给水处理全流程工艺超滤中试运行效果评价

建立了膜性能评价体系，包括实验室检测与现场中试两大部分。通过现场中试研究，考察超滤膜系统对水质的提升效果，探究给水工艺应用超滤膜技术的必要性，结合跨膜压差、膜污染成分分析以及超滤膜一般性能表征，分析超滤膜抗污染能力以及超滤膜长期运行的稳定性。研究结果表明，全流程工艺增加超滤单元可以进一步提升供水水质；膜孔径分布不均将导致跨膜压差增幅较大，抗污染能力较弱；超滤膜长期运行后，膜亲水性将有所降低，但膜机械强度变化不明显。     

大庆油田含聚采油废水脱盐回用工艺试验研究

大庆油田含聚采油废水不仅油含量高,聚合物含量高,而且盐含量也高达5 000 mg/L左右,经常规工艺处理后,因含盐高致使其配制聚合物溶液的粘度较低而达不到三次采油的要求.试验采用改性超滤膜与离子交换膜组合工艺对大庆油田含聚采油废水进行脱盐处理.试验结果表明,改性超滤膜抗污染能力强,运行稳定,能有效地去除水中的原油和悬浮物等杂质,减轻了后续工艺中对离子交换膜的污染.离子交换膜处理后的低矿化度含聚废水,在相同条件下能够达到或超过清水配制聚合物溶液的效果,可以代替清水配制聚合物溶液进行三次采油,具有显著的环境效益和经济效益.     

国产反渗透膜在焦化厂锅炉补给水中的应用

反渗透作为一种重要的水处理技术,越来越广泛地应用到工业的很多领域。上海焦化厂以黄浦江水为原水,用反渗透技术进行深度处理,介绍了VONTRON抗污染系列的反渗透膜在焦化厂锅炉补给水项目中膜元件替换方面的应用情况。     

基于生物安全风险控制的重力流超滤参数优化及水质安全保障策略

针对中空纤维膜重力流超滤(Gravity-Driven Membrane, GDM)长期运行过程中出现的微生物超标问题,对GDM设计参数(膜丝材质、膜丝孔径和膜丝长度)与出水菌落总数相关性进行了评估。研究结果表明,GDM在长期运行过程中,其超滤膜表面变形菌门微生物相对丰度显著增加,该类微生物的突破行为可能是造成出水微生物超标的主要因素。中空纤维膜的不同设计参数对GDM出水微生物指标具有显著影响,其中亲水性较强(改性PVDF)、膜孔较小(20 nm)的超滤膜对微生物具有较强的吸附能力、筛分能力,而长度相对较短的超滤膜表面水力分布更加均匀,因此上述GDM反应器出水中的微生物数量明显降低。不同设计参数对稳定通量和浊度、色度的去除效率影响较小。因此,可通过优化GDM设计参数,降低GDM出水生物安全风险。进一步提出通过利用紫外消毒及加热煮沸等方式对出水中微生物进行灭活,保障GDM出水水质安全。     

几种膜组件在管道直饮水处理系统中应用对比

膜处理是管道直饮水处理工艺的核心,介绍了微滤膜(MF)、超滤膜(UF)、纳滤膜(NF)、反渗透膜(RO)四种膜在管道直饮水处理系统中应用的对比,内容包括基本性能、去除杂质能力、工作压力以及出水电阻率等。结果显示,相比于其他三种膜,纳滤膜(NF)在直饮水处理工艺应用更具优势。     

改性对PVDF膜生物处理性能和膜污染的影响研究

膜污染是MBR工艺在污水处理方面应用的瓶颈,通过对PVDF微滤膜表面进行亲水改性,可以有效缓解膜污染.主要从有机物、氨氮、总氮等污染物指标的去除效果研究膜表面亲水改性对PVDF膜生物处理性能的影响,从系统运行时膜压差变化情况研究膜表面亲水改性对膜污染的影响.研究结果表明,膜表面亲水改性提高了膜的生物处理效果,也大大改善了膜污染情况,改性前膜运行25 d需进行清洗,改性后可连续运行45 d.     

