LPFG和FBG级联结构双参数光纤传感器研究

提出了一种长周期光纤光栅(LPFG)级联布拉格光纤光栅(FBG)的温度/应变双参数光纤传感器。利用飞秒激光直写制作LPFG并级连FBG,且FBG波谷位置为1 551.9 nm,LPFG波谷位置为1 559.1 nm,最高对比度为-12.7 d B。在30~70℃温度变化范围内对传感器温度特性进行测试,并在25℃超净环境下对0~500με应变变化范围内对传感器应变特性进行测试。实验结果表明,升温过程FBG中心波长发生红移,灵敏度15.00 pm/℃,线性度0.981 3;LPFG中心波长发生蓝移,灵敏度-11.75 pm/℃,线性度0.945 3。降温过程FBG中心波长发生蓝移,灵敏度18.25 pm/℃,线性度0.953 8;LPFG中心波长发生红移,灵敏度-15.42 pm/℃,线性度0.980 2。加载过程FBG中心波长发生红移,灵敏度0.93 pm/με,线性度0.991 5;LPFG中心波长发生蓝移,灵敏度-1.51 pm/με,线性度0.986 3。卸载过程FBG中心波长发生蓝移,灵敏度0.92 pm/με,线性度0.990 9;LPFG中心波长发生红移,灵敏度-1.51 pm/με,线性度0.972 8。结果表明,该光纤传感器灵敏度高,线性度好,可以同时动态实现应变和温度的测量。     

FBG级联MZI的温度和酒精溶液浓度传感特性研究

为了测量白酒蒸馏过程中的温度和酒精溶度,制作了一种基于马赫曾德仪(MZI)与光纤布拉格光栅(FBG)级联的可同时测量温度和酒精溶液浓度的光纤传感器。FBG是利用飞秒激光逐线刻写的方式在单模光纤(SMF)中制作的周期为2.2μm,布拉格波长为1 591.21 nm,透射谱深度可达23 d B的4阶光纤布拉格光栅;MZI是将细芯光纤和SMF采用纤芯错位和锥腰扩大熔接技术制作的腔长为8.7 mm,对比度为28.5 d B的透射式光纤干涉传感器。基于多光束干涉理论对传感器的温度和酒精溶液浓度传感特性进行分析,利用MZI干涉波谷与FBG透射峰的灵敏度差异,结合灵敏度系数矩阵实现对温度和酒精溶液浓度的同时测量。实验中,传感器的酒精溶液浓度和温度灵敏度分别可达-41.37 pm/%和58.96 pm/℃。该传感结构在白酒酿造产业有潜在的应用前景。     

飞秒刻写光纤F P腔级联FBG传感特性研究

提出了一种飞秒刻写光纤法布里-珀罗(F-P)腔级联切趾布拉格光纤光栅(FBG)的微结构传感器并研究了该传感器的温度与应变传感特性。该微结构传感器光谱稳定性良好,监测时长2 h内FBG波长最大漂移量为0.009 nm,功率最大漂移量为0.015 d B,F-P腔波长最大漂移量为0.018 nm,功率最大漂移量为0.072 d B。当应变由0με增至450με再减回0με时,该微传感器FBG特征峰先右移再左移,波长变化0.530 4 nm,应变灵敏度约1.17 pm/με,线性度高于0.99;光纤F-P腔特征谷波长变化0.491 1 nm,应变灵敏度约1.10 pm/με,线性度高于0.90。当温度由50℃升至200℃再降回50℃时,FBG特征峰先右移再左移,波长变化约1.418 nm,应变灵敏度约10.09 pm/℃,线性度高于0.95;光纤F-P腔特征谷波长变化约1.578 nm,应变灵敏度约10.53 pm/℃,线性度高于0.98。所提出的微结构传感器是解决单根光纤双参数测量的有效手段,同时对复杂环境下的多参数耦合测量与解耦也具有重要的参考价值。     

