Trinity: Walking on a User-Object-Tag Heterogeneous Network for Personalised Recommendations

The rapid evolution of the Internet has been appealing for effective recommender systems to pinpoint useful information from online resources. Although historical rating data has been widely used as the most important information in recommendation methods, recent advancements have been demonstrating the improvement in recommendation performance with the incorporation of tag information. Furthermore, the availability of tag annotations has been well addressed by such fruitful online social tagging applications as CiteULike, MovieLens and BibSonomy, which allow users to express their preferences, upload resources and assign their own tags. Nevertheless, most existing tag-aware recommendation approaches model relationships among users, objects and tags using a tripartite graph, and hence overlook relationships within the same types of nodes. To overcome this limitation, we propose a novel approach, Trinity, to integrate historical data and tag information towards personalised recommendation. Trinity constructs a three-layered object-user-tag network that considers not only interconnections between different types of nodes but also relationships within the same types of nodes. Based on this heterogeneous network, Trinity adopts a random walk with restart model to assign the strength of associations to candidate objects, thereby providing a means of prioritizing the objects for a query user. We validate our approach via a series of large-scale 10-fold cross-validation experiments and evaluate its performance using three comprehensive criteria. Results show that our method outperforms several existing methods, including supervised random walk with restart, simulation of resource allocating processes, and traditional collaborative filtering.     

基于标签的强化学习推荐算法研究与应用*

针对协同过滤推荐算法性能稳定性往往受到数据稀疏性影响的问题,在强化学习的框架下提出一种基于标签的协同过滤推荐算法,利用标签模拟用户兴趣来构造非稀疏的个性化数据,并将模拟数据与历史用户访问数据相结合进行协同过滤推荐。实验结果表明,引入基于标签的个性化数据可以有效提升协同过滤算法的性能,且对两种数据的有效结合可以获得最好的效果。     

A Review of Ontology‐Based Tag Recommendation Approaches

Tag recommender schemes suggest related tags for an untagged resource and better tag suggestions to tagged resources. Tagging is very important if the user identifies the tag that is more precise to use in searching interesting blogs. There is no clear information regarding the meaning of each tag in a tagging process. An user can use various tags for the same content, and he can also use new tags for an item in a blog. When the user selects tags, the resultant metadata may comprise homonyms and synonyms. This may cause an improper relationship among items and ineffective searches for topic information. The collaborative tag recommendation allows a set of freely selected text keywords as tags assigned by users. These tags are imprecise, irrelevant, and misleading because there is no control over the tag assignment. It does not follow any formal guidelines to assist tag generation, and tags are assigned to resources based on the knowledge of the users. This causes misspelled tags, multiple tags with the same meaning, bad word encoding, and personalized words without common meaning. This problem leads to miscategorization of items, irrelevant search results, wrong prediction, and their recommendations. Tag relevancy can be judged only by a specific user. These aspects could provide new challenges and opportunities to its tag recommendation problem. This paper reviews the challenges to meet the tag recommendation problem. A brief comparison between existing works is presented, which we can identify and point out the novel research directions. The overall performance of our ontology‐based recommender systems is favorably compared to other systems in the literature.     

Constructing a user similarity network to remove adverse influence of popular objects for personalized recommendation

Nowadays, personalized recommender systems have become more and more indispensable in a wide variety of commercial applications due to the vast amount of overloaded information accompanying the explosive growth of the internet. Based on the assumption that users sharing similar preferences in history would also have similar interests in the future, user-based collaborative filtering algorithms have demonstrated remarkable successes and become one of the most dominant branches in the study of personalized recommendation. However, the presence of popular objects that meet the general interest of a broad spectrum of audience may introduce weak relationships between users and adversely influence the correct ranking of candidate objects. Besides, recent studies have also shown that gains of the accuracy in a recommendation may be frequently accompanied by losses of the diversity, making the selection of a reasonable tradeoff between the accuracy and the diversity not obvious. With these understandings, we propose in this paper a network-based collaborative filtering approach to overcome the adverse influence of popular objects while achieving a reasonable balance between the accuracy and the diversity. Our method starts with the construction of a user similarity network from historical data by using a nearest neighbor approach. Based on this network, we calculate discriminant scores for candidate objects and further sort the objects in non-ascending order to obtain the final ranking list. We validate the proposed approach by performing large-scale random sub-sampling experiments on two widely used data sets (MovieLens and Netflix), and we evaluate our method using two accuracy criteria and two diversity measures. Results show that our approach significantly outperforms the ordinary user-based collaborative filtering method by not only enhancing the recommendation accuracy but also improving the recommendation diversity.     

