液压足式机器人单腿主动柔顺性控制

针对传统液压足式机器人足式步态行走过程中,足端会受到地面较大冲击力,容易对机身产生冲击,造成机身不平稳等问题,提出了一种基于位置内环阻抗外环的柔顺控制算法,有效地降低了足端冲击力,使得足端与地面友好接触。首先,以液压足式机器人单腿为对象,对机器人单腿结构和工作原理进行介绍;其次,设计了单腿液压伺服控制回路系统,并对液压足式机器人元器件进行选型;最后,针对足式行走足端柔顺性触地问题设计了位置内环阻抗外环的柔顺控制算法,利用单腿实验平台进行柔顺性触地实验。实验结果表明基于位置内环阻抗外环的柔顺控制算法,有效地降低了足端冲击力,验证了该文设计思路及算法应用的可行性。     

基于力反馈的液压足式机器人主/被动柔顺性控制

在足式机器人运动过程中,柔顺性控制能有效减少足端触地冲击力,提高环境适应能力。被动弹簧常被用来实现机器人与环境柔性接触,但不能有效吸收剩余冲击能量。主动柔顺能够根据环境不同而调整末端刚度与阻尼,却由于冲击力作用时间很短,对执行器的响应速度有较高的要求。试验发现将主动柔顺控制与被动柔顺相结合,可弥补上述不足,并实现机器人柔顺性触地。在单液压执行器系统中验证了这种方法的有效性,将此控制策略应用在四足机器人单腿系统,得到了同样的效果。通过分析单自由度执行器系统,总结所提柔顺性控制器参数设计原则,进而为四足机器人整体柔顺性设计提供依据。     

液压驱动单腿跳跃机器人柔顺着地分析与控制

为缓解液压驱动足式机器人动态步态行走时着地瞬间足端冲击对机器人系统及其运动控制的影响,提出了一种基于关节运动规划的机器人柔顺着地控制方法。以液压驱动单腿跳跃机器人为研究对象,分析机器人足端着地冲量,通过选择合适的机器人着地姿态和减小机器人着地前足端速度实现机器人柔顺着地,为此在空中相进行余弦速度曲线关节运动轨迹规划,以及着地相进行余弦函数关节运动轨迹规划。将该方法分别应用于基于MATLAB/Simulink软件建立的仿真模型和试验样机进行单腿竖直跳跃控制实验,仿真和试验结果显示采用该方法的机器人跳跃控制消除了足端着地瞬间地面作用力在膝关节液压缸无杆腔形成的液压冲击,实验结果表明提出的基于关节运动规划的机器人柔顺着地控制方法合理可行。     

四足机器人静步态连续行走策略

为实现四足机器人在平面上稳定、连续行走的行走,避免出现打滑、冲击等现象,提出一种基于walk步态零冲击足端轨迹规划方法。首先运用DH算法推导出单腿的运动学方程。然后采用直线规划支撑腿时足端的运动轨迹,五次曲线规划摆动腿在水平方向上的足端轨迹,摆线规划摆动腿在竖直方向上的足端轨迹。以静态稳定裕度为评价指标,评价了四足机器人在连续行走过程中的稳定性。最后进行仿真实验,实验结果表明,四足机器人可以在水平面上稳定、连续的行走,验证了算法的正确性。     

双半转腿式机器人运动稳定性分析

提出一种新型的双半转腿式机器人,主要由车体支架、两条轮腿及其轮腿支架组成.根据双半转腿式机器人的步行运动特点,将机器人的一个完整步行周期分为4腿支撑阶段和双腿支撑阶段.针对双腿支撑阶段的稳定性问题,提出3点假设,将机器人的跨步过程简化成一个支点不变、摆长不断变化的倒立摆模型.以机器人平地行走为例,分别建立机器人各杆件的质心坐标方程,并推导出机器人的质心运动方程.根据机器人倒立摆模型,分析影响其运动稳定性的因素.以此为基础,利用MATLAB软件对机器人平地行走时的质心姿态、质心速度以及后跨步杆端部位姿进行仿真,仿真结果表明,双半转腿式机器人的平地运动是稳定的.     

