Comparison of SS-GIC and MHD-EMP-GIC effects on power systems

A comparative study of the effects of solar storm geomagnetically induced currents (SS-GIC) and nuclear detonation geomagnetically induced currents (magnetohydrodynamic electromagnetic pulse GIC or MHD-EMP-GIC) on the power system. The earth surface electric field of the MHD electromagnetic pulse is given to be of the order of 100 V/km, with a duration up to several minutes; and the electric field of the solar storms is of the order of 10 V/km, and lasts from several minutes to one hour. Both phenomena cause flow of almost direct current in the windings of power transformers through the grounding system. For long transmission lines, i.e. 300 miles or longer, this DC current offsets the 60 Hz AC and may saturate transformer cores, with secondary results such as high magnetization currents, increased harmonics, and concomitant effect on power system operation. The level of the transformer core saturation depends on the time constant of the saturation process, and on the duration and magnitude of the direct current through the transformer windings. Thus, although the solar storm electric field is much lower than MHD-EMP, the solar storm effects on the power system are greater due to their much longer duration. This paper presents a technique for the computation of the induced and/or transferred voltages and currents to an electric power system from geomagnetic disturbances. For this purpose, models of transmission lines which explicitly represent grounding, earth potential, and frequency dependent phenomena, and power transformers which explicitly represent nonlinear magnetization characteristics, are utilized     

地磁感应电流对变压器振动、噪声的影响

为研究太阳活动引起的地磁暴在电网中产生地磁感应电流对电网运行的不利影响,通过对岭澳核电站和上河变电站主变压器中性点电流实测数据与相关地磁台磁暴数据相关性的比较分析,说明了我国电网已经受到地磁暴的侵袭;通过分析比较正常运行变压器的振动噪声特性和地磁感应电流作用下变压器的振动噪声特性,认为地磁暴会引起变压器振动噪声的增大,江苏、浙江、广东等电网发现了大量变压器振动噪声异常的事件为地磁暴在输电线路中产生的地磁感应电流所致。目前,1000kV特高压工程已开工建设,与500kV电网相比,特高压线路的单位电阻更小,并且线路更长、建设规模更大,更易受到地磁暴的影响,因此磁暴影响问题迫切需要研究。     

抑制变压器地磁感应电流的电容隔直装置安装位置优化

磁暴在电网中引起的地磁感应电流(GIC)导致变压器直流偏磁,对电力系统产生不利影响。在中性点安装电容隔直装置是治理变压器直流偏磁的常用方法,但由于GIC在电网中的流通路径复杂,在某个变压器安装隔直装置时,如不经充分考虑,往往会引起相邻变压器直流偏磁更加严重,因此文中研究电容隔直装置的安装位置优化问题。考虑自耦变压器接线和电网拓扑结构,引入变压器有效GIC来描述地磁暴对变压器的影响,分析了隔直装置的安装对变压器有效GIC分布造成的变化,提出了优化方法,在保证所有变压器的有效GIC小于允许限值的条件下,以隔直装置的安装数量最少作为优化的目标,并应用遗传算法求解。以甘肃主电网为例,构建包含47个变电站、101个节点的GIC等效模型,根据约束条件与优化目标,计算了隔直装置安装的数量和位置,并与未经优化的治理方案进行比较,验证了所提方法的可行性和优越性。     

引起变压器异常振动的两种缺陷的诊断

铁芯和绕组是电力变压器的关键部件,运行中电力变压器的振动主要由铁芯与绕组的松动所引起.在实验室建立10 kV变压器故障模型,通过人为松动铁芯与绕组的紧固装置来分别模拟铁芯松动与绕组松动的缺陷,并在变压器内部与外部共安装了7个传感器来进行数据采集,研究内外传感器的数据差异,得出测量变压器振动的最佳传感器布置方式;之后,研究不同空载电压条件下铁芯的振动规律,及不同负载电流条件下绕组振动的规律,最终得出诊断变压器铁芯松动和绕组松动的方法.     

