Surface ultraviolet irradiance from OMI

The Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) onboard the NASA Earth Observing System (EOS) Aura spacecraft is a nadir-viewing spectrometer that measures solar reflected and backscattered light in a selected range of the ultraviolet and visible spectrum. The instrument has a 2600-km-wide viewing swath, and it is capable of daily, global contiguous mapping. We developed and implemented a surface ultraviolet (UV) irradiance algorithm for OMI that produces noontime surface spectral UV irradiance estimates at four wavelengths (305, 310, 324, and 380 nm). Additionally, noontime erythemal dose rate and the erythemal daily dose are estimated. The OMI surface UV algorithm inherits from the surface UV algorithm developed by NASA Goddard Space Flight Center for the Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS). The OMI surface UV irradiance products are produced and archived in HDF5-EOS format by Finnish Meteorological Institute. The accuracy of the surface UV estimates depend on UV wavelength and atmospheric and other geolocation specific conditions ranging from 7% to 30%. A postprocessing aerosol correction can be applied at sites with additional ground-based measurements of the aerosol absorption optical thickness. The current OMI surface UV product validation plan is presented.     

Science objectives of the ozone monitoring instrument

The Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) flies on NASA's Earth Observing System AURA satellite, launched in July 2004. OMI is an ultraviolet/visible (UV/VIS) nadir solar backscatter spectrometer, which provides nearly global coverage in one day, with a spatial resolution of 13 km/spl times/24 km. Trace gases measured include O/sub 3/, NO/sub 2/, SO/sub 2/, HCHO, BrO, and OClO. In addition OMI measures aerosol characteristics, cloud top heights and cloud coverage, and UV irradiance at the surface. OMI's unique capabilities for measuring important trace gases with daily global coverage and a small footprint will make a major contribution to our understanding of stratospheric and tropospheric chemistry and climate change along with Aura's other three instruments. OMI's high spatial resolution enables detection of air pollution at urban scales. Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer and differential optical absorption spectroscopy heritage algorithms, as well as new ones developed by the international (Dutch, Finnish, and U.S.) OMI science team, are used to derive OMI's advanced backscatter data products. In addition to providing data for Aura's prime objectives, OMI will provide near-real-time data for operational agencies in Europe and the U.S. Examples of OMI's unique capabilities are presented in this paper.     

The ozone monitoring instrument

The Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) flies on the National Aeronautics and Space Administration's Earth Observing System Aura satellite launched in July 2004. OMI is a ultraviolet/visible (UV/VIS) nadir solar backscatter spectrometer, which provides nearly global coverage in one day with a spatial resolution of 13 km/spl times/24 km. Trace gases measured include O/sub 3/, NO/sub 2/, SO/sub 2/, HCHO, BrO, and OClO. In addition, OMI will measure aerosol characteristics, cloud top heights, and UV irradiance at the surface. OMI's unique capabilities for measuring important trace gases with a small footprint and daily global coverage will be a major contribution to our understanding of stratospheric and tropospheric chemistry and climate change. OMI's high spatial resolution is unprecedented and will enable detection of air pollution on urban scale resolution. In this paper, the instrument and its performance will be discussed.     

Band residual difference algorithm for retrieval of SO/sub 2/ from the aura ozone monitoring instrument (OMI)

The Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) on EOS/Aura offers unprecedented spatial and spectral resolution, coupled with global coverage, for space-based UV measurements of sulfur dioxide (SO/sub 2/). This paper describes an OMI SO/sub 2/ algorithm (the band residual difference) that uses calibrated residuals at SO/sub 2/ absorption band centers produced by the NASA operational ozone algorithm (OMTO3). By using optimum wavelengths for retrieval of SO/sub 2/, the retrieval sensitivity is improved over NASA predecessor Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS) by factors of 10 to 20, depending on location. The ground footprint of OMI is eight times smaller than TOMS. These factors produce two orders of magnitude improvement in the minimum detectable mass of SO/sub 2/. Thus, the diffuse boundaries of volcanic clouds can be imaged better and the clouds can be tracked longer. More significantly, the improved sensitivity now permits daily global measurement of passive volcanic degassing of SO/sub 2/ and of heavy anthropogenic SO/sub 2/ pollution to provide new information on the relative importance of these sources for climate studies.     