一种新型弹性足式机器人腿部结构设计与分析

提出了一种新型弹性足式机器人腿部结构设计方法。设计了一种结构简单、响应速度快、抗冲击性强的新型足式机器人腿LCS-Leg(Linkage cable-drive spring leg)。该机器人腿采用弹性连杆机构和线驱动系统,有效降低了腿部惯量和着地冲击力,提高了机器腿的响应速度和减振抗冲能力。使用复数矢量法和D-H方法建立该机器腿运动学模型,基于此模型求解足端运动工作空间,分析了LCS-Leg的越障能力。设计单腿仿真试验平台,对两种不同结构的机器腿进行仿真,对比两者的质心高度、前进速度和足端接触力,验证了所设计机器腿的运动性能。试制弹性足式机器人腿及其试验平台,通过实物样机单腿行走试验,验证了设计方法的有效性,并完成了四足机器人整体结构设计。     

一种仿生四足机器人的腿部结构设计及其轨迹规划

为了提高四足机器人的行走稳定性,在对"马腿"进行仿生分析的基础上,设计了一种四足机器人的新型腿部仿生结构,并基于该机器人的单腿运动学模型,利用复合摆线法对其足端轨迹进行了规划;通过分析足端位移、速度、加速度的变化特点,证明满足该机器人行走稳定性的要求,为后期机器人物理样机的稳定性实验提供了理论依据。     

基于ARM的足式施工运输机器人腿部柔顺控制平台系统开发与测试

为解决足式施工运输机器人腿部控制柔顺性的问题,将ARM技术应用到机器人腿部柔顺性测试平台的搭建中。文中对机器人控制算法的稳定性和鲁棒性进行了分析,并提出了机器人平台硬件构架的设计方案,建立机器人腿部柔顺性控制平台。在此平台上,对自适应控制算法的控制性能进行了测试,完成了机器人电流检测试验,以及存在力传感器干扰和期望脚力指令干扰情况下机器人脚力跟踪试验。试验结果表明,该ARM控制平台能准确地控制机器人腿部的行走,实时测量机器人在运动过程中脚力及电流变化情况,证明了该算法能够实现脚力跟随,保证了机器人行走的稳定性。     

基于足端轨迹规划算法的液压四足机器人步态控制策略

设计一种液压四足机器人仿生机构,通过设定相应的坐标系为机器人进行运动学建模,并对行走过程中单腿的相位关系进行了分析。针对行走过程中足端的拖地、滑动和接触冲击等问题,提出一种零冲击的足端轨迹规划改进算法,并实现了步态规划算法设计。步态规划根据步态中各腿间的相位关系,借助四足机器人运动学模型进行逆运动学解算,求出各腿的关节角度函数,利用机构的几何关系得到各液压缸伸缩量控制函数,对试验样机各腿进行伺服驱动控制,从而实现液压四足机器人的步态规划行走。仿真试验结果表明,在该策略驱动控制下液压四足机器人行走过程连续平稳,样机足端轨迹较为平滑,躯干起伏较小,证明了该足端轨迹规划方法用于四足机器人步态设计的合理性和有效性。     

基于足地接触特性辨识的六足机器人自适应阻抗控制

为提高足式机器人在未知地面环境中运动适应能力,提出了一种基于足地接触特性辨识的模糊自适应阻抗控制算法.首先,针对六足机器人提出一种足地接触特性辨识方法.为降低六足机器人行走时足地之间的冲击力,提出了一种六足机器人沿腿长方向基于足地接触参数的模糊自适应阻抗控制器.基于六足机器人在不平坦地面行走时的足地接触状态,建立机器人步态控制状态机及行走控制框架.通过六足机器人仿真模型,对足地接触特性辨识方法、模糊自适应阻抗控制器以及机器人行走控制框架进行仿真验证,并应用到"青骓"六足机器人样机进行实验验证.     

转动C形腿与沙土作用建模及力学参数辨识

机器人足端与沙土相互作用力学模型的建立和参数辨识，是沙土表面步行移动机器人多模态感知和决策的重要约束条件和物理信息。C形腿构型在沙土表面具有高通过性和适应性，基于地面动力学中的抵抗力学理论，充分考虑C形腿在摆动步态条件下位姿和速度矢量对足地相互作用动态力学的影响，进而建立C形腿与沙土的相互作用力学模型。然后，通过三组宽度条件的C形腿与沙土表面的转动接触力学试验，提取数据并分析水平和竖直接触力随姿态角度的变化规律。然后，通过积分模型的解析推导获得线性表达形式，基于递归最小二乘算法对未知参数矩阵进行逐项推导。最后，基于逐项迭代输入输出矩阵函数，获得参数在已有数据样本容量空间内的辨识结果。与试验结果相比，辨识后的预测竖直力和水平力误差分别为4.05%和4.22%，验证参数辨识的准确性和有效性。辨识的参数能够反映沙土地面的部分物理特征，基准值则反映腿部几何构型对力学模型的影响。     

