半纤维素/碳纳米管复合凝胶的溶胀性能

采用 (NH4)2S2O8-Na2SO3为引发剂体系,N,N-亚甲基双丙烯酰胺（BIS）为交联剂,利用自由基聚合法成功制备了半纤维素/碳纳米管复合凝胶。用SEM对凝胶的结构形态进行了研究分析;研究了单体比例、碳纳米管含量和pH值对凝胶溶胀率的影响;并应用溶胀动力学方程对试验数据进行拟合。研究结果表明：半纤维素/碳纳米管复合凝胶的溶胀率随着甲基丙烯酸/半纤维素比例的增加而减小,随着碳纳米管含量的增加而减小;pH≤11时随pH值的增加而增大,pH>11时随pH值的增加而减小。拟合结果表明整个溶胀过程符合Schott二级动力学模型。     

磁性半纤维素接枝聚丙烯酰胺凝胶对亚甲基蓝的吸附研究

利用自由基聚合和原位共沉淀法制备了1种磁性半纤维素接枝聚丙烯酰胺凝胶,研究了该凝胶吸附亚甲基蓝的性能,特别考察了凝胶用量、pH、吸附时间、亚甲基蓝初始含量等因素对吸附的影响。结果表明,磁性凝胶用量增大,凝胶单位吸附量下降;pH增大,凝胶吸附量增加;初始亚甲基蓝的质量浓度从25 mg/L增加到250 mg/L,凝胶吸附量不断增大。凝胶吸附亚甲基蓝的动力学符合准2级动力学方程,Langmuir、Freundlich和Temkin吸附等温线模型均能很好地拟合凝胶对亚甲基蓝的吸附过程。     

半纤维素/TiO2复合凝胶的光催化降解性能

以半纤维素和TiO₂纳米粒子为原料制得半纤维素/TiO₂复合凝胶。分别用红外光谱分析和扫描电镜对复合水凝胶进行了表征,分析表明半纤维素上成功接枝聚丙烯酸,凝胶呈现多孔结构,且随着TiO₂含量的增加凝胶孔径减小。考察了半纤维素/TiO₂复合凝胶的溶胀性能以及对亚甲基蓝的光催化降解性能,研究表明半纤维素/TiO₂复合凝胶的溶胀率随着TiO₂粒子含量的增加而减小,随着pH的增大先增大后减小;对亚甲基蓝染料的降解率随着TiO₂含量的增加先增大后减小,随着pH的增大先增大后减小,随着亚甲基蓝初始浓度的增大而增大。     

pH敏感型半纤维素水凝胶的制备及释药性能研究

利用自由基聚合方法制备了丙烯酸和丙烯酰胺共聚接枝半纤维素水凝胶,研究了水凝胶在不同pH(1.5、7.4、10)缓冲液中的溶胀动力学,并以阿司匹林作为模型药物,研究了其在模拟胃肠液(pH=1.5、7.4)中的释放性能。结果显示,制备的半纤维素水凝胶对阿司匹林具有明显的缓释效果,有望实现药物的控制释放。     

半纤维素/TiO_2复合凝胶的光催化降解性能

以半纤维素和TiO_2纳米粒子为原料制得半纤维素/TiO_2复合凝胶。分别用红外光谱分析和扫描电镜对复合水凝胶进行了表征,分析表明半纤维素上成功接枝聚丙烯酸,凝胶呈现多孔结构,且随着TiO_2含量的增加凝胶孔径减小。考察了半纤维素/TiO_2复合凝胶的溶胀性能以及对亚甲基蓝的光催化降解性能,研究表明半纤维素/TiO_2复合凝胶的溶胀率随着TiO_2粒子含量的增加而减小,随着p H的增大先增大后减小;对亚甲基蓝染料的降解率随着TiO_2含量的增加先增大后减小,随着p H的增大先增大后减小,随着亚甲基蓝初始浓度的增大而增大。     

pH响应PAAm-g-PEG/PVP半互穿网络水凝胶的制备以及溶胀动力学

采用硝酸铈胺-聚乙二醇为氧化-还原引发体系,N,N-亚甲基双丙烯酰(N,N-MBA)为交联剂,通过简单的自由基聚合法,设计合成了一种聚(丙烯酰胺-g-聚乙二醇)/聚乙烯吡咯烷酮PAAm-g-PEG/PVP接枝交联结构的半互穿网络水凝胶。研究了它们在不同pH值缓冲溶液中的溶胀与扩散行为以及溶胀动力学;并采用红外光谱和热分析系统对其结构和热性能进行了分析测量。实验结果表明:水凝胶的溶胀行为和扩散模式取决于溶液的pH值。随着缓冲溶液pH值增加,平衡溶胀率减小;在不同的缓冲溶液中理论最大吸水量S∞与实验值基本相一致。水凝胶的溶胀行为可以通过选择加入不同分子量大小的PEG来调节和控制。     

聚甲基丙烯酸/丙烯酰胺pH敏感凝胶的合成与溶胀行为研究

以单体丙烯酰胺(AM)、甲基丙烯酸(MAA),交联剂N-N'亚甲基双丙酰胺(BIS)为原料,通过自由基共聚合成了聚甲基丙烯酸/丙烯酰胺[P(MAA-co-AM)]水凝胶.研究了干凝胶在不同pH溶液中的溶胀动力学,结果表明不同AM、MAA单体配比的凝胶溶胀性具有很大差异,其溶胀率都随着溶液的pH增加而增大,在pH=12和pH=2溶液反复变换时显示可逆溶胀-退溶胀和快速响应特性,溶胀-退溶胀过程中搅拌作用对凝胶响应速率有显著影响.吸水平衡P(MAA-co-AM)水凝胶在酸性及碱性条件下均出现收缩,在pH=2下10 min之内凝胶收缩90%以上,随着pH增大逐渐减慢.通过不同浓度的NaCl与CaCl2溶液研究了溶液离子强度以及反离子的电荷数对凝胶溶胀性影响,在NaCl溶液和水中,呈现反复溶胀-退溶胀响应特性.     