OMI very fast delivery and the Sodankyla/spl uml/ Satellite Data Centre

The Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) operates onboard the National Aeronautics and Space Administration's Earth Observing System Aura satellite, which was launched in July 2004. Like its sister spacecraft Terra and Aqua, Aura's capabilities include direct broadcast (DB), i.e., the ability to broadcast data at the same time as they are being measured and stored in the spacecraft's memory for later transmission to Earth. The Finnish Meteorological Institute's Satellite Data Centre at Sodankyla/spl uml/ in Finnish Lapland is exploiting this capability to receive OMI data while Aura is in sight of the receiver, which enables nearly immediate production of OMI data products for a region that includes a large part of Europe, stretching from the North Pole to the Italian Alps. The current OMI Very Fast Delivery (VFD) products include maps of surface UV-B, ozone columns, and cloud coverage.     

基于OMI卫星数据结合车载DOAS技术修正的NOx排放通量估算

与搭载在EOS AURA卫星上的OMI（Ozone Monitoring Instrument）探测器相比,由车载被动差分吸收光谱（differential optical absorption spectroscopy,DOAS）技术获得的NO2柱浓度数据空间分辨率更高,因而能够更准确的反映出NO2时空分布情况,利用OMI NO2 Level2数据产品重构2013年6月石家庄及周边区域的NO2柱浓度分布,结合风场数据分析NO2柱浓度沿风场方向的空间分布,同时,使用车载被动DOAS系统对西南通道即石家庄-保定-北京路段进行走航观测,获取车载DOAS NO2柱浓度分布数据,使用指数修正高斯（exponentially-modified Gaussian,EMG）拟合方式,分别拟合OMI NO2 数据和经过地基DOAS数据修正后的OMI NO2 数据得到NOx排放通量分别为195.8 mol/s、160.6 mol/s。经过地基DOAS数据修正的NOx排放量小于卫星估算值,可能是由于卫星的空间分辨率较低导致的。     

Conceptual Performance of a Satellite Borne, Wide Swath Synthetic Aperture Radar

A satellite borne synthetic aperture radar can image a wide swath in the order of 700 km with one-look 100-m resolution. If the design meets the ambiguity constraints at the far edge of the swath, the maximum swath width is independent of both radar wavelength and shape of the physical antenna aperture. The antenna pattern can be a pencil beam scanned in the elevation plane, or a fan beam formed by a long antenna. The scanning pencil beam antenna may be a phased array or multiple-feed reflector which may be more practical than a long antenna to image a wide swath. Design performance trade computations are presented involving resolution, swath width, antenna area, average transmitter power and digital data rate.     

Direction interval retrieval with thresholded nudging: a method forimproving the accuracy of QuikSCAT winds

The SeaWinds scatterometer was developed by NASA JPL, Pasadena, CA, to measure the speed and direction of ocean surface winds. It was then launched onboard the QuikSCAT spacecraft. The accuracy of the majority of the swath and the size of the swath are such that the SeaWinds on QuikSCAT Mission (QSCAT) meets its science requirements despite shortcomings at certain cross-track positions. Nonetheless, it is desirable to modify the baseline processing in order to improve the quality of the less accurate portions of the swath, in particular near the far swath and nadir. Two disparate problems have been identified for these regions. At far swath, ambiguity removal skill is degraded due to the absence of inner beam measurements, limited azimuth diversity and boundary effects. Near nadir, due to nonoptimal measurement geometry, (measurement azimuths approximately 180° apart) there is a marked decrease in directional accuracy even when ambiguity removal works correctly. Two algorithms have been developed: direction interval retrieval (DIR) to address the nadir performance issue and thresholded nudging (TN) to improve ambiguity removal at far swath. The authors illustrate the impact of the two techniques by exhibiting prelaunch simulation results and postlaunch statistical performance metrics with respect to ECMWF wind fields and buoy data     

基于方位向波束扫描的宽测绘带SAR方法研究

宽测绘带合成孔径雷达(SAR)是目前SAR研究的一个热点问题，在需要全球动态观察或高重复周期观察局部地区的应用中都希望能进行宽测绘带成像。在宽测绘带SAR方法中的关键问题是如何在混叠的信号中提取出各个子测绘带的回波，在现有的宽测绘带SAR方法中多数是基于距离向多波束、距离向脉冲编码、距离向自适应聚焦等方法区分各个子测绘带的回波。文中提出了一种基于方位向波束扫描的宽测绘带方法，可以在方位向频谱上区分各个子测绘带的回波，从而在保持SAR分辨率的情况下扩展测绘带。     

