题,同时也严重制约了该类油藏采收率的大幅提高。化学蒸汽驱在注入蒸汽或热水的同时,加入泡沫体系,利用泡沫体系"堵水不堵油"和"堵低更堵高"的特点,改变注入介质的流动方向,抑制蒸汽超覆和汽窜,补充地层能量,可达到提高稠油油藏采收率和经济效益的目的。根据数值模拟研究和开发实际,设计了孤东油田九区化学蒸汽驱注采参数:泡沫驱后平均注汽速度为3.9 t/h,采注比为1.3,泡沫剂质量分数为0.5%,段塞长度为氮气与泡沫剂段塞注30 d停60 d,在整个过程中蒸汽连续注入。研究结果表明,与未调整的老井相比,调整后泡沫辅助蒸汽驱可生产11 a,新增产能为1.15×10~4t,提高采收率为14.63%。     

裂缝性底水潜山油藏注气数值模拟研究

碳酸盐岩存在裂缝发育,先期水驱时,裂缝的高导流能力致使注入水充满了大部分裂缝,高含水与高效开发产生了深刻的矛盾。注气能够保持地层压力,波及效率较水驱高。为评价CO2的驱油效果,用正五点法单元井网,应用数值模拟软件,对华北任丘裂缝性底水潜山油藏CO2驱注气参数进行优化,主要包括段塞大小优化、注气速度优化、气水交替中的小段...     

考虑弥散的混溶驱替模拟

弥散是混溶驱替过程中一种重要的传质方式,在一定程度上决定着体积波及效率,然而很多混溶驱替模拟过程均未考虑弥散的影响。为此,根据随机建模方法来构建体中心网络模型,利用Kirchoff定律和有限差分方法对模型压力场和浓度场进行耦合求解,开展混溶驱的动态网络模拟,分析孔隙结构特征参数与流体流动参数对混溶驱的影响。结果表明：与不考虑弥散的混溶驱相比,考虑弥散的混溶驱体积波及效率更高,驱替流体突破时间更晚,前缘突破时的采出程度更高;对于考虑弥散的混溶驱,孔隙非均质性越强（或孔隙连通性越低或黏度比越大或驱替流量越大）,黏性指进现象越明显,体积波及效率越低,前缘突破时间越早,采出程度越低;前缘突破时的采出程度与孔隙非均质性（或孔隙连通性）呈线性关系,与黏度比（或驱替流量）呈乘幂关系。该研究成果对于弄清溶质运移规律和提高驱替流体的体积波及效率具有重要意义。     

Variation of Crude Oil Physical Properties and Oil Recovery of Natural Gas Flood Under Different Pressures

For the gas flood process, crude oil physical properties including oil volume and viscosity would be greatly changed resulting from gas solution and extraction. First, solubility of natural gas in oil and brine was measured and compared. Meanwhile, the resulting oil expansion and viscosity reduction were experimentally tested. Second, oil viscosity increase due to extraction was studied by extraction experiments. Finally, oil recovery of natural gas and propane-enriched natural gas flood was studied under different pressures. Results show that solubility of natural gas in oil is dozens of times of that in brine. Variation of crude oil physical properties during natural gas injection mainly includes the remarkable volume expansion and viscosity reduction caused by gas dissolution into oil, and the oil volume shrinkage and viscosity increase caused by extraction are not so significant. The oil recovery of natural gas flood grows linearly with increased injection pressure and gas solubility in oil, but is still less than 90% even at 55 MPa, which indicates immiscible flood at 55 MPa. Addition of propane to natural gas is proved to be helpful for enhancing oil recovery and achieving miscibility.     

聚合物驱提高采收率实验研究

长期注水开发加剧了油藏非均质性,形成优势流场,随着油田聚合物驱的扩大,聚合物沿高渗透条带窜流导致油井提前见聚,降低了驱油效率。通过并联岩心实验模拟高含水后期油田聚合物驱油,实验结果表明,不同渗透率级差下,岩心采收率提高程度不同,随着级差的增加,聚合物驱最终采收率降低,相同级差与注入速度条件下,岩心的采收率与聚合物的浓度密切相关,后续水驱过程中低渗透岩心的采收率大幅度提高,但高渗透岩心最终采收率均高于低渗透岩心。