喷射器极限工况性能的理论与实验研究

为了研究喷射器在极限工况下的性能,建立了喷射器极限工况的计算模型,研制了喷射式制冷系统实验台。对使用R134a和R134a/R32质量浓度等比例混合工质的喷射器极限工况性能进行了理论与实验研究,结果表明:在给定工况范围内,喷射器最低引射流体压力随工作流体压力升高而降低,随出口背压升高而升高;喷射器混合段压差随工作流体压力升高而升高,随出口背压升高而降低;理论和实验对比表明,提出的计算模型能较好的预测喷射器在极限工况下的性能。     

几何结构参数对喷射器性能影响实验研究

在自行搭建的喷射器性能测试实验台上,以CO_2、N_2及R290为工质,通过改变喷射器喷嘴临界截面直径,总结喷射器喷射系数在不同的引射流体入口压力、工作流体入口压力及工质种类条件下的变化规律。实验设定工作流体温度为90℃,喷射器背压为3. 9 MPa,工作流体入口压力变化范围为8. 0—10. 0 MPa,引射流体入口压力变化范围为2. 4—2. 9 MPa,喷嘴临界截面直径变化范围为0. 68—0. 72 mm。实验结果表明:当保持喷射器的基本工作参数不变,引射流体入口压力为一定值时,喷射器喷射系数随喷嘴临界截面直径的减小而逐渐增大;当保持喷射器的基本工作参数不变,工作流体入口压力为一定值时,喷射器喷射系数随喷嘴临界截面直径的增大而逐渐减小;在相同工作压力下,喷射系数大小依次是N_2、CO_2、R290;在相同引射压力下,N_2、CO_2先达到稳定状态;在保持喷射器的基本工作参数不变时,工作流体入口压力及引射流体入口压力的提高对喷射器喷射系数均有提升作用。     

两相流喷射器流动模型研究

研究了压缩/喷射制冷系统中两相流喷射器内的射流发展过程,沿喷射器内部射流的流动方向分段对射流压力调整过程、射流混合、均匀过程和扩压过程进行建模,得到喷射器的引射比和出口背压随冷凝温度与蒸发温度的变化特性.模型的预测结果与实验测试结果在变化趋势上完全一致,压缩/喷射制冷循环中的冷凝温度越大,喷射器的引射比和出口背压越大,节能效果越好;蒸发温度存在一个最佳值,使得引射比最大,出口背压增大效果较好.     

二氧化碳喷射器运行效率的实验研究

本文针对一个新型二氧化碳喷射器进行相关实验研究。通过对一个两相二氧化碳喷射器制冷系统进行不同试验工况的实验:主喷嘴入口温度从19~31℃,气冷器出口压力从6~8 MPa,从而得出喷射器效率最优时各个参数的范围。实验结果显示,引射比为0.4~0.8、喷射器出口压力和喷射器引射端压力的比值为1.09~1.20时,喷射器的工作效率较高。而在压比为1.132时,喷射器可以达到最高效率为0.389。文中还对针对质量流量进行了数学拟合,拟合结果与实验结果较为吻合,实验结果为喷射器的设计和应用提供了实验基础。     

气-液引射器性能模拟研究

以满液式冷水机组中压缩机回油环路的引射器为研究对象,建立气-液引射器的三维数学模型,模拟引射器出口压力、喷嘴出口直径和流体动力黏度等因素对引射器性能的影响。模拟结果表明,随着引射器出口压力的升高,引射系数略有下降,工作流体的压差快速下降,但引射流体的压差基本不变;喷嘴出口直径增大时,引射系数急剧下降,工作流体的压差快速下降,而引射流体的压差快速增大;随着流体动力黏度的增加,引射系数急剧下降,工作流体的压差快速上升,而引射流体压差快速下降。     