Overmodulation in subcarrier multiplexed video FM broad-bandoptical networks

The probability of an SCM (subcarrier multiplexed) signal falling outside the linear region of a laser diode is calculated in order to determine the overmodulation that may be practically employed for multichannel video distribution in single-octave SCM networks. The overmodulation is predicted as a function of the number of subcarriers in single-octave SCM systems supporting up to about 70 FM video channels, for SNRs (signal-to-noise ratios) of 47 dB (I/PAL), and 56 dB (M/NTSC). The RMS optical modulation index (OMI) is demonstrated to be a more useful performance parameter than the linear OMI in SCM systems carrying a large number of channels. A 47 dB weighted SNR (with 4 dB margin) is deemed sufficient for acceptable picture quality in cable distribution systems, whereas a 56 dB value would be required for long-distance point-to-point optical links. RMS OMI values of around 70 and 50, respectively, can be employed     

Study of BER of 64-QAM signal and OMI-window of feasible operationin analog/digital hybrid SCM transmission systems

In an analog/digital hybrid subcarrier multiplexed (SCM) transmission, carriers have generally been substituted for transmission signals such as AM vestigal sideband (AM-VSB) AM signals and M-QAM signals to evaluate transmission quality. In practical hybrid SCM, however, carriers are modulated by video signals or digital data, and the amplitude of a multiplexed signal composed of these modulation signals is more compressed than that of the carriers. This causes a decrease in the frequency of clipping of the multiplexed signal at the laser threshold. Consequently, the BER of the M-QAM signal in a practical hybrid SCM is lower than that of the experimental results for the same optical modulation index (OMI). However, it is difficult to prepare many practical modulation signals for experiments in a laboratory. Therefore, there is demand for a bit error rate (BER) analysis method for a multiplexed signal that includes the modulation signals needed to sufficiently evaluate the BER and determine the optimum OMI in a practical hybrid SCM. In this paper, we describe such a BER analysis method that can effectively estimate the BER in a practical hybrid SCM. In practical systems, the BER was greatly improved over the BER of a multiplexed signal of carriers. Furthermore, BER degradations due to clipping can be neglected for the AM signals in setting a practical OMI range. We used this analysis method to study the effective OMI range of AM and M-QAM signals. By assuming modulation signals, the OMI range is enlarged and, significantly, the OMI of an AM signal becomes suitable for setting practical values in AM-SCM transmission. This OMI range is more practical than those of former studies     

高分辨率宽测绘带Scan SAR压缩感知成像算法研究

高方位向分辨率和宽测绘带对合成孔径雷达（Synthesis Aperture Radar, SAR）系统设计提出了矛盾的要求。为获得高分辨率宽测绘带地面图像,提出了一种基于扫描模式SAR（Scan SAR）及压缩感知（Compressive Sensing, CS）理论的解决方法。Scan SAR可获得宽测绘带,然而各子测绘带方位向照射不完整,导致了低的方位向成像精度。所提出的方法首先对子测绘带数据进行方位向补零,并完成距离压缩和距离徙动校正;在方位向有效数据行中进行随机取样构成新的数据矩阵;根据取样指标集构建合理的重建矩阵,通过ROMP算法重建出完整的方位向点目标位置信息;通过子测绘带图像拼接,即可获得高分辨率宽测绘带地面图像。仿真结果表明了所提出方法的有效性。      

基于ω-k算法的宽测绘带星载SAR成像处理

本文提出了一种适用于宽测绘带星载SAR成像处理的改进ω-k算法.在用经典ω-k算法来处理星载SAR数据时,离参考距离越远图像形变和方位聚焦质量下降就越严重,这严重地限制了测绘带宽度.本文在ω-k算法的基础上提出了用等效视角补偿和等效速度补偿来校正图像形变和提高方位聚焦质量的改进算法.实验表明这种算法能够高效地对宽测绘带星载SAR数据进行精确成像处理.     

基于Pandora 观测的OMI 全球臭氧产品精度验证

臭氧是大气中一种重要的微量气体, 是影响对流层与平流层大气运动的重要成分之一, 臭氧的高精度探测 对于环境和气候具有重要的意义。OMI 传感器是目前具备探测全球臭氧含量的主要遥感传感器之一。利用地基 Pandora 观测网全球范围内44 个臭氧观测站点数据对OMI 卫星数据产品进行了精度验证。结果表明: OMI 臭氧产品 与Pandora 地基测量结果之间具有很好的线性相关性, 相关系数达到0.948, 但精度结果存在区域差异。在南半球地区, 相关系数为0.915; 在北半球低纬度地区, 其相关系数为0.932, 中纬度地区相关系数为0.948, 而在高纬度地区, 相关系 数达到了0.957。此外, 验证精度还与臭氧柱总量存在相关性, 在臭氧柱总量低于220 Du (对应臭氧空洞条件) 时, OMI 卫星产品存在高估现象, 高估约13%; 而在臭氧柱总量高于400 Du 时, OMI 的臭氧产品低于Pandora 地基测量结果, 且 随着臭氧柱总量增加, 低估情况也越严重, 在臭氧柱总量达到500 Du 时, OMI 臭氧产品低估约4%。     

