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1.
《应用化工》2022,(5):1138-1142
以丙烯酰胺(AM)和二甲基二烯丙基氯化铵(DADMAC)为聚合单体,自制聚甲基丙烯酰氧乙基三甲基氯化铵(P-DMC)为分散剂,水溶性偶氮二异丁脒盐酸盐(V-50)为引发剂,以乙醇-水体系为分散介质,采用分散聚合法合成了阳离子型聚丙烯酰胺乳液降阻剂。通过单因素实验确定了共聚物合成的较佳条件:单体配比n(AM)∶n(DADMAC)=6∶1,单体加量占聚合体系总质量的40%(w),分散剂加量对单体总质量占比为8%(w),分散介质m(乙醇)∶m(水)=50%,引发剂加量对单体总质量占比为0.2%(w),聚合温度60℃,反应时长8 h。结果表明,合成产物稳定性良好,分子量达1.26×106,在矿化度为30 000 mg/L的模拟水中黏度保持率达78.6%,质量分数0.2%的聚合物溶液降阻率最高可达66.4%,可在10 min内完全溶解,在页岩气井压裂开采过程中具有广阔的应用前景。  相似文献   

2.
以丙烯酰胺(AM)和二甲基二烯丙基氯化铵(DADMAC)为聚合单体,自制聚甲基丙烯酰氧乙基三甲基氯化铵(P-DMC)为分散剂,水溶性偶氮二异丁脒盐酸盐(V-50)为引发剂,以乙醇-水体系为分散介质,采用分散聚合法合成了阳离子型聚丙烯酰胺乳液降阻剂。通过单因素实验确定了共聚物合成的较佳条件:单体配比n(AM)∶n(DADMAC)=6∶1,单体加量占聚合体系总质量的40%(w),分散剂加量对单体总质量占比为8%(w),分散介质m(乙醇)∶m(水)=50%,引发剂加量对单体总质量占比为0.2%(w),聚合温度60℃,反应时长8 h。结果表明,合成产物稳定性良好,分子量达1.26×10~6,在矿化度为30 000 mg/L的模拟水中黏度保持率达78.6%,质量分数0.2%的聚合物溶液降阻率最高可达66.4%,可在10 min内完全溶解,在页岩气井压裂开采过程中具有广阔的应用前景。  相似文献   

3.
该文研究了反应物料投加比对产物二甲基二烯丙基氯化铵(DMDAAC)单体收率及其参与丙烯酰胺(AM)共聚反应活性的影响。以二甲胺、氯丙烯、氢氧化钠为原料一步法制备DMDAAC,以阳离子度10%二甲基二烯丙基氯化铵-丙烯酰胺共聚物PDA的聚合反应为模板,采用单体产物收率和聚合产物特征黏度为主要考核指标,系统研究了制备DMDAAC单体的投料比对上述两考核指标的影响。结果表明,反应物投料比不仅对单体收率,而且对其参加共聚反应的反应活性有直接影响。反应物投料比为n(氯丙烯)∶n(氢氧化钠)∶n(二甲胺)=2.08∶0.965∶1时,以二甲胺计的DMDAAC单体收率为92.7%,DMDAAC单体产物制备10%阳离子度PDA聚合产物较佳特征黏度为12.8 dL/g。对单体和共聚产物进行了红外光谱和核磁波谱表征。研究结果可为进一步研制高收率、高纯度、高反应活性DMDAAC单体产物奠定基础。  相似文献   

4.
聚二甲基二烯丙基氯化铵的合成   总被引:1,自引:1,他引:1  
以一步法工业单体二甲基二烯丙基氯化铵(DMDAAC)为原料,以过硫酸铵(APS)为引发剂,采用一次性加入引发剂,梯度升温,分步引发水溶液聚合反应的方法,对制备聚二甲基二烯丙基氯化铵(PDMDAAC)的聚合反应的工艺进行了优化研究。在前期实验基础上,用正交优化等方法研究了w(DMDAAC)(简称A)、w(APS)(简称B,以其质量占单体质量的百分比计)、w(Na4EDTA)(简称C,以其质量占单体质量的百分比计)和聚合反应引发温度(简称D)等因素对产物PDMDAAC特征黏度影响强弱的顺序和影响规律。结果表明:各因素影响强弱排序为A>B>D>C。最佳工艺条件为:A为65.0%,B和C分别为0.35%和0.007%,聚合反应在引发温度D44℃下反应3 h后,再在聚合反应温度50℃下反应3 h,最后在成熟温度70℃下完成反应3 h。在最佳工艺条件下得到的PDMDAAC产物的特征黏度为1.59 dL.g-1,单体转化率为95%;产物的最高特征黏度达到1.71 dL.g-1,单体转化率为94%。此外,对产物的结构、性质用1HNMR1、3CNMR和FTIR进行了分析表征。研究表明,所得的合成工艺方法是一种经济、清洁、易于工业化的PDMDAAC制备方法。  相似文献   

