蛋白-多糖复合物的制备及乳化性能的研究

本文对大豆分离蛋白和多糖共价键合制备反应及其产物的乳化性能进行了初步研究.在60℃,79%相对湿度的条件下两种大分子通过Maillard反应进行共价键合,其产物具有比大豆分离蛋白更高的对油/水乳状液的乳化能力。结果表明,复合物在pH3.0 以及pH10时保持好的乳化活性,并且在高温、高盐条件下乳化活性进一步提高。并通过聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳验证了大分子复合物的存在。     

蛋白-多糖复合物的制备及乳化性能的研究

本文对大豆分离蛋白和多糖复合物制备反应及其产物的乳化性能进行了初步研究．在60℃，79％相对湿度的条件下两种大分子通过Maillard反应进行共价键合，其产物具有比大豆分离蛋白更高的对油／水乳状液的乳化能力。结果表明，复合物在pH3.0以及pH10时保持好的乳化活性，并且在高温、高盐条件下乳化活性进一步提高。并通过聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳验证了大分子复合物的存在。     

干法糖基化改性提高大豆分离蛋白的乳化性

在干热条件下,大豆分离蛋白与葡聚糖两种大分子通过Maillard反应进行共价键合,以共价物的乳化活性为指标,确定影响糖基化蛋白乳化活性的因素依次为:反应温度＞反应时间＞pH＞底物配比,最佳工艺条件为:反应温度70℃,反应时间24 h,糖-蛋白(2:1),pH 8.0.以共价物的乳化稳定性为指标,确定了影响糖基化蛋白乳化稳定性的因素依次为:底物配比＞反应时间＞反应温度＞pH.最佳工艺条件为:糖-蛋白(3:1),反应时间24 h,反应温度70℃,pH8.0.通过聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳验证了大豆分离蛋白与葡聚糖发生了接枝反应.     

大豆球蛋白与葡聚糖的干热反应特性

研究了大豆球蛋白（glycinin）-葡聚糖共价复合物的乳化活性变化。得出在60℃、79％RH条件下，7S球蛋白与葡聚糖干热反应4d所得产物的乳化活性改善最明显；11S球蛋白与葡聚糖千热反应1d产物乳化活性最好。另外，7S-葡聚糖共价复合物在酸性和强碱性以及高温条件下乳化活性相当稳定；而11S与葡聚糖千热1d所得共价复合物在酸性及高温条件下乳化活性明显降低，碱性条件下乳化活性稳定。大豆球蛋白（giycinin）与葡聚糖的共价复合物在高盐条件下均能保持良好的乳化活性．     

大豆蛋白-多糖干热制备复合物及其反应机理研究(Ⅱ)功能性质的改善

对SAPP与葡聚糖(DEX)复合物的乳化活性以及乳化稳定性等功能性质进行系统研究。结果表明,干热反应产物在pH3.0以及pH10.0时保持好的乳化活性;并且在高温、高盐条件下乳化活性变化很小。对反应产物进行差示扫描(DSC)分析,进一步证实蛋白已经与多糖结合反应生成新的化合物,该产物热稳定性很高,比原有蛋白的变性温度提高了几乎两倍。     

麦芽糖-小麦面筋蛋白Maillard反应产物乳化性研究

该文研究了小麦面筋蛋白与麦芽糖在控制条件下通过Maillard反应生成复合物的乳化性,并研究了复合物分散性的变化和热特性(DSC)的变化。结果表明:与麦芽糖发生Maillard反应明显改善了小麦面筋蛋白的乳化活性(Emulsion Activity Index,EAI),通过正交试验得到Maillard反应改善小麦面筋蛋白乳化性的最佳条件为:pH=8、小麦面筋蛋白/麦芽糖比为3∶1、小麦面筋蛋白浓度为10%、反应时间为3 d,Maillard反应产物的EAI值为35.14 m2/g。麦芽糖–小麦面筋蛋白复合物的分散性和热稳定性大大提高,复合物的等电点为pH 8.0左右,变性温度98.1℃。     

