湿泠贮藏对冬枣软化水解酶活性影响的研究

软化是冬枣贮藏中存在的主要问题之一，研究了湿冷贮藏对冬枣不溶性果胶含量和果胶甲酯酶(PME)活性、可溶性果胶含量和多聚半乳糖醛酸酶(PG)活性、纤维素含量和纤维素酶(Cx-cellulases)活性、淀粉含量和淀粉酶活性的影响。结果表明：湿冷贮藏可以延缓冬枣不溶性果胶含量、淀粉含量、PG活性的下降速度，降低可溶性果胶含量、PME活性、Cx-eellulases活性、淀粉酶活性的上升速度，而纤维素含量则表现为先慢后快的增长规律。     

超声波协同钙浸渍对冬枣品质特性的影响

探究超声波协同钙浸渍处理对采后冬枣品质特性[硬度、可溶性固形物(soluble solids content,SSC)、可滴定酸(titratable acid,TA)、失重率]、果胶含量[水溶性果胶(water soluble pectin,WSP)、螯合性果胶(chelating soluble pectin,CSP)、碱溶性果胶(sodium carbonate-soluble pectin,SSP)]及酶活性[多聚半乳糖醛酸酶(polygalacturonic acid,PG)、果胶甲酯酶(pectin methylesterase,PME)]。结果表明,超声波协同钙浸渍处理能够显著抑制冬枣果实冷藏过程中硬度、SSC和TA含量的降低,减小果实失重率并抑制PG和PME的酶活性,提高采后冬枣贮藏期间品质特性,并延缓其果实细胞壁多糖的降解,可作为采后冬枣保鲜的有效手段。     

外源草酸对采后‘蜂糖李’果实软化和细胞壁降解的影响

为探讨外源草酸处理对采后李果实软化进程的影响,以‘蜂糖李’果实为试材,采用5 mmol/L草酸(oxalic acid, OA)溶液浸泡处理10 min,以蒸馏水浸泡处理10 min为对照(CK),自然晾干后置于室温(25±1)℃条件下贮藏20 d。分析果实硬度、纤维素、原果胶和可溶性果胶含量的变化以及多聚半乳糖醛酸酶(polygalacturonase, PG)、果胶甲酯酶(pectin methylesterase, PME)、纤维素酶(cellulase, Cx)、β-半乳糖苷酶(β-galactosidase, β-Gal)、α-L-阿拉伯呋喃糖苷酶(α-L-arabinofuranosidase, α-L-Af)和木葡聚糖内糖基转移酶(xyloglucan endotransglucosylase, XET)活性。结果表明,外源OA处理能使‘蜂糖李’果实保持较高的硬度,延缓原果胶和纤维素含量的下降以及可溶性果胶含量的增加,抑制果实PG、PME、Cx、β-Gal、α-L-Af和XET活性上升。果实硬度与原果胶、纤维素、可溶性果胶含量、Cx、β-Gal、XET和α-L-Af活性均...     

一氧化氮对常温贮藏下芒果果实软化和细胞壁代谢的影响

为了探明一氧化氮(NO)抑制采后芒果软化的作用机理,将"台农"芒果果实在0.25 mmol/L硝普钠(SNP,NO供体)溶液浸泡处理20 min,常温(20±2) ℃贮藏20 d,定期测定果实硬度、细胞壁组分含量、细胞壁水解酶活性。结果表明,与未处理果实相比,SNP处理显著降低贮藏20 d内果实中多聚半乳糖醛酸酶(PG)活性(p<0.05),显著抑制贮藏10 d内果实纤维素酶(CX)(p<0.05)活性,极显著抑制β-半乳糖苷酶(β-Gal)和α-L-阿拉伯呋喃糖苷酶(α-L-Af)活性(p<0.01),但使贮藏15~20 d期间果实CX和β-Gal活性及贮藏第20 d的α-L-Af活性均显著增加(p<0.05)。SNP处理显著抑制贮藏5 d内果胶甲酯酶(PME)活性(p<0.05),但在贮藏10~20 d期间保持较高的PME活性(p<0.05)。此外,SNP处理极显著延缓原果胶和纤维素的降解(p<0.01),减少可溶性果胶含量的增加(p<0.05),从而降低贮藏期间果实硬度的损失。硬度与原果胶、纤维素含量均呈极显著正相关(p<0.01),而与CX活性呈显著负相关(p<0.05),与可溶性果胶含量、PG、β-Gal和α-L-Af活性均呈极显著负相关(p<0.01)。可溶性果胶含量与纤维素含量呈极显著负相关(p<0.01),而与α-L-Af活性均呈显著正相关(p<0.05),与PG和β-Gal活性均呈极显著正相关(p<0.01)。因此,采后SNP处理可以通过调节果实细胞壁降解酶活性,减少细胞壁组分的降解,从而延缓芒果采后软化,延长贮藏期。     