Geomagnetically induced current effects on transformers

Geomagnetically induced currents (GICs) can cause saturation of the magnetic circuit of transformers in a power system. This saturation can increase the MVAr absorption of the transformers, leading to voltage-control problems, generating significant harmonic currents, and cause heating of the internal components of the transformer itself, leading to gas relay alarm/operation as well as possible damage. This paper sets out the methods used to examine these effects using a mathematical model explicitly incorporating the electric and magnetic circuits, including the shunting effect of the tank to predict the current and flux waveforms. The model has been used to predict GIC effects for a variety of winding connections for single-, three-, and five-limb core-type transformers connected to the National Grid Company plc transmission system in England and Wales. The size and form of the return limbs along with the tank shunting effect determine the magnitude and the often complex shape of the waveforms resulting from GIC. Field and factory DC injection tests on various types of transformers have been conducted to validate the model and gain an insight into the magnetic behavior of transformers. With the aid of finite-element analysis (FEA) techniques and a consideration of the various constructional arrangements of the core and coils in the tank, it is possible to evaluate the power losses and accompanying temperature rises of the core, structural components, windings, and tank. Some guidance on the acceptable GIC current levels for various transformer types is given.     

A method for the indication of power transformer saturation

DC currents flowing from the earth cause many Hydro-Québec transformers to saturate due to geomagnetically induced currents (GICs) or monopolar operation of HVDC systems with ground return. The resulting voltage distortion may affect the operation of control systems. This paper offers an explanation of the internal behavior of currents generated in the presence of DC currents. It also contains a harmonic analysis of these currents together with a detailed study of the magnetizing current. In saturation, a transformer core acts as a source of current generating harmonics, some of which will flow directly toward the primary and secondary windings. On the basis of these observations, the paper proposes a measurement method for obtaining the parameters needed to calculate a reliable indicator of the state of saturation of transformers. The method is based on the difference between the primary and secondary currents and on amplitude readings of the second and fourth harmonics.     

Transformer design and application considerations for nonsinusoidalload currents

The use of adjustable-speed drives requires transformers capable of withstanding high levels of harmonic currents under normal operating conditions. Experience has been that overheating problems are much more common with dry-type transformers than with liquid-filled transformers. Transformer insulation life is determined by the hot spot temperature but confirmation of hot spot temperature rise is one performance characteristic which is ignored in industry standards. This is especially important for transformers rated for nonsinusoidal load currents. The design of transformers for nonsinusoidal load currents should include an analysis of the eddy loss distribution in the windings and calculation of the hot spot temperature rise. Calculations and thermal tests giving only average winding temperature rises are not sufficient. Thermal tests with nonsinusoidal currents and measurements of hot spot temperature rises are extremely difficult on large transformers. The combination of testing and analysis may be the only economically practical approach. Analysis indicates that the dry type transformer hot spot temperature is very sensitive to the eddy loss magnitude and distribution. The Underwriters Laboratories Inc. (UL) K-factor rated dry type transformer and the recommended practices given in ANSI/IEEE C57.110 are reviewed. When purchasing transformers subject to nonsinusoidal load currents, considerations should be given to the manufacturer's development program and capability to calculate the eddy loss distribution and hot spot temperatures     

采用电网直流等效模型评估地磁感应电流水平的影响因素分析

由地磁暴引起的电网地磁感应电流(geomagnetically induced current,GIC)的频率很低,但并不为0,所以采用电网直流等效模型进行GIC水平评估时必然会产生误差。文章分析了线路等效电感、变压器等效电感和高压并联电抗器等效电感对采用电网直流等效模型评估GIC水平所产生误差的影响程度,通过仿真计算分析了变压器绕组联结组别和变压器铁心结构对变压器等效电感的影响,最后针对我国电网的特点,提出了用于评估超、特高压电网电磁感应电流水平的电网等效模型。     

基于PI数据库的变压器绕组绝缘分析系统

在分析油浸式电力变压器的负载、绝缘特性的基础上,开发了基于PI数据库的变压器绕组绝缘分析系统。该系统利用PI数据库中变压器的负荷数据,对绕组的热点温度进行实时监测,对一段历史时期内绕组的绝缘老化情况进行评估。系统的投运为供电企业提供了掌握变压器内部绝缘状况的工具,为变压器的科学运维提供了积极的帮助。     

