回火温度对高强弹簧钢微观组织和冲击性能的影响

用光学显微镜、扫描电镜和透射电镜观察了两种高强弹簧钢50CrMnMoVNb和50CrMnSiVNb钢的微观组织,并对其冲击韧性进行了对比分析。结果表明：50CrMnMoVNb钢的带状偏析程度比50CrMnSiVNb钢更显著,大角度晶界占总晶界比例更高,回火脆性程度更轻。两种弹簧钢冲击韧性的对比结果表明,淬火和在150～400℃回火的50CrMnSiVNb钢其冲击韧性更优。此温度范围内回火的冲击韧性主要受带状偏析程度的影响,偏析带更容易发生解理断裂,进而使冲击裂纹扩展路径更平直;而在400～500℃回火后50CrMnMoVNb钢的冲击韧性更优,主要受回火脆性和大角度晶界比例的影响。在回火过程中板条界面处的薄膜状碳化物使回火脆性大幅度恶化冲击韧性,而大角度晶界对裂纹扩展更强的阻碍作用消耗了更多的能量,使冲击韧性提高。     

一种高强度低碳结构钢的回火脆性研究

通过夏比冲击试验研究了回火温度对高强度低碳结构钢冲击韧性的影响,并采用扫描电镜、透射电镜分析了产生回火脆性的机理。结果表明,该高强度钢在580℃、610℃较高温度回火时产生回火脆性,-20℃夏比冲击功由238 J(550℃时)降低至19 J(580℃时),冲击断口由韧性断裂转变为脆性断裂,这主要是由于晶界上析出大量较大尺寸的含钼M23C6脆性相,在晶界上起到了裂纹源的作用。     

12CrNi5MoV锻钢的回火脆特性研究

研究了系列温度回火处理的12CrNi5MoV锻钢的夏比冲击试验,并采用扫描电镜对冲击断口形貌进行了分析。结果表明,12CrNi5MoV锻钢存在两个回火脆温度,分别为400℃和570℃。与原始调质态相比,400℃回火和570℃回火分别使-20℃冲击功下降了52%和47%。     

核电土建设备产品见证件弯曲试验钢筋断裂原因分析

某核电土建设备产品见证件在弯曲试验时发生钢筋纵向断裂现象,采用化学成分分析、硬度检测、金相检验和冲击试验等方法对钢筋的断裂原因进行了分析。结果表明:由于产品焊接时的热量将钢筋加热到了产生第二类回火脆性的温度,加之焊后冷却速度过慢,使杂质元素在晶界处偏聚,造成晶界弱化而产生脆性,从而导致产品见证件在弯曲试验时于钢筋处纵向断裂。     

20Cr2Ni4A钢低温回火脆性探讨

用光学金相及扫描电镜分析方法研究了２０Ｃｒ２ｎＩ４Ａ钢的低温回火脆性机理。研究结果表明，钢在２５０－３５０℃区间回火时出现低温回火脆性，其原因与碳化物沿奥氏体－马氏体相界面板出及杂质元素偏聚于原奥氏体晶界有关，得易导致沿晶断裂。     

Mo对含磷35CrNi3钢回火脆性的影响

通过阶梯冷却和４８０℃１０００ｈ等温脆化试验，研究了Ｍｏ对含０．０５％磷３５ＣｒＮｉ３钢回火脆性的影响Ｍｏ的存在大大减少了Ｐ在原奥氏体晶界的偏聚量，从而抑制了回火脆化，然而在４８０℃等温脆化过程中，随着Ｍｏ不断进入碳化而晶界Ｐ量回升，减弱了Ｍｏ抑制回火脆化的有效性。     

物理金相三级人员试题参考答案

二　问答题2 4 .沿晶断裂是裂纹沿晶界扩展而造成金属材料的脆断。在失效分析中常见的有以下几种类型的沿晶断裂形式 :(1)晶界沉淀相造成的沿晶断裂。晶界上不连续的沉淀相在外力作用下 ,在其周围首先形成微孔 ,后经长大连接成为晶界裂纹 ,最后造成沿晶断裂 ,此时为沿晶韧窝断裂。若晶界上沉淀相粒子形成脆性网状薄膜 ,此时断裂为脆性薄膜分裂型。(2 )杂质元素偏聚造成的沿晶脆断。杂质元素Ｐ ,Ｓ ,Ｓｂ ,Ａｓ和Ｓｎ等在晶界上存在并达到一定浓度时 ,它们将降低晶界内聚能 ,从而引起脆断。如高强度低合金钢的回火脆性就是典型例子。(3)由环…     