一种宽测绘带SAR新方法的探讨

宽测绘带SAR是当前星载合成孔径雷达研究的热点问题,在需要全球动态观察或高重复周期观察局部地区的应用中都希望能进行宽测绘带成像。该文论述了一种基于多调制方式的宽测绘带方法。并详细论述了调制方式的选择,盲区问题及其数据处理方法。     

First results from the OMI rotational Raman scattering cloud pressure algorithm

We have developed an algorithm to retrieve scattering cloud pressures and other cloud properties with the Aura Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI). The scattering cloud pressure is retrieved using the effects of rotational Raman scattering (RRS). It is defined as the pressure of a Lambertian surface that would produce the observed amount of RRS consistent with the derived reflectivity of that surface. The independent pixel approximation is used in conjunction with the Lambertian-equivalent reflectivity model to provide an effective radiative cloud fraction and scattering pressure in the presence of broken or thin cloud. The derived cloud pressures will enable accurate retrievals of trace gas mixing ratios, including ozone, in the troposphere within and above clouds. We describe details of the algorithm that will be used for the first release of these products. We compare our scattering cloud pressures with cloud-top pressures and other cloud properties from the Aqua Moderate-Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) instrument. OMI and MODIS are part of the so-called A-train satellites flying in formation within 30 min of each other. Differences between OMI and MODIS are expected because the MODIS observations in the thermal infrared are more sensitive to the cloud top whereas the backscattered photons in the ultraviolet can penetrate deeper into clouds. Radiative transfer calculations are consistent with the observed differences. The OMI cloud pressures are shown to be correlated with the cirrus reflectance. This relationship indicates that OMI can probe through thin or moderately thick cirrus to lower lying water clouds.     

宽测绘带SAR成像的一种侧摆模式及其压缩感知处理方法

宽测绘带合成孔径雷达(SAR)采用了不同的信号录取方式及成像算法,但现有的ScanSAR和循序扫描体制(TOPSAR)往往会造成场景分辨率的整体下降。针对这一问题,该文采用一种新的侧摆模式进行宽幅场景成像。该模式通过距离向波束角度的变化,以损失部分积累时间为代价,得到宽幅场景的回波信号,继而采用稀疏算法在方位向实现降采样成像。仿真结果表明,在波束变化轨迹确定后,星载雷达侧摆模式下稀疏SAR成像可有效增加场景幅宽,同时确保场景中心区域的高分辨成像。     

Total ozone from the ozone monitoring instrument (OMI) using the DOAS technique

This paper describes the algorithm for deriving the total column ozone from spectral radiances and irradiances measured by the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) on the Earth Observing System Aura satellite. The algorithm is based on the differential optical absorption spectroscopy technique. The main characteristics of the algorithm as well as an error analysis are described. The algorithm has been successfully applied to the first available OMI data. First comparisons with ground-based instruments are very encouraging and clearly show the potential of the method.     

宽测绘带星载环视扫描SAR成像方案研究

环视扫描合成孔径雷达（Synthetic Aperture Radar, SAR）可以实现广域观测,但测绘带宽受到最小天线面积的限制,对此提出了一种宽测绘带星载环视扫描SAR成像方案。该方案引入了ScanSAR的波束扫描思想,在雷达天线作圆锥扫描的同时,由近及远地对多个距离子带进行分时扫描。给出了天线在这种扫描方式下的驻留时间分配准则,分析了成像参数间的依赖关系。基于子孔径成像、几何失真校正和图像拼接的一系列成像算法对该宽测绘带方案进行了点目标和面目标仿真实验,结果表明在保证成像质量的前提下,测绘带宽能得到显著的增加。     

奥运期间北京对流层NO2柱浓度地基多轴差分吸收光谱仪观测与OMI的对比

利用地基多轴差分吸收光谱仪(multi axis differential optical absorption spectroscopy,MAX-DOAS)在2008年北京奥运期间对奥运场馆附近上空对流层NO2进行监测,并与OMI的测量结果进行对比.结果显示;地基MAX-DOAS的NO2结果比OMI结果高,最高达到了2.4倍;二者在无云条件下得到了比较好的相关性(R=0.64),但在阴雨天气条件下,云的存在使得MAX-DOAS结果与OMI卫星数据产生了很大差别,其相关系数仅为0.19,但与LP-DOAS却有很好的一致性,相关系数为0.92.