镀镍与镀铜对SiC_p/6063Al复合材料真空钎焊接头剪切强度的影响

采用表面金属化工艺在60%SiCp/6063Al复合材料表面制备镀铜层和镀镍层,然后对表面金属化处理前的复合材料进行真空加压钎焊,研究了镀镍和镀铜对复合材料钎焊接头剪切强度的影响。结果表明:复合材料表面镀层均与基体紧密结合;在570℃的钎焊温度下,随着保温时间延长,钎焊接头的剪切强度逐步增大;与表面镀镍及未镀金属的相比,表面镀铜复合材料接头的剪切强度更高,接头的剪切强度最高可达55.4 MPa,且其剪切断裂发生在钎料层和复合材料内部;镀镍会降低接头的剪切强度。     

高体积分数SiC_p增强6063Al基复合材料的真空加压钎焊

在580℃、保温40min、压力为4kPa的钎焊条件下,采用Al70-Cu22.3-Si6.1-Mg1.6膏状钎料对增强相体积分数为60%的SiCp/6063Al复合材料进行真空加压钎焊,通过扫描电镜和剪切试验等研究了钎料对复合材料基体及SiC增强相的润湿机理以及钎焊接头的显微组织、剪切断口形貌。结果表明:在试验条件下,钎料对复合材料的润湿性较高,可通过扩散及机械压渗作用与基体、SiC颗粒分别形成冶金结合和机械锁合,接头的抗剪强度均值为71.6MPa;钎料与基体合金的反应界面消失,钎料对大块SiC增强相的润湿性一般,二者之间存在较小的间隙;断裂发生在钎料层以及钎料与复合材料界面的母材侧。     

多层复合钎料钎焊Ti(C,N)基金属陶瓷与45钢接头的组织

采用由Ag-Cu-Ti+Mo钎料、铜箔和Ag-Cu钎料组成的多层复合钎料,对Ti(C,N)基金属陶瓷和45钢在不同温度(890,920,950℃)和不同时间(10,20,30min)下进行了真空钎焊,根据接头截面形貌和剪切强度确定了最佳钎焊温度和保温时间,并分析了最佳工艺下钎焊接头的显微组织。结果表明:随钎焊温度的升高或保温时间的延长,Ag-Cu-Ti+Mo钎料与金属陶瓷间的界面反应层厚度增大,铜钛金属间化合物增多,两侧钎料区中的铜基固溶体增多,接头的剪切强度先增后降;最佳钎焊工艺为钎焊温度920℃、保温时间20min,此时接头剪切强度最大,从金属陶瓷向45钢,接头组织依次为Cu3Ti2+Ni3Ti金属间化合物,银基固溶体+铜基固溶体+钼+铜钛金属间化合物,铜,银基固溶体+铜基固溶体。     

填充泡沫Ti/AlSiMg复合钎料的70% SiCp/Al复合材料钎焊接头组织性能研究

针对高体积分数SiC_p/Al复合材料加工性差的问题,填充泡沫Ti/AlSiMg复合钎料对70%SiC_p/Al复合材料进行了钎焊,探索了钎焊温度、保温时间和焊接压力对接头组织和性能的影响。在700℃、60 min和10 MPa条件下钎焊所得接头剪切强度最高,其值为119 MPa,断裂发生在复合材料上,断口中大量的韧窝显示出韧性断裂特征。研究结果表明,温度不低于650℃时可获得Ti₇Al₅Si₁₂界面层及其原位增强的钎缝。保温时间对接头组织结构具有一定的影响,在700℃下焊接且保温时间不少于60 min时,界面处优先生成连续的Ti₇Al₅Si₁₂化合物界面层,再生成Ti(Al,Si)₃化合物,随着时间的延长,Ti₇Al₅Si₁₂化合物有破碎、疏松的倾向,保温时间为60min时所得接头剪切强度最高,其接头组织结构为“复合材料/Ti<...     

采用(Ti/Ni/Cu)_f多层箔钎焊C/C复合材料与TiAl合金

采用(Ti/Ni/Cu)_f多层箔状钎料进行C/C复合材料与TiAl合金的钎焊,实现了良好的界面结合,保证了接头的高温力学性能。研究结果表明:钎焊过程中,首先在Ti/Ni界面处接触反应形成低熔共晶液相,Cu元素的溶解促进了钎料的完全熔化和扩散,接头组织一般为C/C/TiC/Al_2(Cu,Ni)Ti_3C/Ti(Cu,Ni)+Al(Cu,Ni)_2Ti/Al(Cu,Ni)Ti+Ti_3Al/TiAl,Ti(Cu,Ni)基体相和球状弥散分布的Al(Cu,Ni)_2Ti相是钎缝的主要组成部分。当钎焊温度较低或者保温时间较短时,由于钎缝中生成了大量的脆性Ti2Ni相,降低了接头的力学性能;当钎焊温度较高或保温时间较长时,C/C复合材料母材界面处开裂,且TiC层从母材脱落,也削弱了接头的抗剪强度。当钎焊温度为980℃,保温时间为10 min时,C/C复合材料与TiAl合金的接头室温抗剪强度达到最大值18 MPa,600℃时接头的高温抗剪强度达到22 MPa。     