大豆蛋白-乳糖复合物的结构及功能特性研究

采用大豆分离蛋白和乳糖在相对湿度为79%,温度60℃条件下发生美拉德反应,制取不同反应时间下的糖基化复合物,并对糖基化复合物的结构和功能特性进行了研究。通过三硝基苯磺酸(TNBS)法、SDS-PAGE电泳、紫外光扫描等方法证实了糖基化反应的发生及糖蛋白结构的变化。同时,研究不同时间下糖基化产物的功能特性发现,大豆蛋白的溶解性在36 h时改善效果最好,与纯大豆分离蛋白相比,溶解性增加了大约30%;糖基化复合物的乳化性提高,乳化活性及乳化稳定性分别在24、36 h达到最大。     

玉米胚芽分离蛋白溶解性和乳化性质的研究

以湿法脱胚的玉米胚芽为原料,采用碱溶酸沉法制备了玉米胚芽分离蛋白。探讨了不同实验条件如温度、pH、盐浓度等对玉米胚芽分离蛋白的溶解性和乳化性的影响,并解释了乳化性和溶解性在实验条件下的变化规律。研究结果表明,玉米胚芽分离蛋白在碱性条件下溶解度较好,55℃时溶解度最大;在pH 7.0~8.5范围内乳化活性明显增加,提高温度可以增加蛋白质的乳化活性。     

豆渣蛋白的制备及其性质研究

以干豆渣为原料,碱溶酸沉法提取豆渣蛋白,通过正交实验优化豆渣蛋白提取条件并测定了豆渣蛋白的性质.结果表明,豆渣蛋白最佳提取条件为:固液比1∶30,碱提pH 12.71,碱提温度50℃,碱提时间1h.在此条件下,豆渣蛋白提取率为75.05％.与大豆分离蛋白(SPI)比较发现,豆渣蛋白泡沫稳定性、乳化稳定性和氨基酸组成与SPI相似,起泡性和乳化性相对较低,溶解性较差.     

大分子拥挤体系中SPI-葡聚糖共价复合物制备

通过大分子拥挤体系发生Maillard反应制备大豆蛋白-葡聚糖共价复合物,系统研究了不同反应条件对制备产物的影响,得出最佳条件为:pH6.5的磷酸盐缓冲液中,反应物总浓度为40％,60℃反应30h,SPI与葡聚糖共价接枝效果最好,表现出了优越的乳化性质.采用十二烷基磺酸钠聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳法(SDS-PAGE)证实了大豆分离蛋白与葡聚糖之间发生共价结合,产生了共价复合物.该方法制备的产物色泽良好,褐变颜色较少,反应时间大大缩短,只需30h即可完成,而传统的干热制备反应一般需要几天或者数周才能完成.该实验模拟大分子拥挤环境,将多糖和蛋白质作为生物大分子处于该环境中,得到的产物大豆蛋白-葡聚糖共价复合物,可作为一种“绿色”乳化剂,可广泛应用到食品工业中.     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.     

Contribution of European research to risk analysis

The European Commission's, Quality of Life Research Programme, Key Action 1—Health, Food & Nutrition is mission-oriented and aims, amongst other things, at providing a healthy, safe and high-quality food supply leading to reinforced consumer confidence in the safety of European food. Its objectives also include the enhancing of the competitiveness of the European food supply. Key Action 1 is currently supporting a number of different types of European collaborative projects in the area of risk analysis. The objectives of these projects range from the development and validation of prevention strategies including the reduction of consumers risks; development and validation of new modelling approaches; harmonization of risk assessment principles, methodologies, and terminology; standardization of methods and systems used for the safety evaluation of transgenic food; providing of tools for the evaluation of human viral contamination of shellfish and quality control; new methodologies for assessing the potential of unintended effects of genetically modified (genetically modified) foods; development of a risk assessment model for Cryptosporidium parvum related to the food and water industries; to the development of a communication platform for genetically modified organism, producers, retailers, regulatory authorities and consumer groups to improve safety assessment procedures, risk management strategies and risk communication; development and validation of new methods for safety testing of transgenic food; evaluation of the safety and efficacy of iron supplementation in pregnant women; evaluation of the potential cancer-preventing activity of pro- and pre-biotic ('synbiotic') combinations in human volunteers. An overview of these projects is presented here.     