烘烤过程中烤烟细胞壁生理变化研究

采用电热式温湿自控密集烤烟箱对烤烟上部烟叶在烘烤中细胞壁水解酶和主要组分随温湿度的变化进行了研究。结果表明:果胶甲酯酶(PME)、多聚半乳糖醛酸酶(PG)和纤维素酶在38～48℃酶活性较高。相关性分析表明:PME与纤维素酶呈极显著正相关。烘烤中可溶性果胶含量不断增加,原果胶、总果胶和纤维素含量不断降低,其中果胶(总果胶、原果胶及可溶性果胶)与PG的关系比果胶与PME的关系更密切。     

不同成熟度杏果实采后细胞壁物质代谢规律的研究

为探究不同成熟度杏果实采后细胞壁物质代谢的变化。以新疆"赛买提"杏为试材,根据转黄率将果实分为成熟度Ⅰ(着色面积50%)、成熟度Ⅱ(着色面积50%~80%)和成熟度Ⅲ(着色面积80%),置于4℃、90%~95%RH贮藏,每7 d测定相关指标的变化。试验结果表明,成熟度Ⅰ、Ⅱ和Ⅲ杏果实可溶性果胶(WSF)、CDTA溶解性果胶(CSF)、纤维素含量逐渐上升,Na_2CO_3溶解性果胶(NSF1)和NaOH溶解性果胶(NSF2)含量逐渐下降,木质素含量、多聚半乳糖醛酸酶(Polygalacturonase,PG)、果胶甲酯酶(Pectinmethylesterase,PME)、β-葡萄糖苷酶(β-glucosidase,β-G)、纤维素酶(Cellulase,Cx)酶活性呈先上升后下降趋势。贮藏结束时,成熟度Ⅱ杏果实纤维素含量、PG、PME活性低于成熟度Ⅰ和Ⅲ果实(p0.05),木质素含量高于成熟度Ⅰ和Ⅲ果实(p0.01),硬度、Cx活性高于成熟度Ⅰ和Ⅲ杏果实(p0.05)。说明采后贮藏杏果实可选择成熟度Ⅱ作为适宜采收成熟度。     

茄子果实采后软化过程中细胞壁组分及其降解酶活性的变化

研究了细胞壁组分及其降解酶活性的变化与茄子果实采后软化的关系。结果表明,采后茄子果肉硬度随贮藏时间的延长而不断下降。贮藏期间果肉水溶性果胶(WSP)含量在贮藏前12天不断增加,之后快速下降,而共价结合型果胶(CSP)、半纤维素和纤维素等细胞壁组分含量持续减少。果肉果胶甲酯酶(PME)、多聚半乳糖醛酸酶(PG)和纤维素酶(CX)活性均呈先升高后下降趋势,分别在贮藏至第6、9、12天达到最大值;β-半乳糖苷酶(β-Gal)活性始终保持较高水平,且在整个贮藏期间活性变化不明显。相关性分析结果表明,CSP、半纤维素和纤维素的降解与采后茄子果实软化密切相关,PG和CX在茄子果实采后软化过程中起着重要的作用。     

冬枣果实采后酒软过程中细胞壁与膜代谢的变化

试验以半红期的冬枣(Zizyphus jujuba Mill.cv.Dongzao)果实为材料,用打孔的PE膜袋包装分别于常温(20℃±2℃)和4℃贮藏,研究冬枣果实酒软发生的规律.结果发现,随着贮藏时间延长,果实乙醇含量直线上升.当乙醇含量达到0.1 g/100 g·FW时,出现明显酒软,果实组织内乙醇过量积累是冬枣贮藏中果实酒软的基本原因.酒软过程中电导率、MDA和可溶性果胶上升,不溶性果胶下降;电导率达到70%、可溶性果胶含量与不溶性果胶含量比例为31时,冬枣果实开始酒软.酒软的发生与酶的活动密切相关,贮藏中前期(酒软发生前)果胶酶活性较高,常温下乙醇积累与果胶酶活性呈极显著负相关.     

