Effect of upsetting force on microstructure of welds in resistance spot welding of 400 MPa ultra-fine

The ultra-fine grain (UFG) steel is welded by using resistance spot welding technique with or without requirement of upsetting force.Metallographic inspection shows that the grain size of weld nugget is larger than that of the base metal and the microstructure is altered significantly.In addition,contracting defects such as air holes can be found in the nugget center.The experiments show that the defects can be effectively avoided by the technique of adding upsetting force during the nugget cooling and crystallizing processes.In tensile shear tests,the welding joint starts to crack from the inner edge of the corona bond.The results of micro-hardness tests show that the newly born martensite structure dramatically improves the hardness of the joint.Under the interactions between residual stresses and regenerated fine grains,the micro-hardness of the heat-affected zone (HAZ) is lower than that of the nugget,but evidently higher than that of the base metal.     

Comparison of 2A12 aluminium alloy joint by ultrasonic assisted friction stir welding and friction stir welding

Ultrasonic assisted friction stir welding （UAFSW） is a recent modification of conventional friction stir welding, which adds ultrasonic energy directly into the friction stir welding area by the pin. In this study, 2A12 aluminum alloy was welded by this process and conventional, respectively. The tensile tests, microstructure and fracture surface of FSW joint and UAFSW joint were analyzed. The research results show that the surface forming texture of ultrasonic assisted friction stir welding joint, compared with conventional, is finer and more uniform, showing metallic matte color. The grains are much finer in weld nugget zone, thermo-mechanically affected zone and heat-affected zone; S-phase particles size is much smaller and distribution is more homogeneous in the matrix. The tensile strength of UAFSW joint is 94. 13% of base metal, and the elongation is 11.77%. The tensile strength of FSW joint is 83.15% of base metal, and the elongation is 8.81%. The tests results reveal that ultrasonic vibration can improve the tensile strength and the elongation of welded joints.     

Influence of Welding Power to the Microstructure and Properties of 304 Stainless Steel Sheet Joints in CO2 La-ser Welding

The optical microscope,SEM,XRD,microhardness and tensile tests are used to analyze the microstructure,microhardness and tensile strength of the joints of 304 stainless steel sheet joint by CO2 laser welding with different welding powers.The results show that microstructure of laser welding seam is the ferrite phase and austenite phase.There has an epitaxial solidification phenomenon and fine grains in the fusion zone.When the welding power is 1.4kW,the microhardness reaches a maximum value of 205HV in welding seam center,which is the transition zone of two directional dendritical structures.The coarser equiaxed grains lay in the 1.8kW welding seam center,and microhardness reached a minimum value of 195HV in the welding seam center.When the welding power increases,the effective bearing area of lap welding seam builds up rapidly,and the maximum loads of the double welding seams joints also increase from 4500N to 6000N in tensile test.     

Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Intercritical Heat-affected Zone of X80 Pipeline Steel in Simulated In-Service Welding

The intercritical heat-affected zone(ICHAZ) of X80 pipeline steel was simulated by using the Gleeble-3500thermal/mechanical simulator according to the thermal cycle of in-service welding.The microstructures of ICHAZ with different cooling rates were examined,and the hardness,the toughness and corresponding fractography were investigated.Results show that untransformed bainite and ferrite as well as retransformed fine bainite and martensite–austenite(M–A)constituents constitute the microstructure of ICHAZ.The two different morphologies of M–A constituents are stringer and block.Second phase particles which mainly composed of Ti,Nb,C,Fe and Cu coarsened in ICHAZ.Compared with normal welding condition,the toughness of ICHAZ is poor when the cooling time is short under in-service welding condition because of the large area fraction and size of M–A constituents that connect into chains and distribute at the grain boundaries.The Vickers hardness of ICHAZ that decreases with the increase in the cooling time is independent with the area fraction of M–A constituents.     

Thermal cycle and its influence on the microstructure of laser welded butt joint of 8 mm thick Ti-6Al-4V alloy

Ti-6Al-4V alloy is extensively used in the manufacture of components in aviation. In the current study, the laser welding process is adopted to joint the Ti-6Al-4V alloy plate which has the thick of 8 mm. A three-dimensional finite element model is established to simulate the temperature distribution of laser welding process. The thermal cycle curves are produced on the strength of the simulation results. Meanwhile, the microstructure characteristics of the welded joint are investigated combined with simulation results. The results show that weld zone, heat affected zone and based metal experience similar thermal cycles process and the cooling rate has an important influence on the formation of microstructure. Moreover, the simulation results are well matched with experiment results.     