磷的非平衡晶界偏聚现象及对回火脆性的影响

为确定304L钢中P的偏聚特征,分析了Briant在俄歇能谱(AES)下得到的磷晶界偏聚浓度.研究表明,经1100℃固溶1h、水淬后的304L不锈钢,不仅在700℃恒温时效过程中出现磷的晶界偏聚浓度峰值,并在500、550、600、650、700℃分别恒温时效100h后,600℃处发现磷的晶界偏聚浓度峰值.分析发现,磷在304L钢中发生了非平衡晶界偏聚.通过对磷非平衡晶界偏聚恒温动力学特征的讨论,提出了回火脆性的非平衡晶界偏聚机理.     

07Cr12NiMoVNb耐热钢回火脆性研究

通过冲击试验和断口形貌分析确定07Cr12NiMoVNb耐热钢有回火脆性,并存在二个回火脆性温度区间(450～525℃和575～625℃)。低温回火脆性到高温回火脆性区间的断口形貌从准解理+解理到解理+沿晶断裂,出现沿晶断裂时,冲击值最低。为方便工程上判断是否出现回火脆性,借用了韧/脆转变的(FATT50)概念。     

65Mn钢锁片断裂分析

通过宏观检验、化学成分分析、硬度测试、金相检验和断口分析等方法,对65Mn钢锁片在装配过程中出现断裂的原因进行了分析。结果表明:断裂锁片由于热处理时回火工艺不当,产生了回火脆性,在装配外力作用下导致锁片发生了脆性断裂。据此提出了采取调整回火工艺参数的措施,从而消除了回火脆性,锁片在装配过程中再未出现断裂现象,确保了产品质量。     

Combined equilibrium and non-equilibrium segregation mechanism of temper embrittlement

Grain boundary segregation of impurities like P, S, Sb, and others is the origin of temper embrittlement of low-alloy steels. Till now it has been assumed that the segregation is determined by an equilibrium segregation mechanism, but some open questions cannot be satisfactorily explained by the equilibrium segregation mechanism. In the present work, a combined equilibrium and non-equilibrium segregation mechanism of temper embrittlement was established and some open questions on temper embrittlement were addressed by means of the model. The model was applied to phosphorus segregation in an Fe-0.3% C-3.5% Ni-1.7% Cr-0.06% P steel.     

X20CrMoV12.1钢长期高温时效的逆回火脆性研究

X2 0CrMoV12 .1耐热合金钢是热电厂主蒸汽管线的主要用材之一。该管材经 16×10 4 h长期高温载荷运行后 ,性能明显退化 ,常温下呈完全脆性状态。试验结果表明 ,管材的脆化是可逆的 ,属于逆回火脆现象。运用透射电镜和俄歇电子能谱等方法对其显微组织结构进行了研究 ,发现晶界碳化物的球化以及有害元素磷在晶界的偏聚是材料性能退化和致脆的原因     

Combined equilibrium and non-equilibrium segregation treatment of temper embrittlement in low alloy steels

Abstract

Embrittlement is an important factor for low alloy ferritic steels used for components and structures in the power and petrochemical industries when exposed to a higher temperature. The embrittlement may be classified into non-hardening embrittlement and hardening embrittlement. The non-hardening embrittlement, for example temper embrittlement, originates from grain boundary segregation of impurity elements such as phosphorus. To predict this segregation behaviour, a model is established by simplifying a low alloy steel as a dilute Fe–C–Mo–P quaternary alloy and modifying previous models. This model is applied to segregation predictions in a 2.25Cr–1Mo steel subjected to a complex heat treatment cycle.     

A new interpretation of temper embrittlement dynamics by non-equilibrium segregation of phosphor in steels

A new interpretation of temper embrittlement dynamics is proposed, which is based on the diffusion of phosphor atoms to grain boundaries by the complex of phosphor atom-vacancy. The dynamics of temper embrittlement in a medium-carbon Cr steel during 538°C tempering was carefully examined. The results show that the dependence of 50% fracture appearance transition temperature (FATT) on tempering time has a maximum, which can be satisfactorily elucidated by diffusion of the complex of phosphor atom-vacancy. However, the dependence of hardness on tempering duration decreases all the time. The fracture morphology was observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), the variation of intergranular fracture ratio also has a maximum during tempering treatment at 538°C, which is at the near same time as the one in the dynamic of temper embrittlement. The concentration of phosphor on grain boundary was measured by Auger electron microscopy (AES).     