纳滤膜技术及其应用的研究进展

随着膜技术的发展,20世纪80年代出现的纳滤膜弥补了反渗透与超滤之间的空白。纳滤膜(nanofiltration membrane,NF)又称“疏松型”反渗透膜。通常情况下,膜的截留相对分子质量界限为200~1 000。与截留相对分子质量相对应的膜孔径为1~3 nm,故将这类膜称为纳滤膜。纳滤膜可以截留糖类等低相对分子质量有机物和高价无机盐(MgSO4等),但对单价无机盐的截留率低(仅为10%~80%),具有相当大的透过能力。由于单价盐可以自由透过纳滤膜,使得膜两侧因离子浓度不同而造成的渗透压差远远低于反渗透膜。在相同通量条件下,纳滤膜所要求的驱动压力比反渗透膜要低得多。一般纳滤的操作压力为0.5~1.5 MPa。由于纳滤膜的这种独特分离性能,确定了它在水软化和低相对分子质量有机物纯化浓缩的地位。此外,纳滤膜能有效去除许多中等相对分子质量溶质,如消毒副产物的前驱物、残留农药和某些色素等,因而在水净化处理和脱色中得到广泛应用。     

聚脲复合涂层材料的改性和耐老化性能研究

涂刷防护修补涂层材料能够屏蔽腐蚀介质进入水工混凝土内部,提高水工混凝土耐久性。针对西部高寒地区高强度紫外线、冻融频繁的特殊气候水文环境,对已研发的聚天冬氨酸酯聚脲进行改性,复掺纳米TiO_2材料和抗老化剂,并适量添加分散剂、消泡剂、硅烷偶联剂等,制得高耐候聚脲复合涂层材料。试验表明,其耐紫外老化性能较之聚天冬氨酸酯聚脲得到了极大提升,同时,该材料具有优异的粘结性能、韧性、低温柔性,符合西部高寒地区水工防护修补材料的基本性能要求。     

改性粉煤灰对改善高铁相水泥砂浆性能的研究

为了进一步提升海洋工程中所用水泥基材料的抗海水侵蚀能力,提出在粉煤灰表面接枝憎水性油酸小分子,与一种新型高铁相水泥（C4AF≥18%,C3S≤50%）进行复合,制备改性水泥砂浆以提高砂浆基体的憎水性,从而改善砂浆的抗渗性能。研究结果表明：① 若油酸改性粉煤灰的比例超过3%,水泥砂浆的力学性能会明显降低,但是其抗渗性能得到较大提升。这是由于离子在混凝土中的渗透是以水为介质,利用油酸改性后的粉煤灰在砂浆中均匀分布,使得基体具有良好的憎水性,因此砂浆整体的抗氯离子渗透性能得以提升。② 选择蒸汽养护的方式能使高铁相水泥砂浆的早期强度得到提升。这是由于环境温度升高加快了水化反应速率,有利于促进水化反应进程,提高砂浆早期强度,而水化反应加快也会促进氢氧化钙的产生,使粉煤灰的二次火山灰反应提前,因此空白组砂浆的28 d强度较有所提升。     

新型功能化改性生物质吸附剂的制备及其对重金属铜的吸附性能研究

为有效解决自然水体中重金属污染的问题,以来源广泛、成本低廉、可再生的废弃生物质材料(花生壳、玉米芯、白果壳、树皮等)为基体,通过表面预处理、高温炭化以及后功能化改性(包括硫酸、硝酸、柠檬酸、高锰酸钾活化)等工艺制备了一系列高效多孔生物吸附剂材料。结果表明,经过高锰酸钾氧化改性的生物吸附剂(花生壳、玉米芯、白果壳、树皮)对重金属铜的吸附率最高,分别达到79.4%、65.3%、83.9%、71.8%,与原始生物材料吸附效果相比,吸附容量显著提高了66.2%、53.7%、70.7%、53.1%。同时,优化了高锰酸钾改性吸附剂对铜的吸附条件(时间、温度、pH)。经过结构特性表征分析,改性后的吸附剂相较于改性之前生物材料比表面积更大、孔隙结构更多,较大幅度提升了对于重金属离子的吸附能力。该研究所开发的高效生物质吸附剂为环境中重金属离子的消除以及资源化利用提供了一种廉价高效的新方法、新思路,同时也提供了一种绿色高效处理农林业废弃物的途径。     

