CHANGES IN THE COMPOSITION AND PROPERTIES OF THE VACUUM RESIDUES AS A RESULT OF VISBREAKING

Two vacuum residues of heavy petroleum blends and residues of the products of their visbreaking, on a commercial unit, were investigated by means of column chromatography, cryoscopic analysis, elemental analysis, NMR spectroscopy, etc. An increase in the contents of asphaltenes and saturated, increase in asphaltenes/polar components ratio, and decrease in the aromatics contents during visbreaking were observed for both kinds of feed. The N/C ratio increased, the S/C ratio did not change significantly. Most of the nickel and vanadium were concentrated in the asphaltenes and aromatics. The length of the paraffinic chains of the saturated decreases during visbreaking from about 50 to 30 carbon atoms. The number of carbon atoms per alkyl chain and the number of naphthenic rings in the average molecule of the aromatics decreased, whereas the number of aromatic rings increased. About 2/3 of the total aromatic carbon in the aromatics are non-bridged. The average asphaltenes molecule contains about 36-38 aromatic rings (mostly condensed), 5-7 naphthenic rings and 12-16 alkyl substituents having relatively short (n = 5-6) chains. Two contrary processes, relating asphaltenes, take place during visbreaking: 1) cracking of asphaltenes, which results in a decrease in their content and molecular weight, decrease in the number of the side chains and their length, and increase in asphaltenes aromaticity; 2) asphaltenes formation from the polar components of the feed. The resulting process may be expressed both in a decrease and in an increase in the asphaltenes content. Reactions of condensation of the asphaltenes precursors (resins, etc.) prevail for the light stocks. For heavier stocks, cracking of the asphaltenes plays a more significant role, and the increase in asphaltenes content takes place mainly due to concentrating them in the visbreaking residue as a result of the distillation of the visbroken product.     

胜利减压渣油强化热转化过程的研究

在实验室小型评价装置上考察了复合型增液剂L对胜利减压渣油热转化反应的影响。研究结果表明,增液剂L使热转化液体产物收率增加、焦炭和干气产率降低。增加的液体产物主要是蜡油馏分,其组成主要是3环以上的多环芳烃,说明增液剂可促进残渣油和重质生成油分子多环芳烃结构的烷基侧链和多环芳烃结构之间桥链的断裂,使3~4环的多环芳烃能够及时从反应器逸出而成为液体产品。气体产物中C3、C4烃收率增加、C1、C2烃收率减少,表明增液剂L改变了原料烃的热裂化方式。     

固态13C-NMR法表征渣油沥青质的结构组成

以长庆常压渣油、胜利减压渣油和加拿大减压渣油为原料,研究了正庚烷沥青质的结构及组成,根据固态13C NMR分析结果,计算了沥青质分子的平均结构单元参数,并模拟出了沥青质的结构单元模型。结果表明,沥青质分子由4个左右的结构单元组成,每个结构单元包括5～7个缩合芳香环。沥青质中的饱和碳以环烷碳为主,并包含少量的短烷基侧链,沥青质的n(HS)/n(CS)在16左右。对于平均相对分子质量较大、具有较短烷基侧链和较少取代基的沥青质分子,由核磁共振氢谱计算其结构参数时,采用重油计算过程的假设--芳香环烷基侧链上α位及β位和β位以远的氢/碳比为2(x=y=2)是不合理的,可能会导致计算结果与沥青质的真实结构存在较大的误差。     

MODIFICATIONS INDUCED BY VISBREAKING ON COMPOSITION AND STRUCTURE OF ATMOSPHERIC RESIDUES

The atmospheric residues, the corresponding visbroken residues and the related asphaltenes have been characterized by elemental analysis, liquid and gel permeation chromatography (LC, GPC), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and pyrolysis/gas chromatography/mass spectrometry ( Py/GC/MS) before and after the thermal process. The results show that visbreaking (VB) increases the aromaticity (Car) of the residues and decreases their resins/ asphaltenes ratio. A relationship between δC_ar and resins/as-phaltenes ratio has been found.

The cracking of aliphatic chains which takes place during the thermal process produces asphalthenes with lower molecular weight and more condensed aromatic structures. The rise up to 60% of the ratio of aromatic to paraffinic carbon (C_ar/C_p ( greatly affects the solubility of VB asphaltenes in a oily medium.     

