添加Al2O3和SiO2的大晶粒UO2芯块制备研究

研究了Al2O3和SiO2添加剂对UO2芯块晶粒尺寸的影响.结果表明加入少量的Al2O3和SiO2,可有效促进烧结过程中UO2芯块的晶粒度长大,过量加入则会阻碍烧结过程中UO2芯块的致密化;在添加量一定的情况下,添加不同比例的Al2O3和SiO2,对芯块晶粒尺寸有较大影响,只添加SiO2,对芯块晶粒尺寸影响不大,Al2O3添加量增加,芯块晶粒尺寸随之增加;添加Al2O3和SiO2促进UO2芯块晶粒长大的机制是在烧结期间发生了液相烧结.     

CO2和O2地浸铀矿原液中SO2-4的快速测定

为改良现有硫酸钡比浊法测定含铀浸出液中SO^2-₄不能长时间稳定均匀地形成硫酸钡悬浊液的缺点，采用吸光比浊法研究不同波长、酸度、稳定剂、无水乙醇用量对硫酸钡分散体系稳定性的影响以提高测量准确度。实验结果表明，改良比浊法测定SO^2-₄浓度体系中的最佳实验条件为1.0 mL HCl（3 mol/L）、5.0 mL聚乙烯醇溶液(含w=10%BaCl₂•2H₂O)、3.0 mL 无水乙醇。在最佳波长440 nm处，SO^2-₄质量浓度在0.2~1.5 g/L范围内符合比尔定律。该方法的检出限为 0.003 6 mg/L，定量限为 0.012 0 mg/L（n=20）。该方法样品测量回收率为99.0%~99.8%，加标相对标准偏差为 0.63%~2.44%(n=2)。与 GB/T 5750.5-2006 国标法比较，该方法操作简便、快捷，结果准确度高，在CO₂和O₂地浸采铀浸出原液SO^2-₄浓度的测定中有广阔的应用前景。     

UO2?-Er2O3燃料芯块制备技术初步研究

对Er₂O₃质量分数为4.32%的UO₂-Er₂O₃可燃毒物燃料芯块的制备技术进行了初步研究。通过对比不同工艺条件（混料、成型、烧结）下，芯块的外观完整度、密度、晶粒度等性能，初步得到了UO₂-Er₂O₃燃料芯块的制备技术。试验表明:干法球磨混合6?h，添加5‰的聚乙烯醇（PVA），300~350?MPa压力下冷压成型，1700~1750℃、H₂气氛中烧结2~3?h，可得到外观完整、密度大于等于95%理论密度（T.D.）、晶粒尺寸大于8?μm的UO₂?-Er₂O₃燃料芯块。      

含TBP-HNO3超临界CO2流体静态络合萃取U3O8

建立了一种快速降低萃取系统压力的静态络合萃取实验装置。在此装置上研究了含TBP-HNO₃超临界CO₂静态络合U₃O₈的快速气化测量方法,探索了含TBP-HNO₃超临界CO₂静态络合萃取U₃O₈的行为规律。     

NH4HF2氟化制备UF4工艺及热力学研究

采用自制氟化反应器,以NH₄HF₂为氟化剂,开展了不同反应温度、氟化剂过量比条件下NH₄HF₂氟化制备UF₄工艺研究,实验获得了反应温度、NH₄HF₂过量比对氟化效率的影响规律,采用化学分析结合X射线粉晶衍射法对反应产物进行鉴定。研究结果表明：温度为573、673、823 K时,氟化产物中UF₄含量随NH₄HF₂过量比的增加而逐渐增大,当温度为723、773 K时,氟化率随NH₄HF₂过量比的增加呈先增大后减小的趋势。温度为723 K、NH₄HF₂过量比为300%时,该反应氟化率最大,为92.53%。反应温度为573～823 K时,该氟化反应氟化产物中包括4NH₄F·UF₄、NH₄F·3UF₄、3...     