Microstructural zones and tensile characteristics of friction stir welded joint of TC4 titanium alloy

TC4 titanium alloy was friction stir welded using a W-Re pin tool,and the defect-free weld was produced with proper welding parameters.The joint consists of stir zone,heat affected zone and base material.The stir zone is characterized by equiaxed dynamically recrystallized α phases and transformed β phases with fine α+β lamellar microstructure.The microstructure of the heat-affected zone is similar to that of the base material,but there is an increase in the volume fraction of β.Transverse tensile strength of the joint is 92% that of the base material,and the joint is fractured in the stir zone and the fracture surface possesses typical plastic fracture characteristics.The stir zone is the weakest part of the joint,through which the tensile characteristics of the TC4 joint can be explained.     

Effect of the heat input on microstructure and properties of submerged arc welded joint of 08Cr19MnNi3Cu2N stainless steel

SAW308L submerged arc welding wire and SJ601A submerged arc welding flux were selected to weld the 12 mm 08Cr19MnNi3Cu2N low nickel and high nitrogen austenitic stainless steel plates with three different welding heat input, and microstructure,tensile properties, microhardness and corrosion properties of the welded joints were studied. The results show that no defects are found in the three groups of welded joints, and the welded joints have better performance.The tensile strength of 08Cr19MnNi3Cu2N stainless steel welded joints with different heat input is slightly lower than that of the base metal,and fracture occurs in the weld zone, and the hardness of the weld zone is lower than that of the base metal. The weld microstructure of stainless steel welded joints with different heat input is composed of austenite + δ ferrite, and ferrite is uniformly distributed in austenite. With the increase of the welding heat input, the ferrite content in the weld zone decrease gradually, the grain size in the thermal affected zone increase gradually, and the impact toughness reduce.     

High-Speed Friction Stir Welding of SiC_p/Al–Mg–Si–Cu Composite

A 17 vol% SiCp/Al–Mg–Si–Cu composite plate with a thickness of 3 mm was successfully friction stir welded(FSWed) at a very high welding speed of 2000 mm/min for the first time. Microstructural observation indicated that the coarsening of the precipitates was greatly inhibited in the heat-affected zone of the FSW joint at high welding speed, due to the significantly reduced peak temperature and duration at high temperature. Therefore, prominent enhancement of the hardness was achieved at the lowest hardness zone of the FSW joint at this high welding speed, which was similar to that of the nugget zone. Furthermore, the ultimate tensile strength of the joint was as high as 369 MPa, which was much higher than that obtained at low welding speed of 100 mm/min(298 MPa). This study provides an effective method to weld aluminum matrix composite with superior quality and high welding efficiency.     

Microstructure and properties of Nd:YAG laser welded AZ31B magnesium alloy

Biodegradable magnesium-based alloys are very promising materials for temporary implants. Laser welding is an important joining method in such application. In this study, the as-rolled AZ31B magnesium alloy sheets of 1 mm in thickness were successfully joined by Nd ： YAG laser welding. The microstructure and properties of the welded joint were investigated. The result shows that the welded joint is characterized by a narrow heat-affected zone, finer grains and a large number of precipitates distribute in the matrix in the weld. Microhardness of the weld is significantly improved to 72 HV 0. 05 as compared to 55 HV 0. 05 of the base metal. Tensile strength of butt-welded joint is 180. 24 MPa, which is 76. 8% that of the base metal. The electrochemical corrosion experiment shows that the corrosion resistance of laser welded joint is significantly improved in a 3.5 wt. % NaCl solution.     

Energy-storage welding connection characteristics of rapidly solidified Cu-Co alloy foils

The connection characteristics of rapidly solidified Cu-40%Co alloy foils were studied using a self-developed micro-type energy-storage welding machine. The results show that the microstructure of the alloy foils is characterized by uniform and fine equiaxed grains, whose maximum grain size is 1.8μm. Under the optimum energy,the regular flat nugget is formed, low voltage and high capacitance are favorable for obtaining the perfect connection joints, whereas high voltage and low capacitance are likely to result in the surface burn of the alloy foils. With the increase of welding energy, the spot welding joint will be transformed from regular flat nugget to nugget-free one,and the microstructure tends to coarsen. The welding parameters recommended are, welding voltage 80 - 100 V,electric capacitance 1 800 - 2 500μF, and welding force 4 - 8 N.     