协同过滤推荐系统综述

随着互联网和信息计算的飞速发展,衍生了海量数据,我们已经进入信息爆炸的时代。网络中各种信息量的指数型增长导致用户想要从大量信息中找到自己需要的信息变得越来越困难,信息过载问题日益突出。推荐系统在缓解信息过载问题中起着非常重要的作用,该方法通过研究用户的兴趣偏好进行个性化计算,由系统发现用户兴趣进而引导用户发现自己的信息需求。目前,推荐系统已经成为产业界和学术界关注、研究的热点问题,应用领域十分广泛。在电子商务、会话推荐、文章推荐、智慧医疗等多个领域都有所应用。传统的推荐算法主要包括基于内容的推荐、协同过滤推荐以及混合推荐。其中,协同过滤推荐是推荐系统中应用最广泛最成功的技术之一。该方法利用用户或物品间的相似度以及历史行为数据对目标用户进行推荐,因此存在用户冷启动和项目冷启动问题。此外,随着信息量的急剧增长,传统协同过滤推荐系统面对数据的快速增长会遇到严重的数据稀疏性问题以及可扩展性问题。为了缓解甚至解决这些问题,推荐系统研究人员进行了大量的工作。近年来,为了提高推荐效果、提升用户满意度,学者们开始关注推荐系统的多样性问题以及可解释性等问题。由于深度学习方法可以通过发现数据中用户和项目之间的非线性关系从而学习一个有效的特征表示,因此越来越受到推荐系统研究人员的关注。目前的工作主要是利用评分数据、社交网络信息以及其他领域信息等辅助信息,结合深度学习、数据挖掘等技术提高推荐效果、提升用户满意度。对此,本文首先对推荐系统以及传统推荐算法进行概述,然后重点介绍协同过滤推荐算法的相关工作。包括协同过滤推荐算法的任务、评价指标、常用数据集以及学者们在解决协同过滤算法存在的问题时所做的工作以及努力。最后提出未来的几个可研究方向。     

基于社交网络能量扩散的协同过滤推荐算法

针对数据稀疏导致推荐系统精确度较低的问题,结合社交网络中丰富的社会化信息及能量扩散在数据稀疏问题上的优良表现,文中提出基于社交网络能量扩散的协同过滤推荐算法.首先利用用户-物品评分矩阵和信任关系具有的传递性计算用户之间信任强度值.再利用社交网络结合用户-物品二分网络,得到物品资源值.最后利用协同过滤方法进行预测评分.在真实数据集上的实验表明,文中算法缓解数据稀疏性,可解决推荐精确度较低的问题.     

基于标签信息特征相似性的协同过滤个性化推荐

标签推荐系统旨在利用标签数据为用户提供个性化推荐。已有的基于标签的推荐方法往往忽视了用户和资源本身的特征,而且在相似性度量时仅针对项目相似性或用户相似性进行计算,并未充分考虑二者之间的有效融合,推荐结果的准确性较低。为了解决上述问题,将标签信息融入到结合用户相似性和项目相似性的协同过滤中,提出融合标签特征与相似性的协同过滤个性化推荐方法。该方法在充分考虑用户、项目以及标签信息的基础上,利用二维矩阵来定义用户-标签以及标签-项目之间的行为。构建用户和项目的标签特征表示,通过基于标签特征的相似性度量方法计算用户相似性和项目相似性。基于用户标签行为和用户与项目的相似性线性组合来预测用户对项目的偏好值,并根据预测偏好值排序,生成最终的推荐列表。在Last.fm数据集上的实验结果表明,该方法能够提高推荐的准确度,满足用户的个性化需求。     

基于潜在标签挖掘和细粒度偏好的个性化标签推荐

为进一步提高个性化标签推荐性能,针对标签数据的稀疏性以及传统方法忽略隐藏在用户和项目上下文中潜在标签的缺陷,提出一种基于潜在标签挖掘和细粒度偏好的个性化标签推荐方法。首先,提出利用用户和项目的上下文信息从大量未观测标签中挖掘用户可能感兴趣的少量潜在标签,将标签重新划分为正类标签、潜在标签和负类标签三类,进而构建〈用户,项目〉对标签的细粒度偏好关系,在缓解标签稀疏性的同时,提高对标签偏好关系的表达能力;然后,基于贝叶斯个性化排序优化框架对细粒度偏好关系进行建模,并结合成对交互张量分解对偏好值进行预测,构建细粒度的个性化标签推荐模型并提出优化算法。对比实验表明,提出的方法在保证较快收敛速度的前提下,有效地提高了个性化标签的推荐准确性。     

基于协同过滤和标签的混合音乐推荐算法研究

结合音乐这一特定的推荐对象,针对传统单一的推荐算法不能有效解决音乐推荐中的准确度问题,提出一种协同过滤技术和标签相结合的音乐推荐算法。该算法先通过协同过滤技术确定相似用户,再通过相似用户对某一歌手的标签评分预测另一用户对该歌手的偏好程度,从而选择更符合用户喜好的音乐进行推荐,以此提升个性化推荐效率,为优化音乐推荐系统提供参考方法。     