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油溶性引发剂引发反相乳液聚合制备P(DMDAAC-AM)及其性能   总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3  
王新龙  周环  张跃军 《精细化工》2005,22(8):604-606
用油溶性的引发剂引发,通过反相乳液聚合制备了二甲基二烯丙基氯化铵(DMDAAC)-丙烯酰胺(AM)共聚物P(DMDAAC-AM)(PDA),聚合反应中V(水)∶V(油)=1∶1.2,w(单体)=33%,n(DMDAAC)∶n(AM)=1∶9。研究了不同引发剂用量对聚合动力学的影响。结果表明:引发剂最佳加入量为m(引发剂)∶m(单体)=0.5∶100。探讨了PDA在纯水中的黏度特性,所制备的PDA呈典型的高分子电解质特性,稀溶液的比浓黏度随质量浓度变稀而增大。对PDA的应用性能也进行了初步研究。  相似文献   

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以二甲基二烯丙基氯化铵和丙烯酰胺为原料,采用过硫酸铵-亚硫酸氢钠引发体系,采取一次性加料方法,分步升温工艺,以特征黏度为主要考核指标,对5%阳离子度二甲基二烯丙基氯化铵与丙烯酰胺的共聚物PDA进行了制备工艺优化研究.研究了单体质量分数、聚合反应温度、Na4EDTA用量、引发剂用量和熟化温度等对产物特征黏度的影响.得到的最佳工艺条件是:单体质量分数(以反应液总质量计)为16%,聚合反应温度40℃,Na4EDTA质量分数(以单体质量计)为2.0×10-4,引发剂质量分数(以单体质量计)为7.4×10-4,熟化温度为60℃,产物PDA特征黏度为19.4 dL/g;同时采用傅立叶变换红外光谱和核磁共振技术对PDA进行了结构表征.  相似文献   

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闫君芝  刘英 《广东化工》2016,(19):19-20
以丙烯酰胺(AM)、甲基丙烯酰氧乙基三甲基氯化铵(DMC)、乙二酸四乙酸二钠、四甲基乙二胺(TMEDA)作为主要反应单体,以偶氮二异丁氰(AIBA)作为引发剂,首先合成聚甲基丙烯酰氧乙基三甲基氯化铵(PDMC),再用阴离子单体丙烯酸(AA)和3-氨丙基三乙氧基硅烷(KH550)进行改性,利用水分散聚合技术合成KH550改性的阴离子型聚丙烯酰胺水分散体系。通过离心机对实验制备的阴离子型聚丙烯酰胺水分散体系的稳定性进行测试,确定了使水分散体系达到稳定时各条件的范围:w(AM)%=3%~13%;w(PDMC)=2%~5%;w(KH550)%=10%~30%;w(AA)%=10%~25%。  相似文献   

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采用氧化还原引发体系、利用半绝热水溶液聚合的方法,制备甲基丙烯酰氧乙基三甲基氯化铵-二甲基二烯丙基氯化铵-丙烯酰胺(DMC-DMDAAC-AM共聚物)阳离子型絮凝剂,研究了单体配比、阳离子摩尔分数、引发剂用量以及助剂配比对产品性能的影响,详细研究了产品的特性黏度和溶解性能的影响因素.在单体配比不变的条件下,提高了产物的阳离子度,从而提高了产物的絮凝性能.结合均匀设计对实验进行分析表明,最佳的反应物摩尔分数为丙烯酰胺:16.72%,甲基丙烯酰氧乙基三甲基氯化铵:12.84%,二甲基二烯丙基氯化铵:13.56%,去离子水:53.64%,乙二胺四乙酸二钠:0.003 12%,偶氮二异丁脒盐酸盐:0.044 22%,过硫酸钠:0.001 82%,甲醛合次硫酸氢钠二水:0.001 76%.并利用红外光谱和棱磁对合成的共聚物进行了结构表征.  相似文献   