Al2O3纤维增强铝基复合材料储能焊接头微观组织分析

应用自制微型储能电阻焊机对Al2O3纤维增强铝基复合材料进行了点焊连接，分析了接头的组织形貌。在储能焊接头中形成了规则的扁平熔核，复合材料基体与熔核金属过渡良好。极短的焊接时间和大的冷却速率使共晶Si显著细化。细小的共晶Si颗粒均匀分布于铝基体中，形成与MMCs不同的基体组织。少量Al2O3纤维发生了一定程度的破碎，大部分纤维仍保持其原有的形貌特征，随机分布于熔核金属基体中。适当增大电极压力，焊前对复合材料做除氢处理并保持干燥是减小和消除气孔、提高和改善MMCs储能焊接头质量的有效途径。     

急冷Cu-Sn合金的快速凝固焊接接头组织特征

应用微型电容储能焊机对厚度约40~60μm的急冷Cu-x%Sn(x=7,13.5,20)合金箔进行了快速凝固焊接.观察了接头的组织形貌,理论计算了微型熔核的冷却速率,分析了熔核中气孔的成因.结果表明,储能焊能够实现急冷Cu-Sn合金箔的快速凝固焊接,形成的焊接接头组织细小致密,具有典型的快速凝固特征.熔核的存在时间仅15.5μs,其平均冷速高达107K/s,接头组织与急冷箔材一致性好.气孔是急冷Cu-Sn合金快速凝固焊接过程中产生的主要缺陷,随着合金中Sn元素含量的增加,熔核中气孔的析出倾向增大.     

Morphological Characteristic and Formation Mechanism of Joint of Meltspun Cu—Sn Alloy Foils By Capacitor Discharge Welding

应用自制的微型电容储能电阻焊帆研究了快速凝固Cu-20％Sn包晶合金的储能焊连接行为及接头组织特征．微型接头由熔核区、半熔化区及热影响区组成，熔核为以细密β‘～Cu5．6Sn等轴晶为主相的快速凝固组织，熔合区宽度仅2．0—3．0μm，热影响区组织未发生明显变化，储能焊接头组织与快速凝固箔材一致性好．在电极压力及电磁力的共同作用下，过冷熔核中发生了一定程度的液相流动，形成以加压电极为对称轴向四周辐射，并以结合面为对称面，向侧面延伸的弯曲流线．气孔是快速凝固Cu—Sn合金储能焊接头主要的焊接缺陷．随电极压力的增大，气泡半径急剧减小，当电极压力大于1．0MPa时，该减小趋势趋于缓和．液相流动促进气泡的碰撞、合并及迁移是气孔沿熔核周边分布的主要原因．     

细直径TA2/0Cr18Ni9Ti棒材储能焊接试验分析

采用电容储能焊机对直径2.5 mm的TA2纯钛和0Cr18Ni9Ti不锈钢异种棒材进行快速凝固对接研究,分析了接头显微组织和界面结合机制,测试了接头力学性能.结果表明,储能焊能够实现TA2与0Cr18Ni9Ti之间的快速凝固焊接,获得的焊接接头组织细小致密,极快的焊接速度有效抑制了接头中TiFe2,TiFe等脆性金属间化合物的生成.接头缺陷主要为裂纹,并具有脆性断裂特征,裂纹多发于0Cr18Ni9Ti侧,穿过熔合界面向熔核延伸.当焊接电压为195 V,电容为9 900μF,电极力为15 N时,接头抗拉强度达到480 MPa.     