Characterization and anti-fouling performance of nano-Al?O?/PVDF membrane for Songhua river raw water filtration

Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) flat ultrafiltration membranes modified by nano-sized alumina (Al?O?) particles were prepared by phase inversion process and their properties and anti-fouling performances were examined. The influence of three types of natural organic matters on the modified membrane fouling was also studied. Raw water was taken from two different locations, i.e., Harbin and Zhaoyuan, of Songhua River. Dissolved organic compounds in the raw water were fractionated using XAD resins into three fractions, i.e., hydrophobic fraction, transphilic fraction, and hydrophilic fraction (HPI). The three adsorbed compounds were further eluted and dissolved into distilled water respectively to prepare the feed for the fouling tests. All solutions were adjusted to a concentration of 10.6 mg C/L, which equals to the total organic carbon (TOC) of the raw water. Results show that the addition of nano-Al?O? particulars did not affect the inherent traits of the PVDF membranes, however, its surface hydrophilic properties were improved significantly with the addition of nanoparticles and anti-fouling performance was enhanced as well. The HPIs in the Songhua River were the main foulant, causing more fouling to membrane than hydrophobic and transphilic matters.     

膜法水处理技术在农村饮水安全中的应用研究

膜法水处理技术已经成为西部缺水地区进行苦咸水淡化、解决生活饮用水的主要方法之一。本文讨论了在农村饮用水处理中的几种膜工艺流程,分析了农村饮水处理中8套反渗透或纳滤膜苦咸水淡化系统的工艺参数。结果表明膜法淡化高含盐量苦咸水,出水水质均可达到或优于国家生活饮用水卫生标准,可以解决缺水地区的生活饮用水问题。     

Removal of As(V) and As(III) from water with a PEI-modified fungal biomass.

A novel biosorbent was prepared by chemically grafting polyethylenimine (PEI) on the fungal biomass of Penicillium chrysogenum through a two-step reaction. The PEI-modified biomass was found to possess zero zeta potential at pH 10.4. Owing to the protonation of amine groups on the biosorbent surface, the biosorbent is favourable for the removal of anionic arsenic species in water. The sorption capacity for As(V) at pH 3 increased by 5.7-fold after surface modification. The sorption performances including kinetics and isotherm were investigated and several models were used to describe the experimental data. The pseudo-second-order model described the kinetic data better, while the Langmuir equation was the better model to fit the isotherm data. The corresponding thermodynamic parameters for As(V) and As(III) sorption were also calculated.     

日光温室膜面集雨水肥耦合技术集成与示范研究

以日光温室膜面作为集雨面,采用＂日光温室膜面集雨＋水窖＋微灌施肥系统设备＂的应用模式进行了试验研究。研究结果表明：利用日光温室膜面集水、集雨池蓄水、棚内微灌施肥,形成以集（蓄）、微灌、施肥为一体的集雨微灌施肥集成技术,该技术可有效提高水肥的利用和转化效率。在干旱、半干旱地区发展日光温室膜面集雨集蓄技术,为解决温室蔬菜的灌溉用水问题提供了一条行之有效的途径;也为发展节水灌溉农业,实现温室蔬菜产业化发展提供了科学依据和技术支撑。     

Chromate sorption and reduction kinetics onto an aminated biosorbent.

A novel biosorbent was prepared by chemically grafting of polyethylenimine (PEI) onto the fungal biomass of Penicillium chrysogenum through a two-step reaction. The modified biosorbent is favorable for the removal of anionic Cr(VI) species from aqueous solution due to the protonation of amine groups on the biomass surface. The sorption capacity for Cr(VI) increased by 7.2-fold after surface modification. Sorption kinetics results show that the pseudo-second-order kinetic model described the experimental data well. During the sorption process, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) was used to analyze the chromium species on the biosorbent surface and the results indicate that part of the Cr(VI) ions were reduced to Cr(III) ions which can be chelated with the amine groups on the biomass surface. The reduced Cr(III) ions formed some aggregates on the surface at higher solution pHs.     

