二维平移法小尺寸KDP单晶生长溶液流动与传质模拟

二维平移法是一种新型的晶体生长方法.在该方法中,晶体不再作正反转运动,而是沿着特定轨迹作周期性的平移运动.本工作对二维平移法小尺寸磷酸二氢钾(KDP)单晶生长过程进行了数值模拟研究,获得了不同平移速度、不同平移距离以及不同迎流角度下晶体附近溶液流动与晶面过饱和度分布.结果表明:增加平移速度,晶面过饱和度随之增加,但流场结构并无明显变化;增大平移距离,晶面的过饱和度反而降低,标准差则有逐渐增大的趋势,这不利于提高过饱和度均匀性;不同迎流角度下,柱面的过饱和度分布差异较大,对流的不对称性也更加明显,当迎流角度为45°时,对晶体生长更有利.此外,台阶推移结果表明,不均匀的过饱和度会造成台阶弯曲和聚并,二维平移法更利于台阶稳定推移,有望提高形貌稳定性和晶体质量.     

喷流转晶法KDP晶体生长系统的流动与传质模拟

提出了一种通过锥顶喷流改善KDP锥面过饱和度的晶体生长方法。采用有限体积法和滑移网格技术,对传统转晶法及喷流转晶法的KDP晶体生长过程进行了数值模拟。展示了两种生长方式下晶体表面过饱和度时均分布云图及均方差,分析了不同转速、不同喷流速度、不同晶体尺寸对晶面时均过饱和度及均方差的影响。结果表明:相比于传统转晶法,喷流转晶法晶体的锥面过饱和度提高且表面均匀性增加。提高喷流速度可以进一步提高锥面过饱和度,但其均方差却呈现先减小后增大的变化。旋转速度的增加能提高锥面过饱和度并减小其均方差。此外,晶体尺寸也会在一定程度上影响喷流的效果。     

pH值对ADP晶体(100)面生长的影响

通过对40℃、不同pH值和过饱和度下ADP晶体(100)面法向生长速度的研究,发现在同一过饱和度下,改变pH值后晶面的生长速度明显加快。实验数据显示,在过饱和度较低时,(100)面的生长以螺旋位错生长机制为主;过饱和度较高时,以二维成核生长机制为主,而且pH值的改变会促使ADP晶体在较低的过饱和度下就从位错生长机制向二维成核生长机制转变。利用实验数据计算出了不同pH值下、二维成核生长机制控制晶体生长时的台阶棱边能。最后,运用原子力显微镜(AFM)非实时观察了不同过饱和度、不同pH值下生长的ADP晶体(100)面的微观形貌,发现与正常pH值相比,在较低的过饱和度下,pH=2.5和5.0的晶面上就出现了二维核。     

不同运动方式KDP单晶生长流动与物质输运数值分析

针对两种不同运动方式下的KDP单晶生长,进行了流动与物质输运模拟.分析和比较了不同运动方式下,晶面附近溶液流动及晶面过饱和度分布特征.研究了晶体尺寸对晶面过饱和度场的影响.结果表明:二维运动法中,晶面遭受的水动力学条件较为复杂,使得其过饱和度分布不如转晶法规则;二维运动法锥面过饱和度明显高于转晶法;单位周期内,转晶法晶面平均过饱和度存在较大波动,而二维运动法过饱和度随时间变化较小;总体上看,小尺寸晶体时,二维运动法晶面过饱和度梯度小于转晶法;大尺寸晶体时,二维运动法晶面过饱和度梯度大于转晶法.     

不同过饱和度下DKDP晶体生长和缺陷的研究

过饱和度是影响DKDP晶体生长和质量的关键因素. 本文采用“点籽晶”快速生长技术在不同的过饱和度下从氘化程度为75%的溶液中生长DKDP晶体并选取部分样品进行同步辐射X射线形貌术和粉末X射线衍射测试. 研究了不同过饱和度下DKDP晶体的生长和缺陷. 实验证明, DKDP晶体可以在的过饱和度下实现快速生长, 但晶体的缺陷随着过饱和度的增大而增加.     

不同运动方式KDP单晶生长流动与物质输运数值分析

针对两种不同运动方式下的KDP单晶生长,进行了流动与物质输运模拟。分析和比较了不同运动方式下,晶面附近溶液流动及晶面过饱和度分布特征。研究了晶体尺寸对晶面过饱和度场的影响。结果表明:二维运动法中,晶面遭受的水动力学条件较为复杂,使得其过饱和度分布不如转晶法规则;二维运动法锥面过饱和度明显高于转晶法;单位周期内,转晶法晶面平均过饱和度存在较大波动,而二维运动法过饱和度随时间变化较小;总体上看,小尺寸晶体时,二维运动法晶面过饱和度梯度小于转晶法;大尺寸晶体时,二维运动法晶面过饱和度梯度大于转晶法。     