氯化钙与1-甲基环丙烯对伽师瓜果实软化与果胶酶活性及其基因表达影响

筛选抑制伽师瓜果实后熟的最佳氯化钙与1-甲基环丙烯(1-methylcyclopropene,1-MCP)处理浓度,分析其在贮藏过程中呼吸速率、乙烯释放量、果实硬度、果肉质构特性、果胶水解酶(多聚半乳糖醛酸酶PG、果胶甲酯酶PME和果胶酸裂解酶PL)活力及相关基因表达。结果表明,氯化钙,1-MCP均能降低果实的呼吸速率与乙烯释放量,并能推迟与抑制它们的跃变现象。果实硬度与原果胶含量呈正相关,与可溶性果胶含量呈负相关。对照组原果胶含量较处理组低,可溶性果胶含量较处理组高; PG、PME和PL酶活性及其基因表达量呈正向协同,对照组3种酶的活性与酶基因表达量均出现跃变峰,处理组则变化缓慢。氯化钙与1-MCP联合使用能更强更稳定地抑制果实的呼吸强度、乙烯释放量及原果胶水解,更好地延缓果实的软化。     

乙烯和1-MCP对伯谢克辛甜瓜果实软化及细胞壁降解的影响

“伯谢克辛”甜瓜属于典型的呼吸跃变型果实,在采后3~5 d迅速软化。使用1 μL/L 1-甲基环丙烯（1-methylcyclopropene,1-MCP）和300 mg/kg乙烯利处理“伯谢克辛”甜瓜,研究“伯谢克辛”甜瓜调控软化机理,分析硬度、果胶物质含量、纤维素降解变化规律,纤维素酶（Cx）、β-葡萄糖苷酶（β-Glu）、多聚半乳糖醛酸酶（PG）、果胶甲酯酶（PME）活性变化规律。结果表明：1-MCP处理组延缓了甜瓜硬度的下降,原果胶、纤维素含量显著高于对照及乙烯利处理。原果胶比对照组高22%（p<0.05）、纤维素含量比对照组高26.13%（p<0.05）;1-MCP处理PG、PME、Cx、β-Glu活性显著低于对照及乙烯利处理组。PG、PME、Cx、β-Glu活性均低于对照组,酶活高峰时比对照组低8.92%、25.73%、32.45%、14.82%。乙烯利处理PG、Cx、β-Glu活性均高于对照组,酶活高峰时比对照组高2.84%、21.83%、14.95%。随着贮藏时间的增加,1-MCP处理通过调节“伯谢克辛”甜瓜果胶类物质、纤维素含量及细胞壁降解酶的活性,减缓细胞软化进程,提高“伯谢克辛”甜瓜的贮藏品质。     

Structural and chemical differences in the cell wall regions in relation to scale firmness of three onion (Allium cepa L.) selections at harvest and during storage

BACKGROUND: Firmness in vegetables is an important textural attribute affecting consumer attitudes toward freshness and quality. Firmness, structural carbohydrates, polygalacturonase (PG), and pectin methylesterase (PME) activity were measured in three onion (Allium cepa L.) lines at harvest and after 4, 8, and 12 weeks of storage. RESULTS: The high‐dry‐matter onion, MBL87‐WOPL, had the firmest bulbs at harvest and delayed softening during storage. MBL87‐WOPL had the thickest cell wall/middle lamella region, and highest levels of dry matter and total uronic acid. Furthermore, MBL87‐WOPL had the lowest levels of PG and PME activity during storage. Pegasus, a poor‐storing cultivar, had the softest bulbs at harvest, lowest levels of uronic acid, and thinnest cell wall/middle lamella. A good storing, moderately firm onion cultivar (MSU4535B) presented intermediate levels of firmness and total uronic acid content. Differences in uronic acid in water‐soluble pectin accounted for much of the difference in total uronic acid among lines. Cellulose concentrations were similar among all lines at harvest. In addition, cellulose concentrations decreased in all lines during storage. Transmission electron microscopy performed on bulbs at harvest and after 12 weeks of storage indicated that degradation of the middle lamella had occurred during storage, leading to cell separation. CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that differences in onion scale firmness at harvest may be due to differences in water‐soluble pectin uronic acid concentrations. Furthermore, the rate of bulb softening during storage at 6.6 °C was greater in onion lines with higher levels of PME and PG activity in storage. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry     