Na~+的引入对P(Am-co-SMA)水凝胶溶胀性及pH敏感性的影响

采用自由基聚合法分别制备丙烯酰胺(Am)、甲基丙烯酸(MA)含量不同的聚(Am-co-MA)[P(Amco-MA)]水凝胶,以及引入Na~+制备聚(Am-co-甲基丙烯酸钠)[P(Am-co-SMA)]水凝胶,并对这些水凝胶的溶胀性及pH敏感性进行研究。结果表明:P(Am-co-MA)水凝胶的溶胀性和pH敏感性较聚丙烯酰胺水凝胶高,而P(Am-co-SMA)水凝胶则表现出了更高的溶胀性和pH敏感性,且网孔出现塌陷结构。水凝胶的这些特殊性能使其有望应用于药物的缓控释放领域。     

pH敏感性P(AAm-co-AA)半互穿网络水凝胶的制备、表征及溶胀动力学研究

以N,N-亚甲基双丙烯酰胺(N,N-MBA)为交联剂、过硫酸钾(KPS)为引发剂,采用自由基交联共聚法合成了具有pH敏感性的半互穿网络水凝胶聚丙烯酰胺-co-丙烯酸[P(AAm-co-AA)],通过傅立叶红外光谱、差热分析研究了水凝胶的结构及热稳定性.水凝胶的溶胀研究表明,随着缓冲溶液pH值的增大平衡溶胀率增大;在不同...     

温度及pH敏感性互穿网络水凝胶的制备研究

采用分步法制备了聚丙烯酸/N-异丙基丙烯酰胺互穿网络水凝胶,研究了互穿网络水凝胶的溶胀性能。结果表明,当水溶液的pH增大时,水凝胶的溶胀率显著增加。在一定的温度范围内,水凝胶的溶胀率随温度升高而减小。聚丙烯酸/N-异丙基丙烯酰胺互穿网络水凝胶表现出显著的温度及pH敏感双重特性。     

Sapindaceae,cyanolipids, and bugs

Scentless plant bugs (Heteroptera: Rhopalidae) are so named because adults of the Serinethinae have vestigial metathoracic scent glands. Serinethines are seed predators of Sapindales, especially Sapindaceae that produce toxic cyanolipids. In two serinethine species whose ranges extend into the southern United States,Jadera haematoloma andJ. sanguinolenta, sequestration of host cyanolipids as glucosides renders these gregarious, aposematic insects unpalatable to a variety of predators. The blood glucoside profile and cyanogenesis ofJadera varies depending on the cyanolipid chemistry of hosts, and adults and larvae fed golden rain tree seeds (Koelreuteria paniculata) excrete the volatile lactone, 4-methyl-2(5H)-furanone, to which they are attracted.Jadera fed balloon vine seeds (Cardiospermum spp.) do not excrete the attractive lactone. Loss of the usual heteropteran defensive glands in serinethines may have coevolved with host specificity on toxic plants, and the orientation ofJadera to a volatile excretory product could be an adaptive response to save time.Mention of a commercial product does not consititute an endorsement by the USDA.     

2008～2009年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2008年7月～2009年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2008～2009年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况。按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、环氧树脂、不饱和聚酯树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Many Drugs of Abuse May Be Acutely Transformed to Dopamine,Norepinephrine and Epinephrine In Vivo

It is well established that a wide range of drugs of abuse acutely boost the signaling of the sympathetic nervous system and the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, where norepinephrine and epinephrine are major output molecules. This stimulatory effect is accompanied by such symptoms as elevated heart rate and blood pressure, more rapid breathing, increased body temperature and sweating, and pupillary dilation, as well as the intoxicating or euphoric subjective properties of the drug. While many drugs of abuse are thought to achieve their intoxicating effects by modulating the monoaminergic neurotransmitter systems (i.e., serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine) by binding to these receptors or otherwise affecting their synaptic signaling, this paper puts forth the hypothesis that many of these drugs are actually acutely converted to catecholamines (dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine) in vivo, in addition to transformation to their known metabolites. In this manner, a range of stimulants, opioids, and psychedelics (as well as alcohol) may partially achieve their intoxicating properties, as well as side effects, due to this putative transformation to catecholamines. If this hypothesis is correct, it would alter our understanding of the basic biosynthetic pathways for generating these important signaling molecules, while also modifying our view of the neural substrates underlying substance abuse and dependence, including psychological stress-induced relapse. Importantly, there is a direct way to test the overarching hypothesis: administer (either centrally or peripherally) stable isotope versions of these drugs to model organisms such as rodents (or even to humans) and then use liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to determine if the labeled drug is converted to labeled catecholamines in brain, blood plasma, or urine samples.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.