前驱体凝胶法制备SrxBa1-xNb2O6铁电薄膜的研究

以羟基羧酸作为配位剂与金属离子配位,以乙二醇为交联剂促进聚合反应并以碳酸盐为反应原料,采用前躯体凝胶法在水溶液中制备铌酸锶钡(SrxBa1-xNb2O6,SBN)前驱体溶胶.将此溶胶在预热的Si/SiO2/Ti/Pt基片上旋转涂膜得到了平整均匀的SBN铁电薄膜.研究了pH值、乙二醇(EG)/柠檬酸(CA)(质量比)、热处理温度对SBN凝胶相组成、相结构以及SBN薄膜形貌的影响规律.结果表明当pH≥7且EG:CA=60:40时,可以获得稳定性良好的溶胶.对SBN薄膜热处理和红外光谱分析表明:随温度升高,SBN相衍射峰逐渐增强,晶型转变明显.同时COO-基团也逐渐消失,Sr-O、Ba-O和Nb-O峰显著增强.在800℃时,可得到单一钨青铜相的铌酸锶钡;SBN薄膜的SEM微观组织表明在750℃退火条件下可以获得晶粒为纳米级的表面均匀、无裂纹的SBN薄膜.     

聚合物前驱体法制备铌酸钾锂粉体的研究

采用聚合物前驱体法制备了KLN纳米陶瓷粉体。研究了不同pH值、不同柠檬酸与金属离子物质的量比（CA：M^n＋）以及不同退火温度对K-Li-Nb溶胶稳定性以及粉体组成的影响。实验结果表明：K-Li-Nb凝胶热分解过程分为3个阶段，KLN的生成温度在590～620℃左右：当柠檬酸与金属离子物质的量比（CA：M^n＋）为3：l，前驱体溶液pH值控制在6～10内可以得到均匀透明的溶胶。pH=10的前驱体凝胶在850℃下煅烧后得到较纯的KLN纳米陶瓷粉体。     

用溶胶-凝胶法制备纳米锶铁氧体粉

以硝酸锶和硝酸铁无机盐为前驱体配制非化学计量比溶胶,采用柠檬酸溶胶-凝胶法制备纳米级锶铁氧体(SrFe12O19).用X-射线衍射仪(XRD)、振动样品磁强计(VSM)、场发射扫描电镜(FESEM)对锶铁氧体粉进行表征,研究了锶铁氧体的生长过程和反应过程的机理以及锶铁氧体的磁性能随着温度的变化.结果表明:采用"两步法"对凝胶进行热处理减少了非磁性物质的形成,降低了获得单相锶铁氧体的温度.锶铁氧体在600～700℃开始形成,在900℃获得单一组成的锶铁氧体,在800℃焙烧的锶铁氧体其矫顽力出现最大值Hc=454.16 kA/m,比饱和磁化强度σs=55.91 A·m2/kg.     

溶胶-凝胶法制备Co_4Nb_2O_9超细粉体

采用溶胶-凝胶工艺,以硝酸钴、五氧化二铌为原料,柠檬酸为络合剂,乙二醇为酯化剂成功制备Co_4Nb_2O_9前驱体凝胶,煅烧后直接获得其超细粉体。利用X射线衍射(XRD)技术、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和能谱(EDS)分析等测试手段表征Co_4Nb_2O_9晶体的结构、表观形貌及化学组成。结果表明:前驱体凝胶在900℃煅烧条件下可以获得物相单一、结晶性能良好,颗粒尺寸介于亚微米级范围Co4Nb2O9粉体。     

Ba3.75Nd9.5Ti18O54的液相法合成

以柠檬酸为络合剂,乙二醇为酯化剂,利用液相混合法合成了Ba3.75Nd9.5Ti18O54陶瓷粉末.研究了不同的CA/M值(柠檬酸与金属离子总浓度的摩尔比)对粉末的结晶特性的影响,利用DTA,TGA和XRD等技术分析了前驱体和得到的氧化物的特性.当CA/M=2时,将前驱体在900℃预烧3h可直接得到结晶良好的Ba3.75Nd9.5Ti18O54粉末.     

溶胶-凝胶法合成锂离子筛前驱体LiMn2O4的研究

用溶胶 凝胶法、以柠檬酸和乙二醇作为聚合反应的单体合成了正尖晶石结构LiMn2 O4的前驱体 ,研究了反应物摩尔比、pH值及焙烧温度对材料性能的影响 ,并通过XRD、IR和SEM等方法研究了柠檬酸螯合法合成正尖晶石结构LiMn2 O4 的溶胶 凝胶过程 ,探讨了反应机理。研究表明白 ,在Li/Mn摩尔比为 0 6、pH值为 3 0及焙烧温度为 6 0 0℃时 ,合成的正尖晶石结构LiMn2 O4 的前驱体具有较好的晶粒结构 ,其一次粒子直径大多在 1 0 0nm以内。     

Sol-gel法制备铈酸钡纳米粉末

以硝酸钡和硝酸铈为原料,以硝酸铵为助燃剂,以柠檬酸和乙二胺四乙酸为螯合剂,采用溶胶-凝胶法制备BaCeO3纳米粉末.通过TG-DTA和XRD分析前驱体在升温过程中的物相变化,通过SEM研究样品形貌.结果表明,煅烧温度和时间对铈酸钡单相的形成有重要影响;溶液的pH值和硝酸铵浓度对产物样品粒径尺寸和分散度有一定的影响.     