Reactive power demand of transformers with DC bias

It has been observed that the presence of DC bias currents/fluxes in power transformers generates harmonic currents and voltages with an associated increase in reactive power (kVAr) demand resulting in a voltage drop. Such DC biases can occur: in transformers near high-voltage DC (HVDC) terminals; due to imperfect or half-controlled rectification resulting in DC, even and odd harmonics; because of geomagnetically induced currents; as a consequence of nuclear explosions changing the Earth's magnetic field; and due to rectifiers working in a normal (e.g., half-wave) mode. The actual network conditions causing such kVAr demand and its suppression, canceling, or mitigation are not very well understood, particularly for transformers with three legs. This article explains for the first time this kVAr demand and its suppression based on experimental data. Tests were performed for three-phase power transformers with three legs, with or without the influence of a magnetic tank     

New algorithms for power transformer inter-turn fault protection

In the paper new algorithms for detection of internal inter-turn faults in power transformers are described. Such faults are extremely difficult to detect since they induce negligible increase of the currents at the transformer terminals, although the currents flowing at the fault place are very high and dangerous for the transformer to be protected. The algorithms developed are based on the differential equation of the equivalent circuit of the transformer. In one version additional information from a CT installed inside of the triangle of delta side windings is used, which brings very promising results. Theoretical investigations are supported and illustrated with simulation studies performed both with MATLAB and EMTP-ATP programs.     

以箱壁温度为判据的油浸式变压器绕组热点温度计算模型及试验分析

电力变压器的热点温度是影响其绝缘寿命非常重要的因素,准确估计电力变压器热点温度,有助于提高电力变压器的经济与安全运行水平。为此,提出了一种估计变压器绕组热点温度的改进方法。该方法依据变压器热路模型,采用变压器油箱壁温度来估计绕组热点温度。为了验证该方法的准确性,在实验室的试验变压器上进行了负载试验,得到不同负载下的变压...     

Increasing the operating life of power transformer winding insulation when upgrading 25-kV alternating current traction substations

Upgrading the traction power supply is an important task in developing railway power engineering. The Russian railway transport development strategy envisions updating power supply equipment, including the reconstruction of 763 traction substations, which will be very expensive. Power transformers are the main, and most expensive, apparatuses in traction substations. They account for more than 50% of the cost of substation equipment. Steps in increasing the operating life of power traction substations during upgrading the ac traction substations are described in the present article. Substation upgrading involves up-to-date equipment and technologies. The decision to replace or further use existing substation power transformers is primarily based on data on the real condition of transformers. The 25 kV alternating current power transformers traction substations operate with the high unbalanced current of windings. The current of the most loaded winding can possess double magnitude of currents in other windings, while the losses of windings differ by four times. A qualitative analysis of transformer operating life based on insulation wear for three traction substations is presented. The winding with maximum insulation wear is assessed on the basis of power consumption. In order to extend the operating life, windings need to be connected to neutral links of a traction substation.     

油浸式电力变压器动态热路改进模型

油浸式电力变压器绕组的热点温度是指导变压器负载运行方式和影响变压器绝缘寿命的重要参数,准确计算绕组热点温度具有重要意义。在分析运行变压器散热过程的基础上,考虑油箱外壁与周围环境的热量传递,利用传热学原理和热电类比方法,定义非线性热阻和集总热容,并考虑油粘度随温度的变化,建立电力变压器动态等效热路的改进计算模型。将模型的计算结果与实验室自然油循环自然空气(oilnatural-air natural,ONAN)冷却方式下100 kVA/5 kV油浸式温升试验变压器实测数据和IEEE Std C57.91推荐方法计算值进行对比,比较结果表明:通过改进模型计算的变压器顶层油温和绕组热点温度具有较高的精度。     