离子液体中UO2(CMPO)3(NO3)2的组装及CMPO萃取铀的机理

离子液体具有独特的物理化学性质,可以参与或影响两亲分子自组装。离子液体介质中的自组装研究所涉及的两亲分子多为有机化合物,而金属配合物在离子液体中的组装鲜有报道。另外,萃取剂正辛基苯基-N,N-二异丁基胺基甲酰基甲基氧化膦(CMPO)在1-乙基-3-甲基咪唑双三氟甲基磺酰亚胺盐(C₂mimNTf²)中萃取UO₂⁺²时形成的萃合物结构组成有待深入研究。本工作探究了UO₂(CMPO)₃(NO₃)₂在C₂mimNTf²中的组装行为。原位透射电镜(原位TEM)研究表明:UO₂(CMPO)₃(NO₃)₂在C₂mimNTf²(含70μL水)中形成聚集体,冷冻刻蚀电镜(FF-TEM)显示该聚集体是胶束。此外,研究了CMPO-C₂mimNTf²体系萃取UO₂⁺²时形成的萃合物组成。离子色谱结果表明:萃取前后水相中NO^-₃浓度变化不大,电喷雾质谱(ESI-MS)上均为UO₂(CMPO)₃(NTf₂)₂的碎片离子峰,这些结果说明:CMPO-C₂mimNTf²体系萃取UO₂⁺²时形成的萃合物组成为UO₂(CMPO)₃(NTf₂)₂而非UO₂(CMPO)₃(NO₃)₂。这有助于深入了解金属配合物在离子液体中的组装行为,并对理解CMPO-C₂mimNTf²体系萃取UO₂⁺²的机理提供了重要参考。     

Mn2+催化亚硝酸氧化破坏H2C2O4机理研究

为明确硝酸溶液中以Mn²⁺作催化剂时，亚硝酸氧化破坏H₂C₂O₄的具体化学行为和反应机理，本文考察了在硝酸和硫酸体系中以Mn²⁺作催化剂时亚硝酸氧化H₂C₂O₄的差异、Mn²⁺与草酸络合对亚硝酸氧化Mn(Ⅱ)到Mn(Ⅲ)的作用以及Mn(Ⅲ)破坏H₂C₂O₄过程中产生的自由基，获得了具体的催化反应历程，推测了反应机理。结果表明，亚硝酸在催化反应过程中起主导作用，加入亚硝酸可有效消除反应初期存在的诱导期；反应过程中，溶液中游离的Mn²⁺与H₂C₂O₄络合生成了MnC₂O₄,而作为配体的草酸降低了Mn(Ⅱ)被氧化到Mn(Ⅲ)的反应活化能，使得亚硝酸能氧化MnC₂O₄     

发酵优化制备L-赖氨酸盐酸盐-13C6、15N2

采用北京棒杆菌（Corynebacterium pekinense）ZLD118（HS^-、AEC^r）发酵制备稳定同位素双标记的L-赖氨酸盐酸盐-¹³C₆、¹⁵N₂。对菌种的发酵培养条件和发酵培养基配方进行优化，采用优化后的发酵工艺制备高丰度稳定同位素¹³C、¹⁵N双标记L-赖氨酸，经离子交换树脂提纯、活性炭脱色精制后，产品的¹³C丰度达98.61%，¹⁵N丰度为98.15%，纯度为98.47%，产率为88.8%。结果表明，该工艺可进一步用于放大制备。     

γ辐射联合H2O2处理垃圾渗滤液的研究

考察了吸收剂量、初始H2O2浓度以及初始pH值对辐照处理垃圾渗滤液效果的影响。使用紫外可见光吸光度、化学需氧量和浑浊度测定方法,对垃圾渗滤液中污染物浓度进行分析。结果表明:添加H2O2能有效地提高垃圾渗滤液中污染物的辐照降解效果。初始pH=3、吸收剂量为40 kGy、H2O2浓度为10 mmol/L时,垃圾渗滤液的处理效果最好。其中,CODcr去除44.3%、浑浊度下降98.3%。初始H2O2浓度与初始pH值对γ辐射联合H2O2处理垃圾渗滤液具有重要影响。     