基于化学腐蚀法制备的光纤微结构传感器

利用化学腐蚀法对单模光纤(HI-1060)进行端面微加工处理,制作了一种光纤干涉型传感器。将单模光纤一端放置于40%浓度氢氟酸溶液中腐蚀20 min,腐蚀凹槽深度为45μm,制得的传感器条纹对比度为6 d B,波长间隔14 nm。分别设计不同温度及不同折射率的酒精溶液对传感器的温度特性以及折射率特性进行分析研究。实验发现随着温度的增加传感器的谐振波长发生红移,温度灵敏度和线性度为15.3 pm/℃和0.996;随着酒精溶液折射率由1.341 7增加到1.348 3,传感器的谐振波长发生蓝移,折射率灵敏度和线性度为-1 185.7 nm/RIU和0.951。实验结果表明基于化学腐蚀法制作的光纤干涉型传感器对温度以及液体折射率变化均有较高的灵敏度,可用于温度和液体折射率传感测试。     

马赫-曾德尔干涉集成化的全光纤磁场与温度传感器

为了简化光纤磁场与温度传感器的结构并提高传感器灵敏度,设计并制作了马赫-曾德尔干涉集成化的全光纤磁场与温度传感器。将单根光纤的马赫-曾德尔模间干涉结构和双臂马赫-曾德尔干涉结构结合:将总长度为1.2m的单模光纤部分制备成长度为2.7cm、锥腰直径为30.1μm的锥形微纳光纤,并得到了拉锥时间与锥腰直径的关系。将锥形微纳光纤放置尼龙槽内并包覆磁凝胶构成传感头,实现模间干涉的马赫-曾德尔磁场传感器;将磁场传感器通过两耦合比为50%∶50%的耦合器并联带有可调谐光衰减器的单模光纤形成马赫-曾德尔干涉的温度传感器。从理论上分析了光谱漂移对磁场和温度传感的特性关系,实验测得室温下磁场强度在25~50mT时,磁场传感的灵敏度为0.301 14nm/mT;在磁场强度为0,温度由25℃升高到30℃时,温度传感的灵敏度为0.518 86nm/℃。该传感器可广泛应用于电力系统放电检测、材料加工、安全监控等领域。     

高精度弓型光纤光栅微位移传感器

为了测量控机床结构件、微加工工作台的微小变形量,设计了一种高精度弓型光纤布拉格光栅(FBG)微位移传感器。将光纤布拉格光栅的栅区部分粘贴在弓型上下壁处,当弓形件发生变形时,可测出上下壁的应变值,从而测得位移值并进行温度解耦。实验结果表明,在量程为1mm时,传感器的灵敏度为2.02pm/μm,线性相关系数为0.998 3,实验的迟滞误差为4.08%,重复性误差为4.08%。在温度补偿实验中可以看出,当温度上升1℃,波长漂移量不到1pm。类似于弓型结构衍生出一种半弓型结构的位移传感器。两类传感器相比,弓型传感器的温度灵敏度比半弓型传感器小0.001 5pm/μm,温度补偿效果更好;但半弓型传感器的线性度为0.4%,线性度比弓型传感器好。两种传感器均满足测量值稳定可靠、精度高、抗电磁干扰能力强,温度不敏感等要求。     

基于聚合物封装的光纤布拉格光栅压力传感器

设计并研究了一种光纤布拉格光栅压力传感器,FBG1与FBG2串联连接,其中FBG1直接封装于聚合物之中,而FBG2先粘贴于弹性基体上再封装于聚合物之中。推导了传感器的灵敏度和解耦算法,并且使用有限元法计算了本传感器压力灵敏度和温度灵敏度,最后对传感器进行了实验验证。实验结果表明FBG1和FBG2的压力灵敏度分别为197.4 pm/MPa和95.7 pm/MPa,温度灵敏度分别为47.2 pm/℃和36 pm/℃,具有良好的线性度,较小的回程误差,并且符合该传感器感知的压力和温度解耦条件。同时,随着聚合物小圆环直径增加,基体的应变量越来越大,并趋近于没有基体时聚合物的应变量。研究表明,较之传统的聚合物封装的光纤光栅压力传感器,本传感器的聚合物与套筒不易脱落,两者之间的非固结连接可以增加传感器灵敏度,并且本传感器具有温度补偿功能。     

FBG菱形结构传感器自温补性能研究

针对FBG传感器对应变和温度同时敏感的问题,基于FBG传感原理以及菱形结构受力受热变形特点,文中从理论上分析了菱形结构的自温补性能,并给出了传感器结构参数与被测材料热膨胀系数之间的关系。测试结果表明,在30~80℃之间,FBG传感器温度灵敏系数为2.61 pm/℃,跟裸栅温度灵敏度(10.3 pm/℃)和FBG应变传感器温度灵敏度(22.14 pm/℃)相比温度敏感性低得多,适用于温度变化较大的应变监测场合。     