计算Scott牵引变压器内部温升的热路模型法

牵引变压器的绝缘寿命很大程度上取决于绕组热点温度,研究其内部温升具有重要意义。为此,针对Scott牵引变压器特殊的绕组连接、铁心结构和电气特性,利用热传输原理分析了其内部热量的产生和传输过程;参考电路原理建立了Scott牵引变压器内部热路模型;参照基尔霍夫定理推导了温升的计算式,从而建立了Scott牵引变压器的热路温升计算模型和简化的热路温升计算模型;采用两种热路温升计算模型和IEC温升计算法仿真了同一负荷下的Scott牵引变压器,仿真结果说明了模型的有效性。     

推挽变换器的变压器线圈损耗建模及其应用

由于四个线圈分时工作,应用于推挽变换器的变压器线圈交流损耗模型与线圈同时工作的高频功率变压器有很大不同.通过深入研究线圈电流谐渡磁势平衡特点,提出将一个四线圈分时工作的推挽变压器等效为两个独立的变压器,分别建立这两个变压器的谐波电流损耗模型,从而获得整个变压器的线圈损耗建模方法,并据此提出通过这两个等效变压器测量推挽变...     

A test of parallel operating three-phase transformers with different transformation factrs

This article presents the results of testing two parallel operating three-phase power transformers with different transformation factors. The practical operation of power engineering systems often makes it necessary to split up the substation transformer capacity, which usually requires installing two parallel transformers instead of one, though with the same total power. The problem arises from this replacement of how to ensure uniform load distribution between the transformers. In the case of similarly designed transformers of equal power uniform load distribution is ensured automatically due to symmetrical parallel circuits. However, if differently designed transformers with different transformation factors are enabled in parallel, the uniformity of load distribution between them will be violated. It has been proven by testing that, with increasing total load, parallel operating transformers with very different transformation factors decrease the consumption of current by windings of the transformer with a higher transformation factor.     

Experimental analysis of a DC bucking motor blockinggeomagnetically induced currents

An experimental study investigates the performance of a DC bucking motor for the blocking of geomagnetically induced currents (GICs) within a 3 kVA/416 V three-phase distribution feeder. This blocking method consists of connecting a separately excited DC motor between neutral and ground of a Y-grounded transformer consisting of a bank of three single-phase transformers. Losses and currents of the transformer and the blocking device are measured at no-load, rated-load, unbalanced-load and line-to-neutral short circuit conditions without and with GICs. Thereafter, the DC, AC and total λ-i characteristics of one single-phase transformer of the above-mentioned transformer bank are simultaneously measured using an arbitrary waveform generator, a power amplifier and a digital data acquisition network. These λ-i characteristics (where the DC bias current is a parameter) are then used to model a single-phase transformer under DC bias current conditions (e.g., assumed GICs) and to calculate voltages and currents of a single-phase transformer when subjected to GICs. The simulated signals are then compared with measured time functions     

Evaluation of Transformer Loading A bove Nameplate Rating

The paper presents the evaluation of transformer overload capabilities based on variables that affect the functional life of the power and distribution transformers. The combined effect of thermal overloads, mechanical stresses due to transient overvoltage, and other parameters relating to components other than windings must be taken into account. The basic criterion, which limits the transformer load capabilities, is the temperature of the winding and insulation. Several studies to measure the quantitative loss of transformer life due to the effect of thermal aging have been carried out since 1930. Loading beyond nameplate rating and cumulative loss of transformer functional life have been the basic considerations in the well practiced IEC 354, 1981 ANSI C57.91, and NEMA Guides for loading oil-immersed power and distribution transformers with 65 C average winding temperature rise.     

三相电力变压器的场路耦合模型及突发短路过程计算

电力变压器在电网中运行,受到电网电压约束,分析其突发短路时的电磁过程,一般需要采用场路耦合的方法。T法具有求解变量少、计算代价小的优点,引入绕组的耦合电压项后,可用于电力变压器的计算。本文建立了三相变压器基于T-T0-W表述的场路耦合三维有限元模型,通过考虑变压器绕组的不同联接方式及多种负载情况,对变压器在不同短路情况进行了计算、分析。结果表明,在复杂短路过程中的短路电流可能超过突发三相短路时的最大电流。