氢化菲在 REUSY 分子筛催化剂上的反应性能

采用小型固定流化床装置考察了二氢菲、八氢菲和全氢菲在分子筛催化剂上的裂化反应产物,并进行了对比分析。结果表明,在 REUSY 分子筛催化剂上,二氢菲主要发生脱氢缩合反应,生成菲、芘等三环以上多环芳烃甚至焦炭,并阻碍了作为溶剂的正庚烷的裂化;八氢菲、全氢菲主要发生环烷环开环反应,八氢菲的环烷环开环反应产物中乙烯、丙烯、丁烯等 C₂~C₄烃以及烷基苯的氢转移反应产物萘、烷基萘等 C1₀烃的收率较高,全氢菲的环烷环开环反应产物中环己烷、烷基苯等汽油组分烃的收率较高;另外,较少量的八氢菲、全氢菲通过脱氢缩合生成菲、芘等三环以上多环芳烃甚至焦炭。氢化菲氢化程度越高越容易发生环烷环开环反应,氢化程度越低越容易发生脱氢反应生成三环以上多环芳烃和焦炭,且氢化程度过低还会抑制饱和烃的裂化。     

Characterization of Asphalt Fractions by NMR Spectroscopy

Abstract

Petroleum asphalt was separated into saturates, naphthalene aromatics, polar aromatics, and asphaltenes using the Corbett method. These asphalt fractions were characterized by H-1 and C-13 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR). The spectra of saturates illustrate only traceable quantities of aromatic hydrogen and aromatic carbon. Naphthalene aromatics, polar aromatics, and asphaltenes all have broad bands in the aromatic regions of both H-1 and C-13 NMR spectra. These broad bands demonstrate the presence of polycondensed aromatic rings present in the structure of naphthalene aromatics, polar aromatics, and asphaltenes. Based on available literature, numerous NMR resonance bands are identified. The quantitative estimations for various kinds of protons and carbons in the asphalt fractions are compared.     

四氢萘在分子筛催化剂上环烷环开环反应的研究

在小型固定流化床(FFB)装置中考察了Y与ZSM-5分子筛催化剂以及温度、剂油比对四氢萘裂化环烷环开环的影响。结果表明,四氢萘在分子筛催化剂上通过环烷环开环反应生成丙烷、丙烯、丁烷、丁烯、甲基戊烷和环戊烷、环己烷等非芳烃,苯、C1～C4烷基取代苯等单环芳烃;并通过脱氢缩合反应生成萘、甲基萘等双环芳烃,菲、芘等三环以上芳烃甚至焦炭等;其中环烷环开环与脱氢缩合反应的相对比例在两种分子筛上分别为1.22、0.95。由于扩散和吸附性能的影响,其裂化开环反应的选择性在Y分子筛催化剂比ZSM-5分子筛催化剂上高;温度在450～550℃、剂油比在3～9范围,反应温度升高或者剂油比增加,双分子氢转移以及脱氢缩合反应增强,从而导致环烷环开环产物选择性降低。     

Structural Changes of Sub-fractions in Residue Hydrotreating Products by Ruthenium Catalyzed Oxidation

Abstract

Structure of aromatics, resins, and asphaltenes in petroleum residue was undertaken by using ruthenium ion catalyzed oxidation. The distribution of alkyl side chains and bridges connected to aromatic rings was quantified, and the condensed type of aromatic rings was deduced. The structural changes of fractions in residue during hydrotreating were discussed. The results showed that fractions have abundant alkyl side chains (C₁–C₂₇), mainly n-alkyl side chains, attached to aromatic carbons, and polymethylene bridges connected to at least two aromatic ring systems are also present. The molar concentrations of these alkyl groups are declined as the increase of chain length. Cata-condensed, peri-condensed, and biphenyl-type aromatic unit structures coexist in fractions, while the proportion of biphenyl type structure is relatively small. The aromatic structure of aromatics is mostly cata-condensed, while for resins the proportion of cata-condensed and peri-condensed type aromatic structures is comparable, and structure of asphaltene is mostly peri-condensed. The chemical structure of fractions in residue changed due to the increase of hydrotreating degree. The enrichment of large aromatic units made asphaltene have more aromatic structures and higher condensed degree.     

柴油轻馏分选择性催化转化反应实验研究

在小型固定流化床装置上,对催化裂化柴油轻馏分选择性裂化多产高辛烷值汽油MIP工艺进行小型实验研究。以柴油轻馏分为原料,考察在剂油质量比为6、重时空速为10 h-1、反应温度为450～620℃的条件下柴油轻馏分的选择性催化转化反应。结果表明,随着反应温度的提高,汽油产率呈先增加后降低的趋势,汽油中芳烃质量分数占60%以上,主要为C8和C9芳烃,并且主要为多甲基侧链芳烃;温度每增加10℃汽油中苯的质量分数增加0.12个百分点。柴油轻馏分选择性催化转化理想模式为长侧链烷基芳烃主要进行烷基侧链断裂反应,尽量避免进行环化脱氢和缩合反应。柴油轻馏分选择性催化转化可以通过优化反应条件和催化材料的活性位进行控制。     