Ti与Ag离子顺次注入SiO2合成TiO2纳米结构及其光催化活性

通过Ti离子单注入或与Ag离子顺次注入、结合后续的N₂气氛下热退火处理,在SiO₂基体的浅表面层合成TiO₂纳米结构,详细研究了该纳米结构的形貌、结构、光学特性及其光催化性能。结果表明：Ti离子单注入或与Ag离子顺次注入并经热处理后均能在SiO₂中产生TiO₂纳米颗粒,700℃退火后形成的纳米颗粒主要为锐钛矿相,继续升高退火温度,TiO₂纳米颗粒逐渐转变为金红石相。Ag的附加注入不仅能促进TiO₂纳米颗粒的生长,而且可以降低其形成的温度及光学带隙。此外,光催化实验结果还显示,Ag的附加注入能够提高所合成的TiO₂纳米颗粒光催化活性。结合光致发光和X射线光电子能谱测试结果分析并给出了附加Ag离子注入导致所合成的TiO₂ 纳米结构光催化活性提升的可能机理。     

Thermophysical properties of NpO2, AmO2 and CmO2

The information on thermal and mechanical properties of the minor actinide dioxides: NpO₂, AmO₂ and CmO₂, is still very scarce, and a large uncertainty exists because of difficulties related to their fabrication and manipulation. Prognosis based on a set of the sound physical models and the similarity principle can be useful in this situation. Using the combination of the macroscopic and microscopic approaches developed earlier for thermodynamic properties of actinide dioxides, and the Klemmens model for their thermal conductivity, a few relationships bounding the main thermophysical properties of the actinide dioxides were deduced. These relationships were applied for the calculation of the isochoric and isobaric heat capacity, the isobaric thermal expansion coefficient, the isothermal bulk elastic modulus and the thermal conductivity of NpO₂, AmO₂ and CmO₂ in a large temperature range. A rather satisfactory agreement with the available experimental data and recommendations was demonstrated.     

Reduction of UO2 by H2

The reactivity of H₂ towards UO₂²⁺ has been studied experimentally using a PEEK coated autoclave where the UO₂²⁺ concentration in aqueous solution containing 2 mM carbonate was measured as a function of time at p_H2∼40 bar. The experiments were performed in the temperature interval 74-100 °C. In addition, the suggested catalytic activity of UO₂ on the reduction of UO₂²⁺ by H₂ was investigated. The results clearly show that H₂ is capable of reducing UO₂²⁺ to UO₂ without the presence of a catalyst. The reaction is of first order with respect to UO₂²⁺. The activation energy for the process is 130 ± 24 kJ mol⁻¹ and the rate constant is k_298K=3.6×10⁻⁹ l mol⁻¹ s⁻¹. The activation enthalpy and entropy for the process was determined to 126 kJ mol⁻¹ and 16.5 J mol⁻¹ K⁻¹, respectively. Traces of oxygen were shown to inhibit the reduction process. Hence, the suggested catalytic activity of freshly precipitated UO₂ on the reduction of UO₂²⁺ by H₂ could not be confirmed.     

HfO2 and Ta2O5 as grain growth inhibitors in Eu2O3

Because of the high neutron capture cross section for five consecutive europium isotopes, Eu₂O₃ is of interest as a control material for nuclear reactors. A tendency toward excessive grain growth degrades its mechanical properties. Small amounts of HfO₂ and Ta₂O₅ were added to the Eu₂O₃ in attempts to suppress this grain growth. Three at % substitution of Hf for     

Formation of U2C3 in the reaction of UC2 with UO2

The formation of U₂C₃ by the reaction of UC₂ with UO₂ has been studied by chemical and X-ray analyses at temperatures between 1400 and 1700 °C in vacuo. The reaction is represented by 7 UC₂ + UO₂ → 4 U₂C₃ + 2 CO.     