X20CrMoV12.1耐热合金钢长期高温时效的脆性

12％Cr耐热合金钢X20CrMoV12．1是热电厂主蒸汽管线等重要部件用材。该质材的主蒸汽管道经23年长期高温负荷运行后，性能明显退化，常温下呈脆性。实验显示服役后材料的脆化是可逆的，属于逆回火脆现象。运用TEM和AES等对显微组织结构的研究显示，有害元素P在晶界的偏聚和晶界碳化物的粗化是材料性能退化和致脆的原因。     

Precipitation–segregation mechanism for high temperature temper embrittlement of steels revealed by Auger electron spectroscopy and internal friction measurements

Abstract

A precipitation–segregation mechanism of high temperature (reversible) temper embrittlement has been suggested on the basis of Auger electron spectroscopy, internal friction measurements, and scanning and transmission electron microscopy (SEM, TEM) of 0·3C–Si–Mn–Cr steel after various heat treatments. It was found that P segregation takes place during heating for quenching and tempering. The intensity of P segregation does not change when the steel transforms from a ductile (600°C tempered for 2 h with water cooling) to a brittle (600°C tempered with furnace cooling) state. Isothermal aging at 500°C for 200 h leads to further segregation of P, but the intensity remains unchanged after a reductilising treatment (600°C reheating for 2 h with water cooling). (The term reductilising is used to describe the treatment employed to attempt to return the material to its original ductile state.) The internal friction measurements and TEM examinations indicated that the temper embrittlement of the steel is always accompanied by precipitation of very fine particles of Fe₃C(N) causing dead pinning of dislocations within the grains while the reductilised state corresponds to the re-solution of these fine particles back into the a solid solution which explains the reversibility of the phenomenon. Therefore, the P segregation is a necessary factor for grain boundary fracture of the steel in the temper embrittled state, but is still not sufficient for the actual appearance of this mode of fracture. The leading factor is the precipitation of Fe₃C(N) particles on dislocations and a precipitation–segregation mechanism is suggested which can be used to explain all the specific features of high temperature temper embrittlement.

MST/707     

示波冲击试验评价正火12Cr1MoV钢回火脆化敏感性

采用示波冲击试验及断口形貌分析技术，研究了正火１２Ｃｒ１ＭｏＶ钢回火试样的夏比冲击断裂过程及能量消耗，提出了采用裂纹扩展功与萌生功之比做为衡量回火脆化敏感性及一般材料韧脆断裂状态的性能指标，该指标与冲击断口形貌特征有较好的对应关系。文中还对正火１２Ｃｒ１ＭｏＶ钢的回火脆化敏感性进行了评价。     

Hydrogen and temper embrittlement in 9Cr–1Mo steel

Abstract

The synergism between hydrogen embrittlement and temper embrittlement has been investigated in a 9Cr–1Mo martensitic steel. Measurements of tensile ductility were used to monitor the development of embrittlement with increasing hydrogen content in material as tempered and aged for up to 5000 h at 500 or 550°C. A detailed examination was made of associated changes in fracture mechanism, precipitate microstructure, and interfacial and precipitate chemistry. A strong interaction between hydrogen and temper embrittlement was observed. Both types of embrittlement in isolation reduced tensile ductility by promoting a ductile interlath fracture mechanism: ‘chisel fracture’. Hydrogen and temper embrittlement acted synergistically to reduce ductility further by the promotion of brittle intergranular fracture and transgranular cleavage. The dominant factor controlling the interaction was the precipitation of a brittle intermetallic Laves phase containing phosphorus in solution. Phosphorus segregated to interfaces was considered to make an important, but secondary, contribution to the embrittlement observed.

MST/791     

The critical time in temper embrittlement isotherms of phosphorus in steels

The critical time in non-equilibrium segregation isotherm will induce a critical time in relative temper embrittlement isotherm, at which when a steel is held, a maximum in the extent of embrittlement will occur. This suggestion has been confirmed in present paper for phosphorus non-equilibrium segregation into grain boundaries in some steels.