应用层组播研究进展

组播技术是一种针对多点传输和多方协作应用的组通信模型,有高效的数据传输效率,是下一代Internet应用的重要支撑技术。早期的组播技术研究试图在IP层提供组播通信功能,但IP组播的实施涉及到对现有网络基础设施的调整,因此,大规模应用受到限制。近两年来,随着Peer-to-Peer(P2P)研究的兴起,基于应用层的组播技术也逐渐受到广泛关注。应用层组播协议将组成员节点自组织成覆盖网络,在主机节点实现组播功能,为数据多点并发传输提供服务。将组播功能从路由器迁移到主机上能有效解决许多与IP组播有关的问题,但同时也带来了一些新的挑战。本文分析了目前应用层组播研究的主要内容及技术特点,描述了协议设计所涉及的关键技术及面临的主要挑战,总结了现有工作及相关进展。     

支持高效组传送的操作系统

很多因特网服务的普遍需要是在相同的时间内准确地发送相同的数据到很多的主机.没有IP层的多点传送,组通信的形式将会通过传送数据至每个希望的主机来实现.虽然该方法是简便的,但是它对于发送主机来说是效率极低的.本文引入了一个基于内核的技术,只是使用了最少的附加物至发送操作系统接口,实现高效地促进组通信传送发送操作,文中还说明了该方法的设计和原型实现.     

数据分发管理机制中层次化组播地址分配策略

高层体系结构HLA(high level architecture)支持仿真应用间的互操作和可重用,受资源的限制,基于因特网的分布仿真面临着系统可扩缩性的挑战.HLA提供数据分发管理机制,为提高系统可扩缩性提供了可能.分析了HLA中数据分发管理机制的实现途径,针对存在的问题提出了层次化的组播地址分配策略,解决了组播地址数量有限与仿真结点机冗余数据接收之间的矛盾,同时也为仿真数据的可靠发送及数据打包提供了有力的支持.     

分布式Web服务器中负载均衡的实现

实现和测试了一种可扩展的分布式Web服务器原型。原型由多台接收和处理TCP连接的服务器通过负载均衡集群而成，主机IP地址利用Round Robin DNS发布，任意主机都可以接收客户端的请求。一旦当客户试图建立连接，主机要决定接收连接提供服务还是重定向连接到其它主机。每台主机保持集群定期组播的系统负载信息，并利用低负荷的IP封装IP技术重构数据包来重定向请求。性能测试表明这种技术比RR—DNS具有更好的性能，而且利用系统负载状态的重定向连接比无状态的重定向效果更好。     

Extending RSVP for quality of security service

The resource reservation protocol (RSVP) lets hosts request quality of (bandwidth) service for multicast applications on the Internet. As network equipment advances to provide improved bandwidth service, security service becomes the more critical problem. However, RSVP doesn't provide a flexible mechanism to support quality of security service (QoSS). Security service RSVP extends RSVP to provide the needed mechanism for dynamically negotiating QoSS among the senders and receivers of multicast applications on the Internet. SSRSVP provides different QoSS resolutions according to receiver nodes' security service needs.     

Island Multicast: Combining IP Multicast With Overlay Data Distribution

Traditional overlay protocols use unicast connections to form delivery trees. While it can achieve global multicast across the Internet, it is not as efficient as IP multicast. In this paper, we integrate IP multicast into overlay data distribution to improve delivery efficiency. We investigate island multicast where unicast connections are used to connect multicast domains and IP multicast is used within multicast domains. We first explore a centralized island multicast protocol (termed CIM), which relies on a central server to construct a delivery tree. We then study a distributed protocol (termed DIM), where hosts can distributedly join islands and form a delivery tree. We study the key issues in both protocols. We also discuss how to apply these protocols to media streaming applications. We have evaluated both protocols on Internet-like topologies. We have also implemented a prototype for CIM and tested it on PlanetLab. The results show that our approaches can significantly im prove network performance as compared to pure overlay protocols. Our study shows that it is important to consider local multicast capability when designing overlay protocols.     

