20 K低温制冷机回热器结构设计

20 K温区高效制冷是目前空间探测任务制冷的关键需求之一,斯特林/脉管复合制冷机是实现20 K温区高效制冷的重要技术手段。回热器作为复合制冷机的核心部件,其性能对制冷机的整机性能有决定性的影响。合理的设计方法和流程可以保证回热器的性能。20 K温区时回热器工质氦气和填料的物性与较高温区,如80 K温区,相比有很大区别,因此,不能简单套用较高温区回热器的设计方法,须对工作在20 K温区的回热器进行专门的结构设计。本文应用回热器模拟软件Regen3.2,设计了一个冷端温度为20 K的回热器,并对平均压力、相位角、冷端压比、填料种类等参数进行了优化,经过优化设计的回热器的COP超过0.035,20 K下制冷量为0.5 W。本研究为后续20 K温区高效斯特林/脉管复合制冷机的开发打下了基础,也为之后同类型回热器的设计提供了参考。     

冷却水温对大冷量斯特林制冷机性能的影响

对一台大冷量整体式斯特林制冷机开展了冷却水温影响的研究。充气压力1.85 MPa时,冷却水进水温度每升高5℃,77 K制冷量实验值减小约40 W,COP实验值降低约0.4%。77 K制冷温度下,压缩腔工质平均压力、制冷机输入功和水冷器换热量随冷却水温升高而增大。提高充气压力,发现冷却水温度变化对制冷性能的影响几乎不变。     

空调温区自由活塞斯特林制冷机中回热器的优化设计

根据一台空调温区自由活塞斯特林制冷机(FPSC)的设计要求(300 W@280 K),对其关键部件回热器进行了优化设计。回热器填料选择了流阻损失较小的卷箔式结构和聚酯材料。搭建了Sage整机模型和回热器模型以分析不同回热器长度和孔隙率对回热器换热损失及整机制冷性能的影响,280 K制冷温度下回热器长度和孔隙率的优化结果分别为32 mm和76%。最后分析了FPSC内部换热损失的分布情况,验证了卷箔式结构在空调温区应用中的优势。     

大功率斯特林制冷机的整机数值模拟

应用低温制冷机整机模拟软件(SAGE)对一台"3LY—0.8/194"型斯特林制冷机开展了数值模拟研究,得到质量流率、工质压力以及声功、焓流等参数的变化规律,揭示了制冷过程中内部能量流的耦合作用关系。此外,基于回热器内工质的温度分布分析,发现该制冷机的部分回热器未得到有效利用,从而为即将开展的改进实验研究提供了思路。模拟结果显示该制冷机可以达到37.5 K最低制冷温度,在77.35 K能够提供1 044 W制冷量,输入PV功为9 416 W,相对卡诺循环效率达到30.2%。     

斯特林制冷机混合填料回热器性能优化及试验研究

针对旋转整体式斯特林制冷机的回热器性能优化,讨论了回热器丝网填料选型的原则,分析了不同温区采用不同丝网参数的回热器模型,并利用REGEN软件对混合丝网模型进行了优化分析。通过实验数据对模拟优化的结果进行了分析和讨论,验证了混合丝网模型优化结果的正确性,为旋转整体式斯特林制冷机回热器性能优化提供依据。     

低温冰箱自由活塞式斯特林制冷机模拟与优化

自由活塞斯特林制冷机具有高效紧凑,适合中低温制冷等优点。对用于低温冰箱自由活塞式斯特林制冷机进行了一维建模,并实现整机性能的模拟与优化。在考虑各种空体积的情况下,模拟分析了压缩活塞PV功和相位角的变化对整机性能的影响,获得了制冷机运行的最佳相位。对比了环形回热器的填料及填充方式对自由活塞式斯特林制冷机的性能影响,及对应材料下回热器的轴向导热损失情况。模拟了制冷机性能随回热器空隙率和制冷温度的变化情况,计算分析了回热器内部的不可逆损失随空隙率的变化情况,并且获得了不同温度下的最佳空隙率。最后,为了获得好的制冷性能,优化不同制冷温度的回热器设计参数及膨胀活塞与气缸壁的密封间隙宽度。     

新型谐振管耦合型双效斯特林制冷机的数值模拟

结合经典双效斯特林制冷机结构与热声理论,提出一种谐振管耦合型双效斯特林制冷机,采用声学谐振管耦合斯特林发动机与斯特林制冷机,从而实现热驱动制冷,具有结构简单、潜在效率高、可靠性高、绿色环保的优点,在小型天然气液化、冷电联供以及空间探测领域有较大的应用潜力。针对实验室现有发动机和制冷机的参数,采用模拟软件Sage搭建了计算模型,计算验证了该结构的可行性。计算结果表明,在充气压力为3 MPa,工作频率为50 Hz,发动机压比为1.3条件下,该系统在80 K的制冷温度可获得210 W制冷量,整机效率为11.3%。同时进一步探究了系统内声场分布和主要部件损失,研究表明回热器内部声场偏离行波声场,谐振管中粘性损失较大和制冷机输入声功偏小是当前整机效率较低的主要原因。如果进行合理的优化设计,此类系统可以实现25%以上的整机效率。     

分离型二级脉管制冷机的实验研究第一部分20～40 K温区单级大功率脉管制冷机

为了满足液氦温区分离型二级脉管制冷机第二级预冷的需要,设计制作了1台20～40K温区单级大功率脉管制冷机.采用额定功率为6 kW的压缩机驱动该制冷机,最低制冷温度达13.8K,刷新了单级脉管制冷机最低制冷温度纪录.该制冷机在40 K可获得高达55.9 W的制冷量,基本可以满足15～40 K温区超导磁体等冷却的需要.着重分析了频率、充气压力和不同压缩机对系统制冷性能的影响,测试了长时间运行中系统性能的变化情况.     