基于RBLDA模型和交互关系的微博标签推荐算法

随着互联网技术的发展, 个性化标签推荐系统在海量信息或资源过滤中起着重要的角色. 在新浪微博平台中, 用户可以自主的给自己添加标签来表明自己的兴趣爱好. 同时, 用户也可以通过标签来搜索与自己兴趣爱好相似的用户. 针对新浪微博中大部分用户没有添加标签或添加标签数目较少的问题, 提出了一种基于RBLDA模型和交互关系的微博标签推荐算法, 它首先利用RBLDA模型来产生用户的初始标签列表, 然后再结合用户的交互关系而形成的交互图来预测用户标签的算法. 通过在新浪微博真实数据集上的实验发现, 该方案与传统的标签推荐算法相比, 取得了良好的实验效果.     

基于时序行为的协同过滤推荐算法

协同过滤直接根据用户的行为记录去预测其可能喜欢的产品,是现今最为成功、应用最广泛的推荐方法.概率矩阵分解算法是一类重要的协同过滤方式.它通过学习低维的近似矩阵进行推荐,能够有效处理海量数据.然而,传统的概率矩阵分解方法往往忽略了用户(产品)之间的结构关系,影响推荐算法的效果.通过衡量用户(产品)之间的关系寻找相似的邻居用户(产品),可以更准确地识别用户的个人兴趣,从而有效提高协同过滤推荐精度.为此,提出一种对用户(产品)间的时序行为建模的方法.基于该方法,可以发现对当前用户(产品)影响最大的邻居集合.进一步地,将该邻居集合成功融合到基于概率矩阵分解的协同过滤推荐算法中.在两个真实数据集上的验证结果表明,所提出的SequentialMF 推荐算法与传统的使用社交网络信息与标签信息的推荐算法相比,能够更有效地预测用户实际评分,提升推荐精度.     

A time-based approach to effective recommender systems using implicit feedback

Recommender systems provide personalized recommendations on products or services to customers. Collaborative filtering is a widely used method of providing recommendations using explicit ratings on items from users. In some e-commerce environments, however, it is difficult to collect explicit feedback data; only implicit feedback is available.

In this paper, we present a method of building an effective collaborative filtering-based recommender system for an e-commerce environment without explicit feedback data. Our method constructs pseudo rating data from the implicit feedback data. When building the pseudo rating matrix, we incorporate temporal information such as the user’s purchase time and the item’s launch time in order to increase recommendation accuracy.

Based on this method, we built both user-based and item-based collaborative filtering-based recommender systems for character images (wallpaper) in a mobile e-commerce environment and conducted a variety of experiments. Empirical results show our time-incorporated recommender system is significantly more accurate than a pure collaborative filtering system.     

基于项目属性的用户聚类协同过滤推荐算法

协同过滤推荐算法是个性化推荐服务系统的关键技术,由于项目空间上用户评分数据的极端稀疏性,传统推荐系统中的用户相似度量算法开销较大并且无法保证项目推荐精度.通过对共同感兴趣的项目属性的相似用户进行聚类,构建了不同项目评价的用户相似性,设计了一种优化的协同过滤推荐算法.实验结果表明,该算法能够有效避免由于数据稀疏性带来的弊端,提高了系统的推荐质量.     

Personalized Tag Recommendation Using Social Influence

Tag recommendation encourages users to add more tags in bridging the semantic gap between human concept and the features of media object,which provides a feasible solution for content-based multimedia information retrieval.In this paper,we study personalized tag recommendation in a popular online photo sharing site - Flickr.Social relationship information of users is collected to generate an online social network.From the perspective of network topology,we propose node topological potential to characterize user’s social influence.With this metric,we distinguish different social relations between users and find out those who really have influence on the target users.Tag recommendations are based on tagging history and the latent personalized preference learned from those who have most influence in user’s social network.We evaluate our method on large scale real-world data.The experimental results demonstrate that our method can outperform the non-personalized global co-occurrence method and other two state-of-the-art personalized approaches using social networks.We also analyze the further usage of our approach for the cold-start problem of tag recommendation.     