Radiotoxicity hazard of U-free PuO2+ZrO2 and PuO2+ThO2 spent fuels in LWR

The radiotoxicity hazard of U-free Rock-like oxide: ROX (PuO₂+ZrO₂) and Thorium oxide: TOX (PuO₂+ThO₂) LWR spent fuels is investigated and radiotoxicity hazard of MOX spent fuel is considered as a reference case. The long-term ingestion radiotoxicity hazard of ROX spent fuel is one third and nearly one fourth of that of TOX and MOX spent fuels, respectively. This is because the discharged Pu and long lived Np in ROX fuel is less than that of TOX and MOX fuels. In TOX fuel, discharged Pu and MA are lower than that of MOX fuel but the long-term radiotoxicity hazard of spent fuel is nearly the same as MOX spent fuel. At the cooling 10⁵ years, the radiotoxicity hazard of TOX spent fuel is approximately ten and three times higher than that of ROX and MOX spent fuels, respectively due to higher toxic contribution of ²²⁹Th in TOX spent fuel.     

High-temperature specific heat of UO2 ThO2, and A12O3

The high-temperature specific heat of solid UO₂, ThO₂, and Al₂O₃ can be represented by an equation of the form $\text{C}{}_{\mathrm{p(s)}}\text{= 3}{}_{\mathrm{n}}\text{RF(?}{}_{\mathrm{D}}\text{/T) + dT}{}^3$, (1) where ?_D is the Debye temperature, F(?_D/T) is the Debye function, $\text{d}$ represents contributions of the anharmonic vibrations within the lattice, and $\text{n}$ denotes the number of atoms per molecule. In the liquid the corresponding equation is $\text{C}{}_{\mathrm{p(1)}}\text{= 3}{}_{\mathrm{n}}\text{RF(?}{}_{\mathrm{D}}\text{/T) +}\text{h}\text{T}{}^2$, (2) where h is the anharmonic term. It is shown that for Al₂O₃ and UO₂, where experimental data for the liquid phase are also available, $\text{d}\text{h}$ has the same value, Indicating that both materials behave identically. If we compare the thermodynamic relationship $\text{C}{}_{\mathrm{p}}\text{? C}{}_{\mathrm{v}}\text{= Vα}{}^2\text{KT}$, (3) where V is the volume, $\text{α}$ the volume expansion coefficient, and $\text{K}$ the bulk modulus, with equation (1), It follows that d must be equal to $\text{Vα}{}^2\text{K}\text{T}{}^2$; the value of $\text{Vα}{}^2\text{K}\text{T}{}^2$ is calculated in the temperature region where d was obtained; within experimental error they are equal.     

Optical properties of UO2 and PuO2

We perform first-principles calculations of electronic structure and optical properties for UO₂ and PuO₂ based on the density functional theory using the generalized gradient approximation (GGA) + U scheme. The main features in orbital-resolved partial density of states for occupied f and p orbitals, unoccupied d orbitals, and related gaps are well reproduced compared to experimental observations. Based on the satisfactory ground-state electronic structure calculations, the dynamical dielectric function and related optical spectra, i.e., the reflectivity, adsorption coefficient, energy-loss, and refractive index spectrum, are obtained. These results are consistent with the available experiments.     

Molecular dynamics simulations of C2, C2H, C2H2, C2H3, C2H4, C2H5, and C2H6 bombardment of diamond (1 1 1) surfaces

The sticking and erosion of C₂H_x molecules (where x=0-6), at 300 and 2100 K onto hydrogenated diamond (1 1 1) surfaces was investigated by means of molecular dynamics simulations. We employed both quantum-mechanical and empirical force models. Generally, the sticking probability is observed to somewhat increase when the radical temperature increases and strongly decrease with increasing number of H atoms in the molecule.     

One-Dimensional Fluid Model of Pulse Modulated Radio-Frequency SiH4 /N2 /O2 Discharge

Driven by pulse modulated radio-frequency source,the behavior of SiH 4 /N 2 /O 2 plasma in capacitively coupled discharge are studied by using a one-dimensional fluid model.Totally,48 different species(electrons,ions,neutrals,radicals and excited species) are involved in this simulation.Time evolution of the particle densities and electron temperature with different duty cycles are obtained,as well as the electronegativity n SiH3 /n e of the main negative ion(SiH3).The results show that,by reducing the duty cycle,higher electron temperature and particle density can be achieved for the same average dissipated power,and the ion energy can also be effectively reduced,which will offer evident improvement in plasma deposition processes compared with the case of continuous wave discharge.