行波热声发动机加热器改进及其驱动脉管制冷机系统实验研究

对自行研制的行波型热声发动机中的核心部件加热器进行了改进.采用改进的热声发动机驱动单级小孔型脉管制冷机,以氦气为工质,在充气压力为2.2 MPa的条件下,获得了110 K的最低制冷温度.通过对实验结果的分析,着重阐明了热声发动机和脉管制冷机之间的频率匹配问题及其改进途径,为进一步深入研究指明了方向.     

基于REGEN的100 mm长回热器脉管制冷机优化设计与实验研究

根据已有研究,回热器长度100 mm的脉管制冷机在温度低于60 K时的性能较好。将一台已有的65 mm长回热器单级同轴型脉管制冷机改造为100 mm长回热器单机同轴型脉管制冷机,分析回热器长度对脉管制冷机性能的影响。基于REGEN软件对脉管制冷机回热器进行优化设计,通过改变回热器填料、压比、冷端相位角和充气压力,研究其对回热器性能的影响。在实验中进一步探索研究输入功、频率等对制冷机的最低制冷温度和比卡诺效率的影响。实验结果表明,在充气压力2 MPa,运行频率51 Hz,输入功809 W,制冷量60 W时,冷头温度109 K,制冷机的相对卡诺效率达到12.9%。     

Estimation of Parameters of Universal Distribution of Moments of Failure of Products

A method is proposed for estimating the parameters of a mixture of exponential and Weibull distributions for which the accuracy of preliminary estimates obtained by graphical analysis is refined in accordance with the criterion of maximum likelihood. The efficiency of the proposed method is supported by the results of statistical modeling.     

Evaluation of optical properties of highly scattering media by moments of distributions of times of flight of photons

A novel method for the determination of the optical properties of tissue from time-domain measurements is presented. The data analysis is based on the evaluation of the first moment and the second centralized moment, i.e., the mean time of flight and the variance of the measured distribution of times of flight (DTOF) of photons injected by short (picosecond) laser pulses. Analytical expressions are derived for calculation of absorption and of reduced scattering coefficients from these moments by application of diffusion theory for infinite and semi-infinite homogeneous media. The proposed method was tested on experimental data obtained with phantoms, and results for absorption and reduced scattering coefficients obtained by the proposed method are compared with those obtained by fitting of the same data with analytical solutions of the diffusion equation. Furthermore, the accuracy of the moment analysis was investigated for a range of integration limits of the DTOF. The moment analysis may serve as a comparatively fast method for evaluating optical properties with sufficient accuracy and can be used, e.g., for on-line monitoring of optical properties of biological tissue.     

Estimation of potentialities of methods of summation of direct measurement errors

Conventional methods for summation of direct measurement errors are considered. Conditions under which these methods provide consistent results are stated. It is proposed to utilize for characteristic of the total error, its interval estimator or the half-sum of the value obtained by adding up its arithmetic and geometric random errors.Translated from Izmeritel'naya Tekhnika, No. 4, pp. 10–12, April, 1995.     

空压机轴承箱蜗壳温度探头油封改造

由于空压机进气侧轴承箱蜗壳温度探头密封效果不好,使空压机及其后续管道受到油污染。后将温度探头的O形圈密封改为骨架油封,杜绝了轴承箱漏油问题。文章简介空压机的结构和技术参数,详细介绍了骨架油封的制作和优点。     

Characteristics of mechanical properties of materials in studies of conditions of attainment of marginal states

It is shown that conditions of attainment of marginal states in the material of structural components are formulated on the basis of analysis of force and deformation criteria of formation and development of destruction. The parameters of these criteria are data on types of structural materials, standard and special characteristics of their mechanical properties, structural forms of considered elements of the equipment, and their operating stress loading. In this case, the construction of a system of state equations for describing interrelation of current damage, external actions, and responses to them is based on the concept of calculating variations in properties of materials at all stages of the design life cycle.     

Determination of parameters of microstructural inhomogeneity of deformation of metals by the method of modeling

The article suggests a method of evaluating the microstructural inhomogeneity of deformation of metals by modeling. The method includes the measurement of deformations of metal according to meshes of a dividing grid with small base and the calculation of the distribution parameters of microdeformations in model representation. It is shown that the modeling method makes it possible objectively to evaluate the microinhomogeneity of deformation of metals independently of the chosen mesh size of the dividing grid. New structural characteristics are introduced: the base and wave of variation expressing the degree of crumbling or amalgamation of metal grains by inhomogeneity of deformation.Translated from Problemy Prochnosti, No. 7, pp. 40–44, July, 1991.     

Analysis of the rate of propagation of the wave of change of boiling modes

An approximate analytical expression is derived for the velocity of the front of the wave of change of boiling modes on a rod and on a plate. The impact of the Thomson effect and of the heater orientation in the gravity field is included. Adequate agreement is demonstrated between the derived relations and experimental data.     

水三相点复现的不确定度评定

水三相点是开尔文热力学温度的唯一基准点，也是ITS-90国际温标重要的定义固定点。因此，水三相点不确定度分析对整个温标的建立、温度量值传递起着至关重要的作用。近3年来，中国计量科学研究院研制出一系列高质量的水三相点容器，加强了水三相点的研究，为不确定度的分析提供了更为可靠的实验依据。同时，不确定度的分析也是客观评价新研制容器性能的一个重要指标。因此，根据实验结果对新研制容器所复现的水三相点进行了不确定度评定。评定结果表明，其扩展不确定度为0．16mK(k=2．69，P=0．99)。