混合稀土含量对Zn9.3Al7Cu合金钎料润湿性能及显微组织的影响

在Zn9.3Al7Cu合金钎料中添加了质量分数分别为0,0.1%,0.3%,0.5%的由镧粉和钕粉组成的混合稀土,研究了混合稀土含量对该合金钎料熔点、润湿性能、显微组织,以及对其钎焊铜/铝接头剪切强度的影响。结果表明:合金钎料的显微组织均由η(Zn)相、ε(CuZn5)相、β(ZnAl)共析相组成,混合稀土的添加使大树枝状的ε(CuZn5)相细化、分布变均匀;随着混合稀土含量的增加,合金钎料的熔点逐渐降低,润湿性能及其钎焊铜/铝接头的剪切强度均先增大后下降;当混合稀土质量分数为0.1%时,钎料在铜板和铝板上的铺展面积均达到最大,分别比未添加稀土的提高了20.4%和46.6%,其润湿铝板的界面变得连续,没有缺陷;合金钎料钎焊铜/铝接头的剪切强度也达到最大,为66.5MPa,比未添加稀土的提高了32.5%。     

Ag-CuO钎料空气反应钎焊AlN陶瓷接头组织及性能

采用Ag-Cu O钎料实现了Al N陶瓷与自身的空气反应钎焊。研究了Cu O含量、钎焊温度和预氧化温度对界面组织及力学性能的影响规律,分析了连接机理。当钎料成分为Ag-6 mol%Cu O,在1000℃/5 min的钎焊参数下,Al N/Ag-Cu O/Al N接头可获得最高的抗剪切强度为13.9 MPa。采用SEM、EDS及XRD对其接头界面显微组织、断口形貌及成分进行了分析。典型接头界面组织结构为Al N/Cu Al_2O_4/Cu O/Al N+Ag+Cu O/Cu O/Cu Al_2O_4/Al N。然而,在该条件下无法获得无缺陷的接头。为了降低残余热应力获得无缺陷的接头,对Al N陶瓷采用预氧化处理,在Al N陶瓷表面形成一层Al_2O_3层。当预氧化参数为1 000℃/5 h时,Al N陶瓷表面的Al_2O_3层厚度约为10μm。采用成分为Ag-6 mol%Cu O的钎料,在1 000℃/5min的钎焊参数下,对预氧化后的Al N陶瓷进行连接,获得了无缺陷的接头,接头典型界面显微组织为Al N/Al_2O_3/Cu Al_2O_4/Cu O/Ag+Al_2O_3/Cu O/Cu Al_2O_4/Al_2O_3/Al N。接头的抗剪切强度最高为22.6 MPa,与未氧化的Al N陶瓷接头相比提升了62.6%。接头进行抗剪切测试时,断面主要出现在Al N陶瓷母材。     

采用Al-Si-Ti-Cu-In钎焊70% SiC_p/Al复合材料工艺研究

采用Al-Si-Ti-Cu-In钎料在不同工艺参数下对70%SiC_p/Al复合材料进行真空钎焊,通过扫描电镜(Scanning electron microscope,SEM)、能谱分析(Energy dispersive spectrometer,EDS)技术对接头组织形貌进行分析。结果表明:采用600℃、6MPa、保温1.5 h所得接头具有最大剪切强度90.17 MPa,断裂从母材开始,穿过钎料层,在另一侧母材中瞬断,其形貌具有韧、脆混合型断口形貌特征。焊缝微观组织主要包括蜂窝状Al基体、聚积的颗粒状富Ti、In相、环状富Si相和界面处的针状Al_4C_3脆性相。提高钎焊温度有利于焊缝中孔隙的收缩和减少,增加钎料对复合材料的润湿性,也有利于激发Ti的活性,阻碍Al_4C_3脆性相的生成。由于烧结体中孔隙变化规律和柯肯达尔效应的共同作用,使得焊缝中孔隙随保温时间的延长先减少后增加,若继续延长保温时间,孔隙终将消失。提高压力能有效改善焊缝致密度,阻碍Al_4C_3脆性相的形成,并改善其形态,能有效提高接头力学性能。     