Activity of Softening Enzymes during Cherry Maturation

Royal Anne and Bada cherries soften continuously throughout maturation and cold storage. However, major textural changes occurred during a 2-wk period which coincided with sharp increases in weight, volume, soluble solids, polygalacturonase and pectin methyl esterase activity. No difference occurred between cultivars in the activities of softening-associated enzymes at any sampling period. PME activity was detected during the first week of sampling, and PG and β-gal activity were detected following the second and fifth week, respectively. The integrated action of PG, PME and β-gal appear to be required for cherry softening.     

采前氯吡脲处理对‘秦美’猕猴桃贮藏期间果实硬度及细胞壁降解的影响

以‘秦美’猕猴桃果实为试材,于盛花期后28 d分别采用0（对照,清水）、5、10、20 mg/L 4 个质量浓度的氯吡脲（1-(2-chloropyridin-4-yl)-3-phenylurea,CPPU）溶液进行蘸果处理,蘸果时间3～5 s,研究采前CPPU处理对‘秦美’猕猴桃贮藏期间果实硬度及细胞壁降解酶活力的影响。结果表明：CPPU处理加速了果实硬度、原果胶和纤维素质量分数的下降,提高了可溶性果胶质量分数及多聚半乳糖醛酸酶（polygalacturonase,PG）、果胶甲酯酶（pectin methylesterase,PME）、纤维素酶（cellulase,Cx）和β-半乳糖苷酶（β-D-galaetosidase,β-Gal）细胞壁降解活力。各处理组果实硬度与可溶性果胶质量分数和PG、Cx活力呈极显著负相关（P＜0.01）,与原果胶、纤维素质量分数呈极显著正相关（P＜0.01）;20 mg/L CPPU处理组果实的β-Gal活力与硬度呈显著负相关（P＜0.05）。CPPU处理提高了果实细胞壁降解酶的活力,促进了细胞壁的降解,加速了贮藏期间果实的软化,降低了果实的耐贮藏性。为维持猕猴桃采后果实硬度,延长贮藏期,生产中不宜使用CPPU处理,或使用的质量浓度不宜超过5 mg/L。     

Effects of low‐temperature blanching on tissue firmness and cell wall strengthening during sweet potato flour processing

Free starch rate has been one of the most important criterions to evaluate the quality of sweet potato flour. Low‐temperature blanching (LTB) of sweet potatoes before steam cooking has shown significant increase in tissue firmness and cell wall strengthening. This research indicated that pectin methylesterase (PME) activity decreased by 87.8% after 30 min of blanching in water at 60 °C, while polygalacturonase (PG) and β‐amylase activity decreased 69.4% and 7.44%, respectively, under the same condition. Both PME and β‐amylase played important roles in tissue firmness. Further studies of tissue firmness and methyl esterification showed that the combination of LTB and Ca²⁺ could increase the activity of PME and significantly enhance the pectin gel hardness to strengthen the cell walls and decrease free starch rate from 12.83% to 7.28%.     

Structure of pectin in relation to abnormal hardness after cooking in pre-peeled, cool-stored potatoes

Unacceptable hard tissue can be detected in pre-peeled potatoes after cooking. Pectin methyl esterase (PME) has been suspected to facilitate formation of Ca-bridges between pectin molecules by deesterification of the uronic acids. But this has also been questioned, due to the low storage temperature of the peeled tubers, optimum of PME being 50-70 °C. Hardness in tubers was induced by several packaging methods. Annual and seasonal variations were observed. In the work, analysis of nonstarch polysaccharides (NSP) are considered representative of the pectin content. Analyses revealed an increase in insoluble NSP during storage after peeling and cooking, and a decrease in branching (arabinose, galactose) and degree of methyl esterification of total NSP, in both fresh and cooked tissue, dependant on storage period. Reduction of steric hindrance by debranching of the pectin molecules as well as a PME-induced increase of possible Ca-cross-linking sites may favor hardening of the tissue. The microscopy does not show any pectin changes until after cooking, but the chemical data do. This suggests that hardening, at least partly, is due to the removal of methyl ester groups, as well as galactose and arabinose in the side chains. The Ca-bridges can probably not be formed until sufficient calcium is released from the starch during gelatination.     