大线能量焊接船体钢的研究

大线能量焊接时由于高温停留时间长、相变冷却速度慢,焊接热影响区奥氏体晶粒急剧长大,得到侧板条铁素体为主的组织,韧性恶化。降低钢中的C含量及碳当量(Ceq)、细化焊接热影响区奥氏体晶粒尺寸以及改善焊接热影响区的组织是发展大线能量焊接用钢的主要技术措施。"氧化物冶金"技术利用钢中细小的氧化物,通过促进晶内针状铁素体形核明显改善焊接热影响区的组织,成为大线能量焊接用钢最有效的技术途径。实验结果表明:Ti-Mg复合处理明显细化钢中氧化物颗粒尺寸,促进了晶内针状铁素体形核,在100～200kJ/cm的大线能量焊接条件下粗晶热影响区得到针状铁素体为主的组织,-20℃冲击功达到350J。     

2024-T4铝合金水下搅拌摩擦焊接研究

分别在空气和循环水冷条件下对2024-T4铝合金板进行搅拌摩擦焊接(friction stir welding,FSW),研究了水冷介质对FSW接头组织性能的影响.结果表明:循环水冷介质具有明显的瞬时快冷作用,水冷介质下FSW可以显著细化晶粒,并抑制焊核区析出相的生长,焊核区的平均晶粒尺寸达到700 nm,析出相尺寸达到30～200 nm.水冷介质减弱了FSW接头的热软化效应,改善了接头的组织和性能,使焊核区HV显微硬度值提高了234 MPa,接头抗拉强度提高了52.2 MPa,但试样延伸率有所下降.     

焊接速度对高强铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接头组织及力学性能的影响

焊接速度对搅拌摩擦焊接头内焊核区、热机影响区和热影响区组织和晶界沉淀相均有较大的影响。随着焊接速度的提高,焊核区和热影响区内的晶粒尺寸和沉淀颗粒大小、分布密度变化均较大;热机影响区内组织的变形程度变化明显。组织和力学性能综合分析表明,控制焊接速度。获得优良的焊核区组织有利于提高接头的力学性能。性能测试结果表明,焊接速度v=37．5mm／min时,2Al2CZ铝合金接头强度达到最大值(331MPa)。     

An experimental study on effects of post-heating parameters on resistance spot welding of SAPH440 steel

Abstract

The fracture mode of spot welded joints, made of SAPH440 steel sheets, is investigated. It was found that the weldment failure in the peel test of the joints occurred through the weld nugget. This is called an interfacial failure and is not acceptable because it is a sign of insufficient mechanical strength. Investigation showed that this kind of fracture is attributed to the brittleness of the nugget zone, caused by its martensitic microstructure due to the high cooling rate in the welding. For eliminating this defect, resistance spot welding procedures were augmented with post-heating stage. This approach is intended to reduce the cooling rate after welding and also to temper the weld nugget, generating a more ductile microstructure in the weld zone. The results of this research can be used for planning spot welding process and provides a guideline for analysing the results of hardness and peel test.     

Pathways to improve the austenite–ferrite phase balance during resistance spot welding of duplex stainless steels

Two different transformation pathways were employed to improve the phase balance in the fusion zone (FZ) of 2304 duplex stainless steel during resistance spot welding: (i) downsloping current modification aiming at controlling the weld cooling rate and (ii) in situ post-weld short annealing of the weld aiming at formation of secondary austenite in the FZ. Both pathways enabled enhancing the austenite volume fraction in the FZ. However, the in situ post-weld annealing was more effective than the downsloping current modification. It was proved that generating a homogenous microstructure with an improved phase balance via proper in situ post-weld annealing treatment can enhance the corrosion resistance of the weld nugget compared to the unbalanced FZ produced in the as-welded condition.     

Q390钢焊接CCT曲线的测定

模拟Q390钢焊接工况,利用热膨胀法通过Gleeble1500热模拟机测定Q390钢的连续冷却转变曲线(CCT曲线).采用光学显微镜、扫描电镜对不同冷却速度下的试样进行显微组织观察及分析,通过对Q390钢连续冷却特性的分析和比较得出Q390钢的SH-CCT曲线.结果表明,SH-CCT曲线分为3个区域,高温区的铁素体+珠光体转变区,中温区内的贝氏体转变区,低温区的马氏体转变区.在0.015～0.1℃/s的冷却速度范围内获得铁素体+珠光体+粒状贝氏体的整合组织;在0.5～1℃/s冷却速度范围内有大量的粒状贝氏体组织生成;当冷却速度大于25℃/s时,有马氏体与残余奥氏体整合组织生成.