A new locality-based IP multicasting scheme for mobile hosts

Internet protocol multicasting is a mechanism widely used in the Internet to disseminate information. Multicast delivery paths may need to be frequently restructured along with host migrations, at the expense of nontrivial overhead or multicast latency. This paper presents a scheme with short multicast latency, while retaining acceptable overhead in adapting the delivery paths to mobile host locations. We exploit the locality in host movements and keep active the networks that mobile hosts have most recently visited. As long as hosts migrate within these active networks, multicast delivery paths can remain unchanged upon host movements. Performance results show that, compared with the best known proposal, our scheme is promising.     

移动因特网中的可靠组播研究

随着组播应用的增加、无线通信技术的发展成熟和移动设备的普及，传统的因特网如何与各种无线通信技术结合以便为各种移动主机设备提供移动性支持引起了人们的高度重视。文中针对移动因特网的可靠组播所面临的新问题以及相关研究现状进行了讨论，并在RingNet模型下提出了一个全新的可靠组播方案。该可靠组播方案以“局部组重传机制”来实现“全局的可靠组播”。这样可提供介于“绝对可靠”和“尽力而为”之间的“高可靠性”。     

应用层语义可靠的自适应多播

Internet上的可靠多播具有很大的应用前景,但是同时也面临着挑战,主要是因为Internet的异构性以及IP Multicast仍不能广域内得以实现.提出了一种应用层语义可靠的自适应多播体系结构(application semantics reliable multicast,简称ASRM).ASRM不以IP Multicast为基础,而是采用一种混合IP单播和多播的方法来实现多点数据通信.ASRM采用一种简单、自然,且具有更好的伸缩性的方法来命名多播会话,并可以在转发过程中,根据变换模型、变换规则和     

组播QoS保障和拥塞控制的Overlay实现技术

由于配置困难以及控制技术的复杂性，IP组播（IP Mmulticast，IPM）至今仍未在Intemct上得到推广。而以Overlay方式在Intemet中提供灵活有效的组播服务则成为近年来网络研究的一个热点。如何在基于Overlay的Intemet组播（Overlay Multicast，OM）中实现有效的Qos和可靠性保证，这已成为OM研究的新课题。该文通过建立组播QoS的数学模型，对基于Overlay实现Intemet组播的QoS和拥塞控制的机制进行了分析和探讨。     

Hybrid quality adaptation mechanism for layered multicast over the internet

The use of multicast for distribution of real-time video over the Internet has received greater attention over the past few years. Unfortunately, a major challenge to its wide usage is the heterogeneity of networks and receivers. In this paper we proposed a mechanism called Hybrid Quality Adaptation (HQA) for multicasting layered MPEG-2 video. The receiver will subscribe to the number of layers based on their network and end-system resources. On the other hand, the video server adjusts the transmission characteristics of each layer to try and accommodate the requirements of the majority of the receivers. A prototype layered MPEG-2 multicast system, using HQA, has been successfully developed.     

基于DirectShow与DMO的视频采集与编码实现

主要介绍了使用DirectShow实现视频采集和使用DirectX Media Objects(DMO)实现视频编码的方法，并提供在IP组播视频会议系统研究中的具体实现代码。这些方法适用于视频会议系统、远程监控、远程医疗、可视电话等多媒体通信应用。     

应用层组播稳定性提高技术综述

互联网上组通信应用的日益普及和传统IP组播发展面临的困境导致应用层组播逐步受到广泛关注.将组播功能从路由器迁移到主机能够有效解决许多与IP组播相关的问题,但同时也带来一些新的挑战,如应用层组播稳定性问题.文中概述了应用层组播的数据传输模型、组播树构造算法和协议性能评价标准,阐述了应用层组播稳定性问题产生的原因,提出了衡量应用层组播稳定性的标准,分析了影响应用层组播稳定性的因素,根据影响因素将应用层组播稳定性提高技术分类为降低节点离开事件发生频率的方法、缩小节点离开事件影响范围的方法以及缩短节点离开事件发生后组播树恢复时间的方法,并介绍了各种应用层组播稳定性提高技术,展望了该领域未来的研究工作.     