An improved force-based impedance control method for the HDU of legged robots

Hydraulic drive mode enables legged robots to have excellent characteristics, such as greater power-to-weight ratios, higher load capacities, and faster response speeds than other robots. Nowadays, highly integrated valve-controlled cylinder, called hydraulic drive unit (HDU), is employed to drive the joints of these robots. However, various robot control issues exist. For example, during the walking process of legged robots, different obstacles are encountered, making it difficult to control such robots because the load characteristics of the ends of their feet change with the environment. Furthermore, although the adoption of HDU has resulted in high-performance robot control, the hydraulic systems of these robots still have problems, such as strong nonlinearity, and time-varying parameters. Consequently, robot control is very difficult and complex. This paper proposes an improved second-order dynamic compliance control system, impedance control, for HDU. The control system is designed to rectify the issues affecting the impedance control accuracy of the dynamic compliance serial–parallel composition between the HDU force control inner loop and the impedance control outer loop. Specifically, it consists of a compliance-enhanced controller and a feedforward compensation controller for the force control inner loop. Furthermore, the dynamic compliance composition of the inner and outer HDU control loops is rearranged. The results of experiments conducted indicate that the proposed method significantly improves the control accuracy compared to that of traditional force-based impedance control.     

考虑足地作用的足式机器人环境表征与路径规划

足式机器人在行走过程中,足端与地面之间的相互作用影响机器人的地面通过情况。足地作用与地表的几何形状和地面的物理特性息息相关,因此仅基于几何特性地图进行路径规划难以满足野外环境下规避松软沙土等非几何危险的需求。针对该问题,考虑足地作用力学提出包含几何与物理特性的环境模型进行足式机器人路径规划。通过简化和统一软硬地面下的足地作用模型,提出表征地面法向松软特性和切向摩擦特性的参数化指标,结合几何特性构建更全面的环境模型。综合考虑影响机器人通过性的地面几何与物理特征,重构路径规划的优化目标,通过图搜索算法实现最优路径规划。以六足机器人Elspider为对象进行仿真和试验,验证了所提出的方法能够有效规避非几何危险,实现了更安全、通过性更强的路径规划。     

Method for six-legged robot stepping on obstacles by indirect force estimation

Adaptive gaits for legged robots often requires force sensors installed on foot-tips, however impact, temperature or humidity can affect or even damage those sensors. Efforts have been made to realize indirect force estimation on the legged robots using leg structures based on planar mechanisms. Robot Octopus III is a six-legged robot using spatial parallel mechanism(UP-2UPS) legs. This paper proposed a novel method to realize indirect force estimation on walking robot based on a spatial parallel mechanism. The direct kinematics model and the inverse kinematics model are established. The force Jacobian matrix is derived based on the kinematics model. Thus, the indirect force estimation model is established. Then, the relation between the output torques of the three motors installed on one leg to the external force exerted on the foot tip is described. Furthermore, an adaptive tripod static gait is designed. The robot alters its leg trajectory to step on obstacles by using the proposed adaptive gait. Both the indirect force estimation model and the adaptive gait are implemented and optimized in a real time control system. An experiment is carried out to validate the indirect force estimation model. The adaptive gait is tested in another experiment. Experiment results show that the robot can successfully step on a 0.2 m-high obstacle. This paper proposes a novel method to overcome obstacles for the six-legged robot using spatial parallel mechanism legs and to avoid installing the electric force sensors in harsh environment of the robot’s foot tips.     

Footholds optimization for legged robots walking on complex terrain

This paper proposes a novel continuous footholds optimization method for legged robots to expand their walking ability on complex terrains. The algorithm can efficiently run onboard and online by using terrain perception information to protect the robot against slipping or tripping on the edge of obstacles, and to improve its stability and safety when walking on complex terrain. By relying on the depth camera installed on the robot and obtaining the terrain heightmap, the algorithm converts the discrete grid heightmap into a continuous costmap. Then, it constructs an optimization function combined with the robot’s state information to select the next footholds and generate the motion trajectory to control the robot’s locomotion. Compared with most existing footholds selection algorithms that rely on discrete enumeration search, as far as we know, the proposed algorithm is the first to use a continuous optimization method. We successfully implemented the algorithm on a hexapod robot, and verified its feasibility in a walking experiment on a complex terrain.     