塔河常压渣油中亚组分化学组成与结构分析

以塔河常压渣油为原料、正己烷为溶剂沉淀出沥青质,并将其回调至渣油中配制成不同沥青质含量的油样进行高压加氢热转化实验;利用热重并结合1H-NMR和13C-NMR对反应产物中不饱和亚组分进行表征。结果表明：随着配制油样中沥青质含量的增加,焦炭和气体收率均呈线性增加趋势,次生饱和分收率在沥青质质量分数为30%时,取得极大值55.04%;不饱和亚组分均发生了烷基侧链的断裂脱落及环烷环开环裂解,致使芳香氢和芳环α位氢含量增加,且饱和碳分率呈显著降低趋势,而芳碳分率、共二环芳碳分率和共三环芳碳均表现为大幅度增加的变化趋势。     

Structural Studies on Residual Fuel Oil Asphaltenes by RICO Method

Structural characterization of asphaltenes isolated from Saudi Arabian heavy and medium crude oils was undertaken by using ruthenium ion catalyzed oxidation (RICO) method. The RICO method was capable to convert aromatic carbons selectively into carbon dioxide and carboxylic acids and esters group while leaving aliphatic and naphthenic structures of asphaltenes essentially unaffected. Detailed analyses of RICO products of both Arab heavy and Arab medium asphaltenes were conducted using FT-IR, ¹³C-NMR, IC, GPC, and GC-MS techniques. These analyses indicate that the aqueous phase fraction (water-soluble products) obtained from RICO reaction of asphaltenes consists of aliphatic dicarboxylic acids and aromatic poly carboxylic acids with longer alkyl chains. The ¹³C-NMR and GC-MS analyses of organic phase products of asphaltenes indicate that this fraction contains large amount of aliphatic carboxylic acids with longer alkyl groups. The oxidation products of both Arab heavy and Arab medium asphaltenes were found to be dominated by a homologous series of straight chain monocarboxylic acids suggesting that the normal alkyl chains are major and important constituents of the chemical structure of both asphaltenes.     

塔河减压馏分油芳烃侧链研究

为弄清减压馏分油中芳烃组分的侧链结构特点,将塔河原油的减压馏分油按照极性分成了轻芳烃、中芳烃和重芳烃组分,并采用仪器分析和钌离子催化氧化实验方法对其平均结构和侧链形态进行研究。结果表明,随着芳烃组分极性的增大,其烷基侧链平均碳链长度、平均相对分子质量减小,多环芳烃、杂原子含量增多。通过对钌离子催化氧化实验的水相和有机相产物的分析表明,3个芳烃亚组分的侧链以正构烷基为主,占80%左右,并且从轻芳烃、中芳烃到重芳烃,其侧链中所含碳数小于7的短烷基取代基依次增多,而碳数大于7的长烷基取代基依次减少,另外,异构烷基以低碳数单甲基异构烷基为主。     

Structural Characterization of Asphaltenes and Ethyl Acetate Insoluble Fractions of Petroleum Vacuum Residues

Asphaltenes and insoluble fractions of vacuum residues (VRs) of two Indian crude oils (viz. Heera and Jodhpur) of different specific gravity were obtained by precipitation of VRs in n-hexane, n-heptane, and ethyl acetate, and also by subsequent reprecipitation of n-heptane and ethyl acetate soluble fractions by n-pentane. The effect of various solvents on average molecular structure of asphaltenes and insolubles was studied using nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and size exclusion chromatography (SEC). The asphaltenes and insolubles of Jodhpur VR have higher amounts of high molecular weight species with a high concentration of condensed and substituted aromatic rings, branched and/or short alkyl side chains, oxygen and nitrogen functionalities, compared to that of Heera VR. Ethyl acetate insolubles comprise a higher number of substituted aromatic structures, branched aliphatic structures, complex average unit structures, nitrogen and oxygen functionalities, and high molecular weight (MW) species as compared to hexane and heptane asphaltenes. Heptane insolubles consist of more naphthenic rings condensed with aromatic rings than C6A and EAI.     

不同沥青质含量渣油临氢热转化反应特性研究

以塔河常压渣油为原料、正己烷为溶剂沉淀出沥青质,并将其回调至渣油中配制成不同沥青质含量的油样进行高压加氢热转化实验;利用热重并结合1H-NMR和13C-NMR对反应产物中不饱和亚组分进行表征。结果表明：随着配制油样中沥青质含量的增加,焦炭和气体收率均呈线性增加趋势,次生饱和分收率在沥青质质量分数为30%时,取得极大值55.04%;不饱和亚组分均发生了烷基侧链的断裂脱落及环烷环开环裂解,致使芳香氢和芳环α位氢含量增加,且饱和碳分率呈显著降低趋势,而芳碳分率、共二环芳碳分率和共三环芳碳均表现为大幅度增加的变化趋势。     