低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性

为研究低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性,以经低温脱脂的带皮菜籽粕为原料,经微粉碎后筛分成212~425μm、150~212μm和106~150μm的3个不同粒级的微粉样品,检测这些样品的吸水性、吸油性、乳化性和乳化稳定性、蛋白质体外消化率。结果表明:1 3个不同粒级的微粉样品之间的粗纤维含量存在显著差异,表明三者的结构组成成分有一定差异。23个微粉样品的乳化活性和乳化稳定性随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。33个微粉样品的蛋白质体外消化率随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。4不同粒级带皮菜籽粕微粉样品的吸水性与吸油性受其结构组成物质不同和粒度的双重影响,与粒度的相关性不明显。     

Microbiology of food taints

Fresh and processed foods are often spoilt by the presence of undesirable flavours and odours caused by microbial action. The aim of this paper is to review the current knowledge of microbiologically induced taints that occur in a wide range of foodstuffs, including meats, poultry, fish, crustaceans, milk, dairy products, fruits, vegetables, cereals and cereal products. Examples have been chosen where the compounds responsible for the taint have been identified and sufficient data obtained to demonstrate the involvement of microorganisms. However, in some cases the full identity of the causative organism may not have been elucidated. The types of microorganisms covered by this review include bacteria, fungi, yeasts, actinomycetes and cyanobacteria. Although cyanobacteria do not in general infect foods, their presence in aqueous systems and water supplies can lead to off-flavours in aquatic organisms and processed foodstuffs. Several examples of each of these processes are discussed. Wherever possible, the likely biosynthetic pathway used by the microorganism to produce the offending compound in a foodstuff is indicated.     

The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. I: Interlaboratory studies of methods of analysis

This paper describes the first part of a project undertaken to develop mussel reference materials for Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning (PSP) toxins. Two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin (STX) and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin (dc-STX) in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the second part of the project: the certification exercise. In the first study, 18 laboratories were asked to measure STX and dc-STX in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and to identify as many other PSP toxins as possible with a method of their choice. In the second interlaboratory study, 15 laboratories were additionally asked to determine quantitatively STX and dc-STX in rehydrated lyophilized mussel and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The first study revealed that three out of four postcolumn derivatization methods and one pre-column derivatization method sufficed in principle to determine STX and dc-STX. Most participants (13 of 18) obtained acceptable calibration curves and recoveries. Saxitoxin was hardly detected in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels and results obtained for dc-STX yielded a CV of 58% at a mass fraction of 1.86 mg/kg. Most participants (14 out of 18) identified gonyautoxin-5 (GTX-5) in a hydrolysed extract provided. The first study led to provisional criteria for linearity, recovery and separation. The second study revealed that 6 out of 15 laboratories were able to meet these criteria. Results obtained for dc-STX yielded a CV of 19% at a mass fraction of 3.49mg/kg. Results obtained for STX in the saxitoxin-enriched material yielded a CV of 19% at a mass fraction of 0.34mg/kg. Saxitoxin could not be detected in the PSP-positive material. Hydrolysis was useful to confirm the identity of GTX5 and provided indicative information about C1 and C2 toxins in the PSP-positive material. The methods used in the second interlaboratory study showed sufficiently consistent analysis results to undertake a certification exercise to assign certified values for STX and dc-STX in lyophilized mussel.