扩压器等直段直径对蒸汽喷射器性能影响的实验研究

建立了由喷射器、蒸发器、发生器和冷凝器等组成的蒸汽喷射制冷循环系统。研究了不同的扩压器等直段直径对喷射器抽气性能的影响。当扩压器等直段直径由24mm增加到28mm后,喷射器的引射系数显著增加,喷射器的抽气效率得到了提高,但临界背压降低。分析和讨论了在不同操作参数下扩压器等直段直径对喷射器性能的影响。结果表明,随着工作蒸汽压力的升高,引射系数呈现先升高后下降的变化趋势,在达到0.36MPa时喷射器的引射系数值最大为0.53。当背压值小于临界背压值时喷射器的引射系数保持不变,当背压值大于临界背压值时引射系数减小直至背压为7000Pa时引射系数为0。在一定的操作参数条件下,扩压器等直段直径存在最佳值使喷射器的抽气效率达到最高。     

跨临界CO2两相流引射制冷系统性能实验研究

对跨临界CO2两相流引射制冷系统性能进行了实验,分析了工况及引射器几何参数对系统性能的影响,结果表明:在实验工况范围内,跨临界CO2两相流引射制冷系统制冷量和COP随气体冷却器压力的升高而升高,随气体冷却器出口温度的升高而降低。对于使用不同喉部直径喷嘴的系统,在相同工况下,引射器喷嘴喉部直径较大的系统的性能较好。对于使用不同直径混合室的系统,随着气体冷却器压力的升高,使用小直径混合室的系统COP变化较大;当气体冷却器压力较低时,使用大直径混合室的系统COP较高,而当气体冷却器压力较高时,使用小混合室直径的系统性能较好。在相同工况下,与传统跨临界CO2循环进行比较,两相流引射制冷循环系统COP最大可提高14%。     

跨临界CO2两相流引射制冷系统性能实验研究

对跨临界CO2两相流引射制冷系统性能进行了实验,分析了工况及引射器几何参数对系统性能的影响,结果表明:在实验工况范围内,跨临界CO2两相流引射制冷系统制冷量和COP随气体冷却器压力的升高而升高,随气体冷却器出口温度的升高而降低.对于使用不同喉部直径喷嘴的系统,在相同工况下,引射器喷嘴喉部直径较大的系统的性能较好.对于使用不同直径混合室的系统,随着气体冷却器压力的升高,使用小直径混合室的系统COP变化较大;当气体冷却器压力较低时,使用大直径混合室的系统COP较高,而当气体冷却器压力较高时,使用小混合室直径的系统性能较好.在相同工况下,与传统跨临界CO2循环进行比较,两相流引射制冷循环系统COP最大可提高14%.     

结构参数对液态甲烷-丙烷喷射混合器混合特性的影响

为了优化液化天然气气质,探究结构参数对喷射混合器内部流场的影响,优化其结构,基于不同沸点低温液体互溶混合机理,以液态甲烷、液态丙烷为工质,分析了不同引射角度和喷嘴直径喷射混合器内两股流体的流动特性和混合效果。分析结果表明:液态甲烷和丙烷可互溶,引射角度发生变化时,速度核心发生了不同程度的偏移,随着引射角度的增加速度核心偏移程度逐渐得到改善。压降随着引射角度的增加呈现先减小后增大的变化趋势,混合流体出口压力呈增大的趋势,两股流体混合后引射流体质量分数沿中心轴线方向呈逐渐增加的趋势,当引射角度为90度时,两股流体混合后流场分布相对其它引射角度均匀,速度核心偏移现象较不明显,且压力降、混合流体出口压力及引射流体的质量分数最大。喷嘴直径过大时,喷射混合器出口位置出现了回流现象。随着喷嘴直径的增加喷射混合器内两股流体达到均匀混合所需的距离增大,压力降、混合流体出口压力及混合后引射流体质量分数逐渐减小,当喷嘴直径为13 mm时,压力降、混合流体出口压力和两股流体混合后引射流体的质量分数最大。     

工艺参数对低温液体喷射混合器混合性能的影响

为了优化液化天然气气质,探究工艺参数对低温液体喷射混合器内部流场的影响,基于不同沸点低温液体互溶混合机理,以液态甲烷、液态丙烷为工质,分析了不同工艺参数喷射混合器内两股流体的流动特性和混合效果。分析结果表明:喷射混合器的主流体入口压力、引射流体入口压力及混合流体出口压力均存在一个最优值,在考虑实际生产环境的基础上,应使其值尽可能的接近这一临界值;在其他工艺参数确定的情况下,随着引射流体入口温度的增大,喷射混合器的混合性能越好,可适当增大引射流体入口温度,以提高喷射混合器的混合性能。主流体入口压力0.22 MPa、引射流体入口压力0.1 MPa、混合流体出口压力0.1 MPa、引射流体入口温度249.15 K时,该结构喷射混合器的混合性能最好。     