AN ANALYSIS ON THE COMPOSITIONS OF THE CATALYTIC CRACKING STOCKS FROM SHENBEI OIL

Six catalytic cracking stocks from SHENBEI oil, which include recycle stock, coker gatch, sweat oil, residual oil and mixed feed, were analyzed by means of vacuum distillation, n-d-m, E-d-m, mass spectrum and elemental analysis. The fraction compositions, hydrocarbon compositions and element contents of the six catalytic cracking stocks were determined. The effect of compositions of various catalytic stocks on catalytic cracking reaction was discussed. Results show that the gum and asphaltene in the six stocks were lower except residual oil, but saturated hydrocarbon were all high; aromatics in the six stocks except slurry oil and sweat oil were lower, which are suitable for catalytic cracking units. There will be a big potential uses for the residual oil as catalytic stocks.     

VARIATION IN THE CHEMICAL NATURE OF ASPHALTENES WITH THE PROCESS,THE COAL AND THE REACTION CONDITIONS

ABSTRACT

Average structure data for twelve asphaltenes are reported, based on ¹³C- and H- n.m.r. spectroscopy combined with elemental, molecular weight and functional group analyses. The asphaltenes were from supercritical gas extraction, flash pyrolysis and hydrogenation of a brown and a bituminous coal. The effect of the reaction temperature and, for hydrogenation, the catalyst and solvent on the nature of the asphaltene produced was studied. The asphaltene obtained from supercritical gas extraction of the brown coal at 350°C was the least aromatic (f_a = 0.44) with the highest H/C atomic ratio (1.16) and probably consists mainly of single ring aromatlcs with about half of the aromatic sites substituted. A significant proportion of the carbon in this asphaltene is in long alkyl chains and the hydroxyl content is high. Whereas, the asphaltenes produced by hydrogenatlon of the bituminous coal at 450°C were far more aromatic with more highly condensed but less substituted aromatic ring systems and few, if any, long alkyl chains, together with a lower hydroxyl content. The asphaltenes obtained from the brown coal are less aromatic with less condensed aromatic ring systems but a higher degree of aromatic substitution than those produced from the bituminous coal under the same conditions. The asphaltenes formed at 450°C had lower H/C atomic ratios, molecular weights and degree of aromatic substitution, but higher aromaticities Ohan those produced at 35O°C or 400°C under like processing conditions. The asphaltene produced in the presence of both stannous chloride catalyst and tetralin was less aromatic than when either of these species was absent.     

VARIATION IN THE CHEMICAL NATURE OF ASPHALTENES WITH THE PROCESS, THE COAL AND THE REACTION CONDITIONS

Average structure data for twelve asphaltenes are reported, based on ¹³C- and H- n.m.r. spectroscopy combined with elemental, molecular weight and functional group analyses. The asphaltenes were from supercritical gas extraction, flash pyrolysis and hydrogenation of a brown and a bituminous coal. The effect of the reaction temperature and, for hydrogenation, the catalyst and solvent on the nature of the asphaltene produced was studied. The asphaltene obtained from supercritical gas extraction of the brown coal at 350°C was the least aromatic (f_a = 0.44) with the highest H/C atomic ratio (1.16) and probably consists mainly of single ring aromatlcs with about half of the aromatic sites substituted. A significant proportion of the carbon in this asphaltene is in long alkyl chains and the hydroxyl content is high. Whereas, the asphaltenes produced by hydrogenatlon of the bituminous coal at 450°C were far more aromatic with more highly condensed but less substituted aromatic ring systems and few, if any, long alkyl chains, together with a lower hydroxyl content. The asphaltenes obtained from the brown coal are less aromatic with less condensed aromatic ring systems but a higher degree of aromatic substitution than those produced from the bituminous coal under the same conditions. The asphaltenes formed at 450°C had lower H/C atomic ratios, molecular weights and degree of aromatic substitution, but higher aromaticities Ohan those produced at 35O°C or 400°C under like processing conditions. The asphaltene produced in the presence of both stannous chloride catalyst and tetralin was less aromatic than when either of these species was absent.     

AN ANALYSIS ON THE COMPOSITIONS OF THE CATALYTIC CRACKING STOCKS FROM SHENBEI OIL

ABSTRACT

Six catalytic cracking stocks from SHENBEI oil, which include recycle stock, coker gatch, sweat oil, residual oil and mixed feed, were analyzed by means of vacuum distillation, n-d-m, E-d-m, mass spectrum and elemental analysis. The fraction compositions, hydrocarbon compositions and element contents of the six catalytic cracking stocks were determined. The effect of compositions of various catalytic stocks on catalytic cracking reaction was discussed. Results show that the gum and asphaltene in the six stocks were lower except residual oil, but saturated hydrocarbon were all high; aromatics in the six stocks except slurry oil and sweat oil were lower, which are suitable for catalytic cracking units. There will be a big potential uses for the residual oil as catalytic stocks.