Modification of granular activated carbon using low molecular weight polymer for enhanced removal of Cu(2+) from aqueous solution.

Palm shell activated carbon was modified via surface impregnation with polyethyleneimine (PEI) to enhance removal of Cu(2+) from aqueous solution in this study. The effect of PEI modification on batch adsorption of Cu(2+) as well as the equilibrium behavior of adsorption of metal ions on activated carbon were investigated. PEI modification clearly increased the Cu(2+) adsorption capacities by 68% and 75.86% for initial solution pH of 3 and 5 respectively. The adsorption data of Cu(2+) on both virgin and PEI-modified AC for both initial solution pH of 3 and 5 fitted the Langmuir and Redlich-Peterson isotherms considerably better than the Freundlich isotherm.     

Package plant of extended aeration membrane bioreactors: a study on aeration intensity and biofouling control.

Biofouling control is important for effective process of membrane bioreactor (MBR). In this study, phenomena of biofouling for immersed type extended aeration MBR with two different anti-fouling aeration intensities were studied through a laboratory set up. The objectives of this study were (a) to observe biofouling phenomena of MBR that operates under different anti-fouling bubbling intensity, and simultaneously monitors performance of the MBR in organic carbon and nutrients removal; (b) to compare effectiveness of detergent and detergent-enzyme cleaning solutions in recovering biofouled membranes that operated in the extended aeration MBR. For MBR, which operated under continuous anti-fouling aeration, deposition and accumulation of suspended biomass on membrane surface were prohibited. However, flux loss was inescapable that biofilm layer was the main problem. Membrane cleaning was successfully carried out with detergent-enzyme mixture solutions and its effectiveness was compared with result from cleaning with just detergent solution.     

舰船反渗透海水淡化膜法预处理系统在线清洗方法的研究

利用连续处理高浊度海水试验,比较了舰艇反渗透海水淡化预处理系统分别采用气水在线双洗和药剂加气在线清洗时,滤过水SDI、浊度以及系统跨膜压差的变化趋势。结果表明,两种在线清洗方法都能够使系统滤过水SDI≤5、浊度≤1.0 NTU,达到舰船反渗透海水淡化装置的进水水质要求;但药剂加气在线清洗系统滤过水SDI多介于2.0～2.5之间,浊度≤0.75 NTU,系统跨膜压差≤43 kPa,波动范围较小,变化趋势平缓,更有利于舰船反渗透海水淡化膜法预处理系统的稳定运行。     

Pressure retarded osmosis for energy production: membrane materials and operating conditions

Pressure retarded osmosis (PRO) is a novel membrane process to produce energy. PRO has the potential to convert the osmotic pressure difference between fresh water (i.e. river water) and seawater to electricity. Moreover, it can recover energy from highly concentrated brine in seawater desalination. Nevertheless, relatively little research has been undertaken for fundamental understanding of the PRO process. In this study, the characteristics of the PRO process were examined using a proof-of-concept device. Forward osmosis (FO), reverse osmosis (RO), and nanofiltration (NF) membranes were compared in terms of flux rate and concentration polarization ratio. The results indicated that the theoretical energy production by PRO depends on the membrane type as well as operating conditions (i.e. back pressure). The FO membrane had the highest energy efficiency while the NF membrane had the lowest efficiency. However, the energy production rate was low due to high internal concentration polarization (ICP) in the PRO membrane. This finding suggests that the control of the ICP is essential for practical application of PRO for energy production.     

改性聚丙烯纤维影响混凝土抗压强度的机理初探

本文对田内外某些改性聚丙烯纤维影响混凝土强度的现象进行了分析。认为在改性聚丙烯纤维混凝土中，同时存在增强和损强因素。当增强因素大于损强因素时，混凝土强度增加．