亚硝基胍法诱变选育高产苯乳酸菌株

以自主分离的植物乳杆菌LY-78为出发菌株,通过亚硝基胍法诱变,以抑菌效价为检测指标,采用双层平板拮抗法和牛津杯琼脂扩散法筛选突变菌株。对筛选的突变菌株进行发酵试验,采用反相高效液相色谱法定量检测苯乳酸含量,然后根据产苯乳酸含量的多少,确定最佳菌株。试验结果表明,亚硝基胍诱变质量浓度为1.0 mg/mL、诱变时间为40 min时所获得的突变菌株NY-34具有较高的苯乳酸产量,即648 mg/L,比诱变前(246 mg/L)提高2.63倍。     

产纤溶酶乳酸菌筛选及安全性评估

以从传统发酵食品中分离出的2株产纤溶酶的粪肠球菌HYD09与HYN06为对象,测定其发酵上清液酶活,对菌株进行安全性评估。选较安全的菌株进行胃肠道生存能力测试;同时对发酵上清液进行蛋白酶处理试验;从发酵液中获得粗酶液,进行活性电泳。结果表明:HYD09和HYN06发酵上清液酶活分别为115.3 U/mL和107.2 U/mL;HYD09和HYN06吲哚试验、硝酸盐还原酶试验、氨基脱羧酶试验、溶血试验均为阴性,对14种抗生素无多重耐药性;HYD09无毒力基因检出,HYN06检出esp毒力基因。证明HYD09菌株是安全的。进一步研究发现,菌株HYD09有一定的耐酸耐胆盐能力;HYD09发酵上清液经胃蛋白酶和胰蛋白酶处理仍具有纤溶活性;且菌株HYD09发酵上清液的粗酶中有2种主要的组分,但具有纤溶活性的组分只有1种。     

紫外线与超声波复合诱变选育红曲色素高产菌株的研究

以红曲霉为出发菌株,用酶法制备原生质体,然后通过紫外线和超声波诱变方法对其复合诱变来选育高产红曲色素的菌株.试验结果表明:在超声波20min+紫外线100s的复合诱变条件下,红曲霉菌发酵产红曲色素色价值可高达128.8 U/mL,与出发菌株相比,色价提高了12.6%～69.03%.经3次传代培养,色价稳定.     

新型根霉菌L-乳酸发酵条件的初步研究

以新型根霉为出发菌株,对该菌株的生长、发酵条件进行初步研究。在优化后的条件下进行15L自动罐发酵试验,通过流加氨水控制发酵过程的pH值5.5～6.0,结果总酸达9.5%,L-乳酸产量达9.0%,耐受NH 4浓度高达1.6%。     

解淀粉芽孢杆菌psd基因过表达对胞苷发酵的影响

以解淀粉芽孢杆菌BG-09(Bacillus amyloliquefaciens BG-09)为出发菌株,分析代谢途径中与细胞膜渗透性有关的基因psd,研究过表达基因psd对胞苷发酵的影响。以解淀粉芽孢杆菌BG-09基因组为模板克隆psd,构建了含psd的重组质粒pHT43-psd,通过化学转化法转入菌株大肠杆菌DH5α,验证成功后将其转入B.amyloliquefaciens BG-09,获得重组菌株B.amyloliquefaciens BG-09-psd。将B.amyloliquefaciens BG-09-psd菌株通过摇瓶发酵,研究过表达基因psd对菌体的生长、胞苷和尿苷产量积累的影响。结果显示,重组菌株B.amyloliquefaciens BG-09-psd发酵液中胞苷浓度为1.199 g/L,与对照菌株B.amyloliquefaciens BG-09相比,提高了15.51%,尿苷浓度为0.552 g/L,增加了6.56%,表明过表达基因psd可促进胞苷的积累。     

提高甜菜糖蜜发酵L—谷氨酸产酸率的研究(摘要)

(一)新菌株的诱变育种1.出发菌株的选择A s1.299用于甜菜糖蜜发酵谷氨酸,产酸率5.30%左右,转化率45%。周期较短,经过三年的大生产试验,稳定性好,我们对该菌株性能比较了解,因此,选定 As1.299为出发菌株。2.采用的诱变剂和方法(一)用硫酸二乙酯和紫外线诱变     

等离子诱变选育木糖醇高产菌及发酵条件优化

以热带假丝酵母Y-14(Tropical candida)为出发菌株,采用等离子体对其进行诱变,得到最佳诱变条件:在功率120 W下处理150s,致死率达到96%。诱变后经过筛选得到1株高产木糖醇的菌株Y-117,与出发菌株相比,其木糖醇产量提高了30.4%。在单因素试验的基础上,通过响应面分析试验对菌株Y-117的发酵条件进行优化,得到最佳条件:初始木糖添加量105g/L、温度30.5℃、摇床转速190r/min。在此条件下,Y-117的木糖醇产量为76.45g/L,比出发菌株高42%。     

常压室温等离子体诱变选育耐酸酿酒酵母菌株

利用常压室温等离子体(ARTP)诱变方法对实验室保藏的酿酒酵母(Saccharomyces cerevisiae)SC-62进行诱变,通过试验确定最佳诱变条件为处理时长80 s,此条件下菌株SC-62致死率84%。将诱变获得的菌株进行初筛、复筛和发酵性能测定。结果显示,筛选出一株耐酸性强、发酵性能优良的正突变菌株A-107,其在pH为2.5的发酵培养基上培养6 d后测得的发酵力[6.21 g CO2/(100 mL·24 h)]和酒精产量(11.52%vol)较出发菌株SC-62分别提高了37%和30%,突变菌株A-107可耐受16%乙醇、100 g/L NaCl、500 g/L葡萄糖,耐受性和遗传稳定性良好。     