基于二分图划分联合聚类的协同过滤推荐算法

准确而积极地向用户提供他们可能感兴趣的信息或服务是推荐系统的主要任务。协同过滤是采用得最广泛的推荐算法之一,而数据稀疏的问题往往严重影响推荐质量。为了解决这个问题,提出了基于二分图划分联合聚类的协同过滤推荐算法。首先将用户与项目构建成二分图进行联合聚类,从而映射到低维潜在特征空间;其次根据聚类结果改进2种相似性计算策略:簇偏好相似性和评分相似性,并将二者相结合。基于结合的相似性,分别采用基于用户和项目的方法来获得对未知目标评分的预测。最后,将这些预测结果进行融合。实验结果表明,所提算法比最新的联合聚类协同过滤推荐算法具有更好的性能。     

基于社交用户标签的混合top-N推荐方法

针对协同过滤方法的冷启动问题,提出一种将社交用户标签与协同过滤相结合的混合top-N推荐方法。通过社交用户关系获得可信用户集,然后根据个性化标签采用结构上下文相似性算法(SimRank)计算社交用户相似近邻集并进行预测推荐,最后结合传统协同过滤方法进行推荐。实验结果表明,该方法能够提高在一般数据集及冷启动用户数据集下的推荐精度。     

Swallow: Resource and Tag Recommender System Based on Heat Diffusion Algorithm in Social Annotation Systems

Social annotation systems (SAS) allow users to annotate different online resources with keywords (tags). These systems help users in finding, organizing, and retrieving online resources to significantly provide collaborative semantic data to be potentially applied by recommender systems. Previous studies on SAS had been worked on tag recommendation. Recently, SAS‐based resource recommendation has received more attention by scholars. In the most of such systems, with respect to annotated tags, searched resources are recommended to user, and their recent behavior and click‐through is not taken into account. In the current study, to be able to design and implement a more precise recommender system, because of previous users' tagging data and users' current click‐through, it was attempted to work on the both resource (such as web pages, research papers, etc.) and tag recommendation problem. Moreover, by applying heat diffusion algorithm during the recommendation process, more diverse options would present to the user. After extracting data, such as users, tags, resources, and relations between them, the recommender system so called “Swallow” creates a graph‐based pattern from system log files. Eventually, following the active user path and observing heat conduction on the created pattern, user further goals are anticipated and recommended to him. Test results on SAS data set demonstrate that the proposed algorithm has improved the accuracy of former recommendation algorithms.     

基于标签权重的协同过滤推荐算法

针对传统协同过滤推荐算法中由于相似度计算导致推荐精度不足的问题,提出一种基于标签权重相似度量方法的协同过滤推荐算法。首先,通过改进当前算法中标签权重的计算,并构成用户-标签权重矩阵和物品-标签权重矩阵;其次,考虑到推荐系统是以用户为中心进行推荐,继而通过构建用户-物品关联矩阵来获取用户对物品最准确的评价和需求;最后,根据用户-物品的二部图,利用物质扩散算法计算基于标签权重的用户间相似度,并为目标用户生成推荐列表。实验结果表明,与一种基于"用户-项目-用户兴趣标签图"的协同好友推荐算法（UITGCF）相比,在稀疏度环境为0.1时该算法的召回率、准确率和F1值分别提高了14.69%、9.44%、17.23%。当推荐项目数量为10时,三个指标分别提高了17.99%、8.98%、16.27%。结果表明基于标签权重的协同过滤推荐算法可有效提高推荐结果。     

基于多上下文信息的协同过滤推荐算法

随着电子商务和互联网的发展,数据信息呈爆炸式增长,协同过滤算法作为一种简单而高效的推荐算法,能在一定程度上有效地解决信息爆炸问题。但是传统协同过滤算法仅通过单一评分来挖掘相似用户,推荐效果并不占优势。为了提高个性化推荐的质量,如何充分利用用户(物品)的文本、图片、标签等上下文信息以使数据价值最大化是当前推荐系统亟待解决的问题。对此,提出了一种融合多种类型上下文信息的协同过滤算法。以用户商品交互信息为二部图,根据不同类型上下文的特点构建不同的相似度网络,设计目标函数在多种上下文信息网络的约束下联合矩阵分解,并学得用户商品的表示学习。在多个数据集上进行了充分实验,结果表明,融合多种类型上下文信息的协同过滤算法不仅能有效提高推荐的准确度,而且能在一定程度上解决数据稀疏性问题。     

基于LDA的隐式标签协同过滤推荐算法

固定标签协同过滤推荐算法,未充分考虑标签因子的多样化,主要依靠人工标记,扩展性不强,主观因素多。本文从用户的喜好特征因素角度出发,在固定标签协同过滤推荐算法的基础上,提出一种隐式标签协同过滤推荐算法。该算法利用LDA主题模型生成项目文本的隐式标签,得到项目-标签特征权重,根据算法性能优化的要求选择标签数量,将项目-标签矩阵与用户评分矩阵结合得到用户对标签的偏好矩阵,最后通过协同过滤算法产生推荐。实验结果表明,本文提出的基于LDA的隐式标签协同过滤推荐算法缓解了数据稀疏性问题,项目推荐的召回率、准确度和F1值有较大提升。