铝钎焊用锌基合金钎料的制备及钎焊接头的组织和抗剪强度

采用高频感应加热装置制备了锌基合金钎料,并以纯铝为母材进行润湿试验,并采用该钎料分别对2A12铝合金、55%SiCp/Al复合材料进行钎焊,分析了合金钎料的显微组织、成分、熔化温度范围,并对合金钎料及钎焊接头的拉剪强度进行了测试。结果表明:自制锌基合金钎料主要由α-Al固溶体、η-Zn固溶体和共晶组织组成,熔化温度区间为361~398℃;锌基合金钎料在纯铝上具有较好的润湿性;使用锌基合金钎料钎焊铝合金,其钎缝组织为η-Zn相、细小的共晶组织、树枝状及块状的α-Al相;钎焊55%SiCp/Al复合材料,其钎缝组织由铝的共析组织、η-Zn相、条纹状共晶组织及细小的共晶组织组成;钎料、2A12铝合金钎焊接头以及55%SiCp/Al复合材料钎焊接头的抗剪强度分别为237,127,109 MPa。     

ZK60镁合金的炉中钎焊工艺

采用高纯锌箔钎料对ZK60镁合金在不同条件下进行炉中真空钎焊,并用扫描电镜、硬度仪和X射线衍射仪研究了钎焊接头的显微组织、显微硬度及钎缝的物相组成。结果表明:钎焊温度和保温时间对接头的组织和性能影响较大;当钎焊温度445℃、保温时间45s时,接头质量较好,钎缝无气孔、裂纹,显微硬度较高;钎缝组织细小、均匀,其物相组成为α-Mg及γ-MgZn。     

Minimal Realization of Linear Graph Models for Multi-physics Systems

An engineering system may consist of several different types of components,belonging to such physical"domains"as mechanical,electrical,fluid,and thermal.It is t...     

Quantum Cooperative Robotics and Autonomy

The intersection of Quantum Technologies and Robotics Autonomy is explored in the present paper.The two areas are brought together in establishing an interdisci...     

考虑进油孔有限长滑动轴承油膜力的近似解析解

针对具有进油孔的有限长滑动轴承油膜力求解问题,采用变分原理和分离变量法,求得了有限长滑动轴承油膜压力分布的近似解析表达式。将油膜压力分布的近似解析表达式在油膜存在区域上进行积分,即得到了油膜力。将提出的计算有限长滑动轴承油膜力方法与无限长轴承模型、有限元方法的计算结果进行了比较,发现了提出的方法与有限元方法的计算结果很接近。最后,研究了进油孔位置和进油压力对油膜存在区域、油膜力等的影响,研究结果表明进油孔位置和进油压力对油膜存在区域和油膜力有较大的影响。     

三绕组变压器的双绕组等效建模及在Matpower中的应用

针对实际电网存在着大量的三绕组变压器,但国际上一些著名商业软件,如BPA仿真软件、Matpower这一权威潮流计算开源软件,均只提供双绕组变压器模型,限制了其在具有三绕组变压器的电力系统中的应用的问题,潮流计算是自主开发的电力系统各种应用软件的核心模块,因此依托国际权威开源程序进行二次开发,是一种较好的选择。对Matpower要求的数据格式进行了归纳,对变压器的一般的等值电路及带理想变压器的等值电路和带标幺值的等值电路进行了分析研究,提出了三绕组变压器转换为双绕组等效模型的建模方法,使得原先只适应双绕组变压器的潮流计算软件可以适用于三绕组变压器电网的潮流计算;最后以Matpower软件为例进行了案例计算,并用PSASP仿真软件进行对比验证。研究结果证明,所提出的建模方法是有效的。     

On the Relation of Load to Average Gap in the Contact Between Surfaces with Longitudinal Roughness

A computer simulation model for the contact between longitudinally-oriented rough surfaces has been formulated. This model closely duplicates the actual surf ace contact deformation behavior by taking into account the elastic interactions between the asperities. There were no assumptions made about the shapes, or any deformation behavior of the asperities, except for their obeying the laws of elasticity. The plastic deformations on the high asperity peaks were taken into account by setting a ceiling on their contact pressures at the material hardness value. The simulations used real surface profiles which were digitized from unworn circumferentially ground steel surfaces. Each pair of these profiles was mathematically combined to form an equivalent rough profile pressing against an infinitely rigid flat and having the appropriately adjusted elastic modulus. A total of 28 different pairs of profiles were used in the simulations. Each contacting pair was subjected to 30 different load levels and the local contact pressures and deformations were calculated. The contact simulations yielded some important mathematical relationships between parameters, such as the real area of contact, average gap, and average asperity load through statistical curve fitting. Two analytical functions were generated to relate the average load to average gap and the real area of contact to load.     