两种封装的光纤光栅温度传感器的低温特性

介绍了光纤光栅(FBG,Fiber Bragg Gratings)温度传感器的两种封装形式。推导了两种FBG温度传感器的温度敏感因素并进行了实验验证。实验研究了两种FBG温度传感器在-70~0 ℃的中心波长低温变化特性,比较了相同条件下两种FBG温度传感器的实验结果。结果表明:细不锈钢管封装的FBG温度传感器的中心波长在-60 ℃时发生了突变,急剧下降;而镀金FBG温度传感器的中心波长在-70~0 ℃随温度线性变化,重复性较好并且几乎没有迟滞现象。两种传感器在线性变化区间的温度灵敏系数KT 分别为28.2 pm/ ℃和21.3 pm/ ℃,分别是裸光纤布拉格光栅的3倍和2.3倍,它们的线性拟合度都超过0.999。     

基于腐蚀型多模光纤的光纤激光传感器

将一种新颖的基于腐蚀型多模光纤MMF级联的干涉型光纤传感器和光纤光栅传感器相结合,提出一种新的可以同时测量温度和液位的光纤传感器装置,并对其实验结果进行分析,光纤光栅和激光干涉仪作为激光光腔的滤波器,对应这两个滤波器,输出两个稳定波长,这两个波长对液位和温度有不同的反映特征。通过FBG输出的波长对液位不敏感,对温度的敏感性是0.012 3nm/℃。通过干涉仪输出的波长对液位敏感,并且灵敏度是0.229 4 nm/mm,它的温度敏感性是0.064 8 nm/℃。这样,根据不同的液位和温度的光谱响应,可以实现同时测量,该传感器与其他光纤传感器相比有不受检测范围限制,高分辨率和高灵敏度的优势。     

Minimal Realization of Linear Graph Models for Multi-physics Systems

An engineering system may consist of several different types of components,belonging to such physical"domains"as mechanical,electrical,fluid,and thermal.It is t...     

On the Relation of Load to Average Gap in the Contact Between Surfaces with Longitudinal Roughness

A computer simulation model for the contact between longitudinally-oriented rough surfaces has been formulated. This model closely duplicates the actual surf ace contact deformation behavior by taking into account the elastic interactions between the asperities. There were no assumptions made about the shapes, or any deformation behavior of the asperities, except for their obeying the laws of elasticity. The plastic deformations on the high asperity peaks were taken into account by setting a ceiling on their contact pressures at the material hardness value. The simulations used real surface profiles which were digitized from unworn circumferentially ground steel surfaces. Each pair of these profiles was mathematically combined to form an equivalent rough profile pressing against an infinitely rigid flat and having the appropriately adjusted elastic modulus. A total of 28 different pairs of profiles were used in the simulations. Each contacting pair was subjected to 30 different load levels and the local contact pressures and deformations were calculated. The contact simulations yielded some important mathematical relationships between parameters, such as the real area of contact, average gap, and average asperity load through statistical curve fitting. Two analytical functions were generated to relate the average load to average gap and the real area of contact to load.     

三绕组变压器的双绕组等效建模及在Matpower中的应用

针对实际电网存在着大量的三绕组变压器,但国际上一些著名商业软件,如BPA仿真软件、Matpower这一权威潮流计算开源软件,均只提供双绕组变压器模型,限制了其在具有三绕组变压器的电力系统中的应用的问题,潮流计算是自主开发的电力系统各种应用软件的核心模块,因此依托国际权威开源程序进行二次开发,是一种较好的选择。对Matpower要求的数据格式进行了归纳,对变压器的一般的等值电路及带理想变压器的等值电路和带标幺值的等值电路进行了分析研究,提出了三绕组变压器转换为双绕组等效模型的建模方法,使得原先只适应双绕组变压器的潮流计算软件可以适用于三绕组变压器电网的潮流计算;最后以Matpower软件为例进行了案例计算,并用PSASP仿真软件进行对比验证。研究结果证明,所提出的建模方法是有效的。     

Quantum Cooperative Robotics and Autonomy

The intersection of Quantum Technologies and Robotics Autonomy is explored in the present paper.The two areas are brought together in establishing an interdisci...     