Flow visualization of supersonic two-phase transcritical flow of CO2 in an ejector of a refrigeration system

Supersonic two-phase flow of CO₂ in an ejector was investigated in flow visualization experiments. The ejector was installed in a transcritical CO₂ ejector-expansion refrigeration system with a convergent primary nozzle and a rectangular mixing chamber. The flow fields in the suction chamber and the mixing chamber of the ejector were visualized by direct photography for various operating conditions. The results showed that the liquid in the primary flow after the primary nozzle exit increased with increasing primary flow and secondary flow pressures. The expansion angle of the primary flow at the nozzle exit decreased with increasing secondary flow pressures. The primary flow was blocked in some cases at the mixing chamber entrance due to the large expansion angle which reduced the entrainment performance. The entrainment ratio was inversely related to the expansion angle. The primary and the secondary flows had a short mixing region in the mixing chamber with the mixed flow quickly becoming uniform.     

A dislocation and point force approach to the boundary element method for mixed mode crack analysis of plane anisotropic solids

Abstract

This study investigates the feasibility of enhancing steam‐driven ejector performance. Initially, a one‐dimensional ejector theory is used to examine the effects on ejector performance of three isentropic efficiencies: nozzle efficiency η_m , mixing efficiency η_m, and diffuser efficiency η_m . Theoretical analysis demonstrates that mixing efficiency profoundly affects ejector performance, but that the other two efficiencies have slightly influenced ejector performance. This finding suggests that efficient mixing can promote ejector performance. This study also attempts to improve mixing efficiency using a petal nozzle. The behavior and characteristics of a petal nozzle are investigated by testing the nozzle under various operating conditions, i.e. primary pressure, secondary pressure, and back pressure. In addition, the study compares the experimental and theoretical results. These results prove that using a petal nozzle can improve ejector performance. The shadowgraph method was used to visualize the inner flow field of an ejector. The flow patterns observed should help to further improve ejector performance.     

Thermodynamic modelling and parameter determination of ejector for ejection refrigeration systems

This paper presents a detailed thermodynamic modelling method of an ejector for ejection refrigeration system. In this model, the primary flow in the ejector was assumed to fan out from the nozzle without mixing with the secondary flow in a certain downstream distance, so that a hypothetical throat was formed where the secondary flow reached the sound speed. However, the area of this hypothetical throat remained unknown. Therefore, based on several sets of experimental results, the present study developed empirical correlations of the hypothetical throat area to aid further modelling. The ratio of the hypothetical throat area to the mixing area was correlated with two dimensionless variables: one was the ratio of nozzle throat area to the mixing area, and the other one was the primary and secondary flow pressure ratio. The model has been validated by the measured primary mass flow rates and the critical back pressures.     

基于延迟均衡的CO_2两相引射器模型研究

引射器对跨临界CO_2引射制冷系统性能有极大的影响。本文考虑CO_2两相引射器中存在的非平衡相变、超音速和壅塞等复杂流动现象,构建了CO_2两相引射器的1D分布模型,并采用延迟均衡理论分析喷嘴中的非平衡相变过程。与实验结果比较显示,所建立的延迟均衡模型能够很好的预测引射器的性能。此外,通过与均衡模型的相比显示,在本文所选工况下,延迟均衡模型计算所得的主动流流量比均衡模型预测值低12.39%~25.30%,同时非平衡现象将延缓喷嘴中的膨胀过程,使得喷嘴出口压力比均衡模型预测值高。本文采用所建模型进一步分析了引射器的结构对性能的影响,结果显示在一定的工况下存在最优的混合室直径使得引射系数和升压比都较高;而当混合室直径一定时,较长的混合室有利于提高引射器的升压比。     

Experimental evaluation of an ejector as liquid re-circulator in an overfeed NH3 system with a plate evaporator