深空着陆探测足式机器人发展综述

介绍了世界主要航天大国关于深空着陆探测足式机器人的研究现状,对比分析了不同类型足式机器人的优缺点,从硬件与软件设计方面剖析了足式机器人在深空着陆探测任务中尚未工程化的主要问题。以此为基础,提炼出感知融合化技术、控制智能化技术、形态可重构技术、多机协同化技术等深空着陆探测足式机器人发展的关键技术,为中国研制深空着陆探测领域可工程应用的足式机器人提供参考。     

Analysis on the performance of the SLIP runner with nonlinear spring leg

The spring-loaded inverted pendulum(SLIP) has been widely studied in both animals and robots.Generally,the majority of the relevant theoretical studies deal with elastic leg,the linear leg length-force relationship of which is obviously conflict with the biological observations.A planar spring-mass model with a nonlinear spring leg is presented to explore the intrinsic mechanism of legged locomotion with elastic component.The leg model is formulated via decoupling the stiffness coefficient and exponent of the leg compression in order that the unified stiffness can be scaled as convex,concave as well as linear profile.The apex return map of the SLIP runner is established to investigate dynamical behavior of the fixed point.The basin of attraction and Floquet Multiplier are introduced to evaluate the self-stability and initial state sensitivity of the SLIP model with different stiffness profiles.The numerical results show that larger stiffness exponent can increase top speed of stable running and also can enlarge the size of attraction domain of the fixed point.In addition,the parameter variation is conducted to detect the effect of parameter dependency,and demonstrates that on the fixed energy level and stiffness profile,the faster running speed with larger convergence rate of the stable fixed point under small local perturbation can be achieved via decreasing the angle of attack and increasing the stiffness coefficient.The perturbation recovery test is implemented to judge the ability of the model resisting large external disturbance.The result shows that the convex stiffness performs best in enhancing the robustness of SLIP runner negotiating irregular terrain.This research sheds light on the running performance of the SLIP runner with nonlinear leg spring from a theoretical perspective,and also guides the design and control of the bio-inspired legged robot.     

Computer-aided geometric design of legs for a walking vehicle

A legged vehicle is potentially more energy efficient and mobile than conventional vehicles in rough terrain. The performance of such a legged vehicle is strongly dependent on the leg geometry. In general, a leg linkage which possesses three-degree-of-freedom foot motion is adequate. A preliminary design of the leg with a view to good energy efficiency resulted in a four-bar leg. This was described by S. M. Song et al. [Mech. Mach. Theory 19, 17–24 (1984)]. In the present paper, the mobility of the legged vehicle is brought into consideration in the leg design. A study of the mobility of a six-legged vehicle shows that a large walking envelope is required for each leg linkage. In order to satisfy this requirement, the original four-bar leg was modified into a seven-bar leg by mounting another four-bar linkage on the coupler of the original four-bar linkage. Also, a different type of leg linkage based on pantograph mechanism was designed. A comparison of the leg performance of both types of leg is made in this paper and the pantograph leg is found to be more effective.     

水下捕捞机器人水动力学性能分析

海参捕捞机器人在水下捕捞作业时的性能受姿态变化的影响较大，为了使海参捕捞机器人始终保持最佳性能，需要在实际应用前对不同姿态下的捕捞机器人进行水动力学分析。利用计算流体力学软件 中的RNG 湍流模型作为仿真模型，考虑到仿真计算的精度，对近壁区域的处理进行了研究，在湍流模型的基础上加入了标准壁面函数。应用该模型对水下捕捞机器人水平直航、水平斜航和垂直斜航3种姿态下的水阻力和水阻力矩进行分析。结果表明:不同的姿态将影响水下捕捞机器人所受到的水阻力和水阻力矩的大小；在水平直航时捕捞机器人受到垂直向下的作用力较大，而产生的俯仰力矩较小；在水平斜航时漂角对捕捞机器人的影响较大；在垂直斜航时捕捞机器人的垂向力和俯仰力矩均随着流速和攻角的增大而增加。     

Type Design and Behavior Control for Six Legged Robots

The research on legged robots attracted much attention both from the academia and industry. Legged robots are multi-input multi-output with multiple end-e ector systems. Therefore,the mechanical design and control framework are challenging issues. This paper reviews the development of type synthesis and behavior control on legged robots; introduces the hexapod robots developed in our research group based on the proposed type synthesis method. The control framework for legged robots includes data driven layer,robot behavior layer and robot execution layer. Each layer consists several components which are explained in details. Finally,various experiments were conducted on several hexapod robots. The summarization of the type synthesis and behavior control design constructed in this paper would provide a unified platform for communications and references for future advancement for legged robots.