基于GDOI的IPSec多播抗重放研究与实现

在讨论重放攻击和多播安全性问题的基础上,分析目前已成为Internet Protocol Security(IPSec)等数据安全协议组播密钥管理协议的ISAKMP Domain of Interpretation for Group Key Management(GDOI)工作机制,重点讨论基于GDOI的IPSec多播系统实现抗重放的问题,并在Linux主机上进行实现。     

A taxonomy of multicast protocols for Internet applications

The continuous growth in applications that require communications among a group of hosts or simultaneous dissemination of data to multiple sites on the Internet has led to considerable interest in multicast communication. These applications have different quality of service requirements such as deadlines to response time and tolerance to data loss. Internet multicast protocols provide a spectrum of services to cater for the needs of a wide array of multicast applications. The design alternatives of a multicast protocol for a particular application may lead to different performance characteristics, for example higher utilization of network bandwidth vs lower protocol processing requirements. Therefore a framework is required to various design choices available to design multicast protocols and evaluate the performance tradeoffs associated with these alternatives. Motivated by such a need and by the evolution of multicast applications over the Internet, this article presents a taxonomy of multicast protocols and a common framework to evaluate their performance.     

移动Internet中的IP多点传送

Internet快速发展要求向支持主机移动扩展,而网上的许多应用要求网络支持多点传送机制。多点传送技术在移动Internet环境中的应用变得十分重要。文中介绍了移动Internet中IP多点传送的技术,对其中的一些问题进行了讨论。     

组播技术综述

组播通信技术提供了一种点对点或多点对多点的数据传输模型 ,作为下一代 Internet应用的重要技术 ,组播相关技术研究引起了广泛关注 .本文从分布式系统特点出发 ,分析了组播研究的内容和特点 ,描述了组播设计所涉及的技术及难点 ,概括了现有工作和相关进展     

XML-enabled workflow management for e-services across heterogeneous platforms

Advanced e-services require efficient, flexible, and easy-to-use workflow technology that integrates well with mainstream Internet technologies such as XML and Web servers. This paper discusses an XML-enabled architecture for distributed workflow management that is implemented in the latest version of our Mentor-lite prototype system. The key asset of this architecture is an XML mediator that handles the exchange of business and flow control data between workflow and business-object servers on the one hand and client activities on the other via XML messages over http. Our implementation of the mediator has made use of Oracle's XSQL servlet. The major benefit of the advocated architecture is that it provides seamless integration of client applications into e-service workflows with scalable efficiency and very little explicit coding, in contrast to an earlier, Java-based, version of our Mentor-lite prototype that required much more code and exhibited potential performance problems. Received: 30 October 2000 / Accepted: 19 December 2000 Published online: 27 April 2001     

Providing scalable Web services using multicast communication

The recent growth in use of the World-Wide Web in the Internet has caused a significant increase in the demand placed on Web servers. This increased load results in noticeably longer response times for users. We propose an approach to using multicast in the delivery of Web resources that reduces the load on servers as well as the networks that connect them. We analyze the issues involved in using multicast in the Web, especially those related to routing and addressing, and present an alternative approach to multicast routing that is appropriate for this application. We also describe the design and implementation of a system based on the existing WWW client and server architecture and the multicast support provided within IP. Experimental results from this implementation are presented.     

Secure Internet management by delegation

The IETF Script management information base (MIB) integrates the management by delegation (MbD) model into the Internet management framework. This paper discusses the security aspects of the Script MIB concerning MIB access security and runtime security of delegated management functions. The paper shows how SNMPv3 security mechanisms have been utilized to protect the Script MIB from unauthorized access. A prototype implementation is presented using the Java virtual machine as a runtime system for delegated management functions. The prototype demonstrates how solutions to all security aspects can be integrated.