This paper deals with the experimental performance evaluation of an ejector, linked to a manual expansion valve, working as a liquid re-circulator component in an overfeed NH₃ plate evaporator. The evaporator was tested in a single stage system belonging to a cascade refrigeration system prototype. The evaporator is an ALFANOVA HP76 plate heat exchanger with 50 plates. A Phillips ejector with a 1/2″ diameter throat and 1.4 mm diameter nozzle was used. The recirculation rate was experimentally determined for different operating conditions. Experimental data are reported for volumetric flow rate at the manual expansion valve inlet from 0.8 to 1.6 l min⁻¹, evaporating pressure from 0.14 to 0.22 MPa and condensing pressure from 0.85 to 1 MPa. The experimental result showed recirculation rates between 2 and 4. The evaporating capacity varied from 9.48 kW to 18.37 kW. In addition, another two nozzles were tested and the results are also presented and discussed.     

Performance optimization of a transcritical CO2 refrigeration system using a controlled ejector

An on-line optimal quasi cascade controller for an ejector with variable nozzle throat area is proposed to improve the operating performance of the transcritical CO₂ ejector refrigeration system. The optimal gas cooler pressure is tracked in real time by the controller including a tracker and a predictor. Using the system dynamic model, the dynamic responses of the system performance and ejector efficiency under variable nozzle throat area are first analyzed. Then the parameters of the tracker and predictor are determined by simulation respectively which exhibits a good dynamic characteristic with an acceptable settling time. Besides, the controller presents a good robustness under variable compressor speeds and mass flow rate of cooling water. Furthermore, the system performance is actually increased to the maximal value by the controller even at the variable operating conditions. Finally, the optimal controller is verified by experiments to be an effective way to improve the system performance automatically.     

负压钻井液振动筛气液喷射器性能的数值模拟研究

随着石油钻井技术的发展,传统钻井液振动筛不能满足现有工程需求,因此提出了一种新型负压钻井液振动筛。气液喷射器是负压钻井液振动筛的核心设备,通过它在筛网下方形成负压区域,使钻井液受振动和负压的复合作用,增大钻井液透过筛网的能力,因此其性能直接影响负压振动筛的处理效率。为了提高负压振动筛的工作效率,需要对气液喷射器的结构和工况进行合理设计。运用流体动量守恒方程,推导出恒定流动状态下气液喷射器混合室的动量方程及其性能计算方程。运用计算流体力学方法对气液喷射器内部复杂的两相流动过程进行数值模拟,并通过对比数值模拟结果与理论计算结果来验证数值模型的合理性。对不同引射流体液体体积分数、工作气体压力、喷嘴距和喷管面积比下气液喷射器的喷射效果进行数值模拟,结果表明气液喷射器的工作参数和结构参数对其喷射系数和真空度有极大的影响。根据模拟结果可知,在引射液体体积分数为30%、工作气体压力为300 kPa、喷嘴距为60 mm、喷管面积比为3.484的情况下,气液喷射器的性能达到最佳。研究结果为负压钻井液振动筛中气液喷射装置的设计和现场应用提供了理论依据。     

Effect of throat diameters of the ejector on the performance of the refrigeration cycle using a two-phase ejector as an expansion device

This paper is a part in a series that reports on the experimental study of the performance of the two-phase ejector expansion refrigeration cycle. In the present study, three two-phase ejectors are used as an expansion device in the refrigeration cycle. The effects of throat diameter of the motive nozzle, on the coefficient of performance, primary mass flow rate of the refrigerant, secondary mass flow rate of the refrigerant, recirculation ratio, average evaporator pressure, compressor pressure ratio, discharge temperature and cooling capacity, which have never before appeared in open literature, are presented. The effects of the heat sink and heat source temperatures on the system performance are also discussed.     

Experimental investigation on ejector performance near critical back pressure

Critical back pressure plays a crucial role in the performance of ejector systems; however, few systematical investigations have been conducted to study an ejector operating near the critical point. In this paper, the effects of critical back pressure with variations of primary pressure on ejector performance were investigated in an ejector refrigeration system. Furthermore, an optimum primary pressure model was proposed, based on experimental results and validated by seven groups of experimental data reported in the literature. An optimum entrainment ratio model, verified by the same experiments, was proposed to predict the entrainment ratio of the ejector that operates at critical back pressure. The minimum coefficients of the determination of the two models are 0.9871 and 0.9625, respectively.