常压室温等离子体诱变选育耐酸酿酒酵母菌株

利用常压室温等离子体(ARTP)诱变方法对实验室保藏的酿酒酵母(Saccharomyces cerevisiae)SC-62进行诱变,通过试验确定最佳诱变条件为处理时长80 s,此条件下菌株SC-62致死率84%。将诱变获得的菌株进行初筛、复筛和发酵性能测定。结果显示,筛选出一株耐酸性强、发酵性能优良的正突变菌株A-107,其在pH为2.5的发酵培养基上培养6 d后测得的发酵力[6.21 g CO2/(100 mL·24 h)]和酒精产量(11.52%vol)较出发菌株SC-62分别提高了37%和30%,突变菌株A-107可耐受16%乙醇、100 g/L NaCl、500 g/L葡萄糖,耐受性和遗传稳定性良好。     

凝乳酶高产菌株的超声波-紫外复合诱变育种及其发酵条件的优化

以编号为Jl-1的黑曲霉为出发菌株,通过超声波和紫外诱变处理,在酪蛋白培养基上以凝乳圈直径为指标进行初筛,在基础固态发酵培养基上进行复筛,选育得到一株具有良好遗传稳定性的突变菌株.其经固态发酵凝乳酶产量为凝乳活力600U/mL,较出发菌株Jl-1提高57%.菌株经8次传代培养,凝乳酶产量仅降低7.1%.在此基础上应用单因素试验和正交设计对菌株产凝乳酶的固态发酵条件进行了系统研究和优化,得到最佳的试验组合为发酵温度28℃.发酵时间为6d,加水量为20mL,加样量为4份.采用此条件,凝乳酶产量达828U/mL,比Jl-3优化前提岛38%.     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

An internet compendium of analytical methods and spectroscopic information for monomers and additives used in food packaging plastics

An internet website (http://cpf.jrc.it/smt/) has been produced as a means of dissemination of methods of analysis and supporting spectroscopic information on monomers and additives used for food contact materials (principally packaging). The site which is aimed primarily at assisting food control laboratories in the European Union contains analytical information on monomers, starting substances and additives used in the manufacture of plastics materials. A searchable index is provided giving PM and CAS numbers for each of 255 substances. For each substance a data sheet gives regulatory information, chemical structures, physico-chemical information and background information on the use of the substance in particular plastics, and the food packaging applications. For monomers and starting substances (155 compounds) the infra-red and mass spectra are provided, and for additives (100 compounds); additionally proton NMR are available for about 50% of the entries. Where analytical methods have been developed for determining these substances as residual amounts in plastics or as trace amounts in food simulants these methods are also on the website. All information is provided in portable document file (PDF) format which means that high quality copies can be readily printed, using freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader software. The website will in future be maintained and up-dated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) as new substances are authorized for use by the European Commission (DG-ENTR formerly DGIII). Where analytical laboratories (food control or other) require reference substances these can be obtained free-ofcharge from a reference collection housed at the JRC and maintained in conjunction with this website compendium.     

Chlorohydrins of bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE) and of bisphenol F diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in canned foods and ready-to-drink coffees from the Japanese market

BADGE.2HCl and BFDGE.2HCl were determined in 28 samples of ready-to-drink canned coffee and 18 samples of canned vegetables (10 corn, 5 tomatoes and 3 others), all from the Japanese market. HPLC was used as the principal analytical method and GCMS for confirmation of relevant LC fractions. BADGE.2HCl was found to be present in one canned coffee and five samples of corn, BFDGE.2HCl in four samples of canned tomatoes and in one canned corn. No sample was found which exceeded the 1mg/kg limit of the EU for the BADGE chlorohydrins. However the highest concentration was found for the sum of BFDGE.2HCl and BFDGE.HCl.H₂O at a level of 1.5mg/kg. A Beilstein test confirmed that all cans containing foods contaminated with BADGE.2HCl or BFDGE.2HCl had at lest one part coated with a PVC organosol.     

European priorities for research to support legislation in the area of food contact materials and articles

A strong science base is required to underpin the planning and decision-making process involved in determining future European community legislation on materials and articles in contact with food. Significant progress has been made in the past 5 years in European funded work in this area, with many developments contributing to a much better understanding of the migration process, and better and simpler approaches to food control. In this paper this progress is reviewed against previously identified work-areas (identified in 1994) and conclusions are reached about future requirements for R&D to support legislation on food contact materials and articles over the next 5 or so years.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.     

Contribution of European research to risk analysis

The European Commission's, Quality of Life Research Programme, Key Action 1—Health, Food & Nutrition is mission-oriented and aims, amongst other things, at providing a healthy, safe and high-quality food supply leading to reinforced consumer confidence in the safety of European food. Its objectives also include the enhancing of the competitiveness of the European food supply. Key Action 1 is currently supporting a number of different types of European collaborative projects in the area of risk analysis. The objectives of these projects range from the development and validation of prevention strategies including the reduction of consumers risks; development and validation of new modelling approaches; harmonization of risk assessment principles, methodologies, and terminology; standardization of methods and systems used for the safety evaluation of transgenic food; providing of tools for the evaluation of human viral contamination of shellfish and quality control; new methodologies for assessing the potential of unintended effects of genetically modified (genetically modified) foods; development of a risk assessment model for Cryptosporidium parvum related to the food and water industries; to the development of a communication platform for genetically modified organism, producers, retailers, regulatory authorities and consumer groups to improve safety assessment procedures, risk management strategies and risk communication; development and validation of new methods for safety testing of transgenic food; evaluation of the safety and efficacy of iron supplementation in pregnant women; evaluation of the potential cancer-preventing activity of pro- and pre-biotic ('synbiotic') combinations in human volunteers. An overview of these projects is presented here.