M型钡铁氧体制备的工艺优选

M型钡铁氧体(BaFe12O19)具有原料便宜、化学稳定性优异、矫顽力和磁能积较高、单轴磁晶各向异性以及化学稳定性优异等优点,因而被广泛用作微波毫米波段材料、微波吸收材料和高密度垂直磁记录介质等.研究了溶胶-凝胶法和自蔓延法相结合制备M型钡铁氧体(BaFe12O19)粉末过程中,起始溶液的组成、前驱体溶液pH值、烧结温度和表面活性剂等因素对产物性能的影响.用X射线衍射仪(XRD)、扫描电镜(sEM)和振动样品磁强计(VSM)对粉末的结构、形貌以及磁性能进行了表征.结果表明:前躯体溶液pH值为7.0,柠檬酸与金属离子摩尔比为2:1,自蔓延燃烧后的粉体在烧结温度1 180℃煅烧,能够形成单一、均匀的M型钡铁氧体.所制备的M型钡铁氧体的最佳磁性:饱和磁化强度(Ms)64.53 emu/g,剩余磁化强度(Mr)28.21 emu/g,矫顽力(Hc)2.696 kOe.     

pH值对溶胶凝胶-燃烧合成纳米晶LaMnO_3粉末的影响

以硝酸镧、硝酸锰和柠檬酸为原料,采用溶胶凝胶燃烧合成技术制备了超细LaMnO3粉末。借助XRD、DTA、SEM、FT-IR等分析仪器研究了溶胶凝胶-燃烧合成技术合成超细LaMnO3粉末的过程,着重讨论了前驱体溶液不同pH值对溶胶凝胶燃烧合成过程及合成产物的影响。结果发现,采用溶胶凝胶燃烧合成技术能合成纳米晶的LaMnO3粉末,随前驱体溶液pH值增加,燃烧反应速率增加,合成粉体的平均晶粒尺寸随pH值增加而减小。通过控制前驱体溶液pH值能一步合成超细LaMnO3颗粒(粒径200nm)。     

铌酸锶钡薄膜制备及椭偏光谱研究

用溶胶-凝胶法成功地制备出了退火温度分别为500、600、700、800、900℃的铌酸锶钡(SBN)薄膜;对制备出SBN薄膜分别进行了椭偏光谱测量研究,得到了不同退火SBN薄膜椭偏光谱参数曲线;并对测得的椭偏光谱进行了数值反演计算,得到了不同退火温度的SBN薄膜的光学常数谱.结果发现SBN薄膜的折射率和消光系数都随着退火温度的增高而增大.     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

The Research of Anti-Wear Properties of Organomolybdenum Compounds in the Engine Oils

A four-ball tester was used to evaluate the anti-wear performance of three kinds of organomolybdemun compounds in the engine oils, i. e., molybdenum dialkyldithiophosphate (MoDDP), molybdenum dialkyldithiocarbamate ( MoDTC), and sulphur and phosphorus freeorganomolybdeum (Molybdate). The results indicate that a low concentration of MoDDP doesn' t improve the anti-wear properties of the commercial engine oils, but a high concentration of MoDDP can obviously improve the anti-wear properties and the load-carrying capacity of the engine oils. MoDTC doesn' t improve the antiwear properties of the engine oils, but worsens the anti-wear properties of the oils. Signifi can timprove ment of frictional and wear characteristics is obtained with Molybdate added in the commercial engine oils and the formulated oils.     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Synthesis of Alumina-Zirconia Nanocomposites by Solgel Process

Al₂O₃-ZrO₂ nanocomposites were developed starting with the solgel process. Composite alumina-zirconia nanopowders were synthesized from metallorganic precursors (Aluminium secondary butoxide and zirconium Iso propoxide) using the solgel process. The parameters affecting the synthesis—solvent, concentration of precursor, R/H ratio (i.e., dilution of water in solvent)—were varied as also the temperature and pH. BET and TEM were used to measure nanosize. Diffuse reflectance spectroscopy and also qualitative optical absorption led to identical particle size estimate. The variation of process parameters was used to study the effect and interdependence of process parameters. Artificial Neural Networks was used to rigorously analyze the process. Although this led to confirmation of interdependence of parameters, the presence of a single overwhelming solvent variable was also established. Then the optimal process was used to synthesize more nanopowder. To produce bulk nanocomposite the nanopowders were sintered by varying the temperature and time period. The sintered lithoids were probed with a vickers hardness tester to measure elastic modulus, hardness, and fracture toughness. The results showed high elastic modulus, modest hardness, and very high fracture toughness.     

Certification Becomes Important for the I Quality; and Safety Supervision of the Chinese Liquor Sector

The end of 2007, over 200 unit products of more than 80 Chinese firms have passed the quality grade certification for liquor products. These products involve distilled spirits, beer, wine, yellow wine, fruit syrup wine and others, and cover over 80% of the national top-branded liquor products.……     

Deposition and Coating Properties on CVD Tungsten

Surface characterization and microstructure studies are performed on chemical vapor deposited (CVD) tungsten coating. There is about 2 μm thickness diffusion layer of tungsten in the molybdenum substrate. The thermal shock test shows tungsten coating has good adhesion with molybdenum substrate, but the elements of oxygen and carbon in the tungsten coating have the bad affection to the adhesion. The result of high-temperature diffusion experiment is the diffusion rate from molybdenum substrate to tungsten coating is faster.