Unravelling process-induced pectin changes in the tomato cell wall: An integrated approach

The activity of the pectin-modifying enzymes pectin-methylesterase (PME) and polygalacturonase (PG) in tomato fruit was tailored by processing. Tomatoes were either not pretreated, high-temperature blanched (inactivation of both PME and PG), or high-pressure pretreated (selective inactivation of PG). Subsequently, two types of mechanical disruption, blending or high-pressure homogenisation, were applied to create tomato tissue particle suspensions with varying degrees of tissue disintegration. Process-induced pectin changes and their role in cell-cell adhesion were investigated through in situ pectin visualisation using anti-pectin antibodies. Microscopic results were supported with a (limited) physicochemical analysis of fractionated walls and isolated polymers. It was revealed that in intact tomato fruit pectin de-esterification is endogenously regulated by physical restriction of PME activity in the cell wall matrix. In disintegrated tomato tissue on the other hand, intensive de-esterification of pectin by the activity of PME occurred throughout the entire cell wall. PG was selectively inactivated (i.e. in high-pressure pretreated tomatoes), with de-esterification of pectin by PME, which resulted in a high level of Ca²⁺-cross-linked pectin and a strong intercellular adhesion. In non-pretreated tomato suspensions on the other hand, combined PME and PG activity presumably led to pectin depolymerisation and, hence, reduced intercellular adhesion. However, because of the high amount of Ca²⁺-cross-linked pectin in these samples, cell-cell adhesion was still stronger than in the high-temperature blanched tomatoes, in which the absence of PME activity during suspension preparation implied few Ca²⁺-cross-linked pectic polymers and extensive cell separation upon tissue disruption.     

茉莉酸处理对采后葡萄果实贮藏期间落粒的影响

以"巨峰"葡萄果实为试材,研究了茉莉酸甲酯(methyl jasmonate,MeJA)处理对采后葡萄果实在1℃贮藏期间落粒的影响。结果显示:10μmol/L MeJA处理可显著降低葡萄果实贮藏期间落粒率和腐烂率,并延缓果穗离区组织中脱落酸(ABA)含量和乙烯释放量的上升、赤霉素(GA3)含量的下降以及ABA/GA3比值的增长,并显著抑制离区果胶甲酯酶(Pectinesterase,PME)活性的下降和多聚半乳糖醛酸酶(Golygalacturonase,PG)活性的上升。同时,经MeJA处理的果穗离区细胞壁中胶层中乙醇不溶物(AIR)和Na2CO3溶性果胶含量也明显高于对照水平,而水溶性和环己二胺四乙酸(CDTA)溶性果胶含量却低于对照水平。实验表明,MeJA处理可通过调控葡萄果穗离区组织中内源激素水平来平衡细胞壁水解酶PME和PG的活性,从而抑制离区细胞壁中胶层的水解,维持细胞壁结构的完整,最终降低采后葡萄果实的落粒率,起到改善果实贮藏品质的效果。     

不同保鲜处理对鹰嘴蜜桃贮藏品质的影响

为研究鹰嘴蜜桃软化机制,为鹰嘴蜜桃的保鲜提供新思路。利用LF-NMR技术测定了鹰嘴蜜桃果实水分分布及状态,并探讨了CaCl_2、乙烯吸附剂和热烫处理对鹰嘴蜜桃果实硬度、呼吸强度、酶活性、果胶含量的变化,初步尝试建立硬度与原果胶含量间的关系。研究结果表明:新鲜鹰嘴蜜桃含有3种状态水分,其中自由水约占90%;硬度与原果胶含量具有较好的正相关;在贮藏过程中,鹰嘴蜜桃于贮藏的第3 d和第7 d出现呼吸高峰;随贮藏时间的延长,果实硬度逐渐下降,原果胶含量下降,PME活性增强,可溶性果胶先增加后减小。以上几种保鲜处理都能抑制果实硬度、呼吸强度、PME活性和果胶等指标的变化,其中以乙烯吸附剂的效果最好。该研究为鹰嘴蜜桃的软化机理研究与保鲜技术提供了理论依据。