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本文研究了反应物料投加比对产物二甲基二烯丙基氯化铵(DMDAAC)单体收率及其参加与丙烯酰胺(AM)共聚反应活性的影响。以二甲胺、氯丙烯、氢氧化钠为原料一步法制备DMDAAC,以10%阳离子度二甲基二烯丙基氯化铵-丙烯酰胺共聚物PDA的聚合反应为模板,采用单体产物收率和聚合产物特征黏度为主要考核指标,对制备DMDAAC单体的投料比对上述两考核指标的影响进行了系统研究。结果表明,反应物投料比不仅对单体收率,而且对其参加共聚反应的反应活性有直接影响。反应物投料比为n氯丙烯:n氢氧化钠:n二甲胺 =2.08:0.965:1时,以二甲胺计的DMDAAC单体收率为92.7%,DMDAAC单体产物制备10%阳离子度PDA聚合产物较佳特征黏度为12.8dL/g。对单体和共聚产物进行了红外光谱和核磁表征。研究结果可为进一步研制高收率、高纯度、高反应活性DMDAAC单体产物奠定实验基础。  相似文献   

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张跃军  毕可臻  邢云杰  刘瑛 《精细化工》2007,24(6):592-595,603
以丙烯酰胺(AM)和工业单体二甲基二烯丙基氯化铵(DMDAAC)为原料,过硫酸铵(APS)和亚硫酸氢钠(RH)复合物为引发体系,采取一次性加料方法,以特征黏度为考核指标,对几种阳离子度二甲基二烯丙基氯化铵与丙烯酰胺的共聚物PDA进行了制备工艺研究。通过正交优化等实验方法考察了单体起始质量分数、引发剂用量和聚合反应温度3个因素对选定的每一种阳离子度PDA共聚合反应结果的影响,得到了制备系列化具不同阳离子度PDA的各自最佳点的制备工艺条件,比较了在各阳离子度条件下,最佳制备工艺点时单体起始质量分数、引发剂用量和聚合反应温度的变化规律。结果表明,对于制备5%、10%、20%、30%和50%阳离子度的PDA产物,当单体起始质量分数分别为16%、18%、25%、35%和65%,引发剂用量占单体的质量分数分别为8.62×10-5、8.82×10-5、7.35×10-5、5.40×10-5和9.19×10-5,聚合反应温度分别为25、30、30、30℃和25℃时,特征黏度可分别达到17.0、15.0、11.6、9.0 dL/g和6.2 dL/g。此外还对共聚产物PDA进行了红外光谱结构表征。该工艺简单方便、清洁安全,适合于工业化生产。  相似文献   

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Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.  相似文献   

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Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.  相似文献   

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It is well established that a wide range of drugs of abuse acutely boost the signaling of the sympathetic nervous system and the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, where norepinephrine and epinephrine are major output molecules. This stimulatory effect is accompanied by such symptoms as elevated heart rate and blood pressure, more rapid breathing, increased body temperature and sweating, and pupillary dilation, as well as the intoxicating or euphoric subjective properties of the drug. While many drugs of abuse are thought to achieve their intoxicating effects by modulating the monoaminergic neurotransmitter systems (i.e., serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine) by binding to these receptors or otherwise affecting their synaptic signaling, this paper puts forth the hypothesis that many of these drugs are actually acutely converted to catecholamines (dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine) in vivo, in addition to transformation to their known metabolites. In this manner, a range of stimulants, opioids, and psychedelics (as well as alcohol) may partially achieve their intoxicating properties, as well as side effects, due to this putative transformation to catecholamines. If this hypothesis is correct, it would alter our understanding of the basic biosynthetic pathways for generating these important signaling molecules, while also modifying our view of the neural substrates underlying substance abuse and dependence, including psychological stress-induced relapse. Importantly, there is a direct way to test the overarching hypothesis: administer (either centrally or peripherally) stable isotope versions of these drugs to model organisms such as rodents (or even to humans) and then use liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to determine if the labeled drug is converted to labeled catecholamines in brain, blood plasma, or urine samples.  相似文献   

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In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.  相似文献   

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Glycidyl carbamate chemistry combines the excellent properties of polyurethanes with the crosslinking chemistry of epoxy resins. Glycidyl carbamate functional oligomers were synthesized by the reaction of polyfunctional isocyanate oligomers and glycidol. The oligomers were formulated into coatings with several amine functional crosslinkers at varying stoichiometric ratios and cured at different temperatures. Properties such as solvent resistance, hardness, and impact resistance were dependent on the composition and cure conditions. Most coatings had an excellent combination of properties. Studies were carried out to determine the kinetics of the curing reaction of the glycidyl carbamate functional oligomers with multifunctional and model amines. Detailed kinetic analysis of the curing reactions was also undertaken. The results indicated that the glycidyl carbamate functional group is more reactive than a glycidyl ether group. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, on October 27–29, 2004, in Chicago, IL.  相似文献   

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