Fifth International Summer School on Screw-Theory Based Methods in Robotics

正3-11 September,2014University of Bologna,Bologna,Italy www.summerscrews.org summerscrews2014.ing.unibo.it SUMMER 20SCREWS 14In 2014,our screw-theory school comes to the world's oldest university.In early September,Summer Screws'14 will gather six experts in the application of screw theory in robotics and up to 40 participants at the University of Bologna,Bologna,Italy.The school will teach attendees how to apply existing methods and empower them to develop new ones in their own research.The basic theoretical notions will be introduced in a rigorous manner,emphasizing examples,applications,and exercises.Scholarships are available.     

INTEGRAL EQUATION METHOD＇S APPLICATION IN HOLE-EDGE STRESS OF COMPOSITE MATERIAL PLATE WITH DIFFERENT SHAPED HOLES

The strength of composite plate with different hole-shapes is always one of the most important but complicated issues in the application of the composite material. The holes will lead to mutations and discontinuity to the structure. So the hole-edge stress concentration is always a serious phenomenon. And the phenomenon makes the structure strength decrease very quickly to form dangerous weak points. Most partial damage begins from these weak points. According to the complex variable functions theory, the accurate boundary condition of composite plate with different hole-shapes is founded by conformal mapping method to settle the boundary condition problem of complex hole-shapes. Composite plate with commonly hole-shapes in engineering is studied by several complex variable stress fimction. The boundary integral equations are founded based on exact boundary conditions. Then the exact hole-edge stress analytic solution of composite plate with rectangle holes and wing manholes is resolved. Both of offset axis loadings and its influences on the stress concentration coefficient of the hole-edge are discussed. And comparisons of different loads along various offset axis on the hole-edge stress distribution of orthotropic plate with rectangle hole or wing manhole are made. It can be concluded that hole-edge with continuous variable curvatures might help to decrease the stress concentration coefficient; and smaller angle of outer load and fiber can decrease the stress peak value.     

电站锅炉模糊风险评价方法研究与应用

针对电站锅炉风险等级评价问题,将模糊综合评价技术应用到电站锅炉风险等级评价中。开展了电站锅炉失效影响因素及模糊评价因素的重要程度分析,建立了一套科学合理适于在线评价的电站锅炉风险评价体系,提出了模糊综合评价技术与改进的模糊层次分析法相结合的模糊风险评价方法,利用改进的模糊层次分析法计算了指标体系中各层指标权重。对某一台电站锅炉的实际运行工况影响子因素进行了模糊风险评价,采用模糊合成算子进行模糊综合运算得到电了站锅炉运行工况影响子因素的评价向量。研究结果表明:电站锅炉的运行工况影响子因素的风险评价等级为第6级,失效可能性等级为小,该电站锅炉运行工况良好。     

INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING AND VISUALISATION-A PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT PERSPECTIVE

Taking the actual project of teaching and researching process for example, the relationship between the industrial engineering and product development is discussed. And use the novel visualization technology to support the industrial engineering and product development. How to use the new computer modeling and simulating technologies to support the product development and industrial engineering, is introduced especially. The support includes both domestic products and industrial systems. The visualization and computer technologies take a very important role in some system or multi-direction modeling, those technologies mentioned above can help the industrial engineers study the effect of design on the whole life circle, including the producing steps. So the engineers can avoid making the wrong decision which may cause bad effects on the whole industrial engineering.     

Non-monotonic material contrast in scanning ion and scanning electron images

30 keV Ga⁺ focused ion beam induced secondary electron (iSE) imaging was used to determine the relative contrast between several materials. The iSE signal compared from C, Si, Al, Ti, Cr, Ni, Cu, Mo, Ag, and W metal layers does not decrease with an increase in target atomic number Z₂, and shows a non-monotonic relationship between contrast and Z₂. The non-monotonic relationship is attributed to periodic fluctuations of the stopping power and sputter yield inherent to the ion–solid interactions. In addition, material contrast from electron-induced secondary electron (eSE) and backscattered electron (BSE) images using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) also shows non-monotonic contrast as a function of Z₂, following the periodic behavior of the stopping power for electron–solid interactions. A comparison of the iSE and eSE results shows similar relative contrast between the metal layers, and not complementary contrast as conventionally understood. These similarities in the contrast behavior can be attributed to similarities in the periodic and non-monotonic function defined by incident particle–solid interaction theory.