电站锅炉模糊风险评价方法研究与应用

针对电站锅炉风险等级评价问题,将模糊综合评价技术应用到电站锅炉风险等级评价中。开展了电站锅炉失效影响因素及模糊评价因素的重要程度分析,建立了一套科学合理适于在线评价的电站锅炉风险评价体系,提出了模糊综合评价技术与改进的模糊层次分析法相结合的模糊风险评价方法,利用改进的模糊层次分析法计算了指标体系中各层指标权重。对某一台电站锅炉的实际运行工况影响子因素进行了模糊风险评价,采用模糊合成算子进行模糊综合运算得到电了站锅炉运行工况影响子因素的评价向量。研究结果表明:电站锅炉的运行工况影响子因素的风险评价等级为第6级,失效可能性等级为小,该电站锅炉运行工况良好。     

考虑进油孔有限长滑动轴承油膜力的近似解析解

针对具有进油孔的有限长滑动轴承油膜力求解问题,采用变分原理和分离变量法,求得了有限长滑动轴承油膜压力分布的近似解析表达式。将油膜压力分布的近似解析表达式在油膜存在区域上进行积分,即得到了油膜力。将提出的计算有限长滑动轴承油膜力方法与无限长轴承模型、有限元方法的计算结果进行了比较,发现了提出的方法与有限元方法的计算结果很接近。最后,研究了进油孔位置和进油压力对油膜存在区域、油膜力等的影响,研究结果表明进油孔位置和进油压力对油膜存在区域和油膜力有较大的影响。     

Fifth International Summer School on Screw-Theory Based Methods in Robotics

正3-11 September,2014University of Bologna,Bologna,Italy www.summerscrews.org summerscrews2014.ing.unibo.it SUMMER 20SCREWS 14In 2014,our screw-theory school comes to the world's oldest university.In early September,Summer Screws'14 will gather six experts in the application of screw theory in robotics and up to 40 participants at the University of Bologna,Bologna,Italy.The school will teach attendees how to apply existing methods and empower them to develop new ones in their own research.The basic theoretical notions will be introduced in a rigorous manner,emphasizing examples,applications,and exercises.Scholarships are available.     

交通荷载作用下桥梁结构参数识别方法

应用动力节点加载法,将作用在桥梁上的交通荷载转化为等效节点荷载,再用两步构造法识别结构物理参数.第1步,用Newmark-β方法变换结构运动方程,并用结构的加速度响应求得变换空间内的位移、速度和加速度响应;第2步,基于最小二乘原理,构造出变换空间内求解结构参数的递推式,进行结构物理参数识别.数值模拟结果表明,在交通荷载作用下,该方法能够快速、准确地进行桥梁结构参数识别.     

INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING AND VISUALISATION-A PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT PERSPECTIVE

Taking the actual project of teaching and researching process for example, the relationship between the industrial engineering and product development is discussed. And use the novel visualization technology to support the industrial engineering and product development. How to use the new computer modeling and simulating technologies to support the product development and industrial engineering, is introduced especially. The support includes both domestic products and industrial systems. The visualization and computer technologies take a very important role in some system or multi-direction modeling, those technologies mentioned above can help the industrial engineers study the effect of design on the whole life circle, including the producing steps. So the engineers can avoid making the wrong decision which may cause bad effects on the whole industrial engineering.     

Non-monotonic material contrast in scanning ion and scanning electron images

30 keV Ga⁺ focused ion beam induced secondary electron (iSE) imaging was used to determine the relative contrast between several materials. The iSE signal compared from C, Si, Al, Ti, Cr, Ni, Cu, Mo, Ag, and W metal layers does not decrease with an increase in target atomic number Z₂, and shows a non-monotonic relationship between contrast and Z₂. The non-monotonic relationship is attributed to periodic fluctuations of the stopping power and sputter yield inherent to the ion–solid interactions. In addition, material contrast from electron-induced secondary electron (eSE) and backscattered electron (BSE) images using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) also shows non-monotonic contrast as a function of Z₂, following the periodic behavior of the stopping power for electron–solid interactions. A comparison of the iSE and eSE results shows similar relative contrast between the metal layers, and not complementary contrast as conventionally understood. These similarities in the contrast behavior can be attributed to similarities in the periodic and non-monotonic function defined by incident particle–solid interaction theory.