实时控制过饱和度降温法生长KDP晶体

用变压器型电导仪实现了ＫＤＰ晶体生长过程中溶液的浓度和过饱和度的实时测量与控制,测量精度±０．０３ｇ ＫＤＰ／１００ｇ Ｈ_２Ｏ（±０．１０％相对过饱和度）,控制精度与测量精度相当．过饱和度实时控制系统提供了一种方法,可以研究在不同工艺条件生长ＫＤＰ晶体时,过饱和度与晶体生长和性能的关系．用分析纯原料生长ＫＤＰ晶体,发现随着过饱和度的增大,晶体的生长速度加快,晶体的均匀性降低．过饱和度实时控制系统可以使ＫＤＰ晶体在相对恒定的过饱和度下生长,提高了晶体生长的均匀性,抑制了生长层和散射颗粒的产生,有利于提高晶体的光学透过率和光伤阈值．     

电流密度对甲基磺酸盐电沉积亚光锡的影响

在甲基磺酸盐电镀溶液中进行恒电流电沉积亚光锡镀层实验,考察电流密度对镀液极化性能、阴极过电位、电流效率、沉积速率及镀液分散能力的影响。利用SEM和XRD分析不同电流密度所得锡镀层的表面形貌和结晶取向。结果表明:随着电流密度增大(0.5～4A.dm-2),镀液的阴极极化增大,电流效率先增加后降低,沉积速率不断加快,但镀液分散能力有所下降;晶体由"向上生长"模式逐渐转变为"侧向生长"模式,择优取向由(321),(431)晶面转变为(112),(332)晶面;添加剂吸附在晶体表面,降低了被吸附晶面的表面自由能,使这些晶面的生长速率下降,从而改变了镀层择优取向和晶体生长的方式。     

温度及温度梯度对SiC单晶生长的影响

利用升华法在高温低压下生长大直径SiC单晶.通过实验发现在相同的轴向温度梯度下,SiC晶体平均生长速率随籽晶温度的升高而变大.通过减小轴向温度梯度,降低晶体生长界面的径向过饱和度分布,可以抑制多型的生长.通过优化温场的径向温度梯度,利用φ50mm的籽晶进行生长,得到了φ57mm的SiC单晶,实现了晶体的扩径生长.     

L-丙氨酸掺杂下KDP晶体成核特性及生长实验研究

通过实验测定了L-丙氨酸掺杂下KDP溶液的亚稳区和诱导期,根据经典成核理论计算了晶体成核的热力学和动力学参数,分析了L-丙氨酸对KDP溶液成核特性的影响。结果表明,随着掺入的L-丙氨酸浓度的增大,KDP的溶解度减小,亚稳区变宽,诱导期变长,溶液更加稳定。采用吊晶法进行了KDP晶体生长实验,发现其(100)面法向生长速度随掺杂浓度增大而减小,在过饱和度σ>0.04时,晶体(100)面的生长以二维成核生长机制为主。     

Estimation of Parameters of Universal Distribution of Moments of Failure of Products

A method is proposed for estimating the parameters of a mixture of exponential and Weibull distributions for which the accuracy of preliminary estimates obtained by graphical analysis is refined in accordance with the criterion of maximum likelihood. The efficiency of the proposed method is supported by the results of statistical modeling.     

Evaluation of optical properties of highly scattering media by moments of distributions of times of flight of photons

A novel method for the determination of the optical properties of tissue from time-domain measurements is presented. The data analysis is based on the evaluation of the first moment and the second centralized moment, i.e., the mean time of flight and the variance of the measured distribution of times of flight (DTOF) of photons injected by short (picosecond) laser pulses. Analytical expressions are derived for calculation of absorption and of reduced scattering coefficients from these moments by application of diffusion theory for infinite and semi-infinite homogeneous media. The proposed method was tested on experimental data obtained with phantoms, and results for absorption and reduced scattering coefficients obtained by the proposed method are compared with those obtained by fitting of the same data with analytical solutions of the diffusion equation. Furthermore, the accuracy of the moment analysis was investigated for a range of integration limits of the DTOF. The moment analysis may serve as a comparatively fast method for evaluating optical properties with sufficient accuracy and can be used, e.g., for on-line monitoring of optical properties of biological tissue.     

Estimation of potentialities of methods of summation of direct measurement errors

Conventional methods for summation of direct measurement errors are considered. Conditions under which these methods provide consistent results are stated. It is proposed to utilize for characteristic of the total error, its interval estimator or the half-sum of the value obtained by adding up its arithmetic and geometric random errors.Translated from Izmeritel'naya Tekhnika, No. 4, pp. 10–12, April, 1995.     

空压机轴承箱蜗壳温度探头油封改造

由于空压机进气侧轴承箱蜗壳温度探头密封效果不好,使空压机及其后续管道受到油污染。后将温度探头的O形圈密封改为骨架油封,杜绝了轴承箱漏油问题。文章简介空压机的结构和技术参数,详细介绍了骨架油封的制作和优点。     

Characteristics of mechanical properties of materials in studies of conditions of attainment of marginal states

It is shown that conditions of attainment of marginal states in the material of structural components are formulated on the basis of analysis of force and deformation criteria of formation and development of destruction. The parameters of these criteria are data on types of structural materials, standard and special characteristics of their mechanical properties, structural forms of considered elements of the equipment, and their operating stress loading. In this case, the construction of a system of state equations for describing interrelation of current damage, external actions, and responses to them is based on the concept of calculating variations in properties of materials at all stages of the design life cycle.     

Determination of parameters of microstructural inhomogeneity of deformation of metals by the method of modeling

The article suggests a method of evaluating the microstructural inhomogeneity of deformation of metals by modeling. The method includes the measurement of deformations of metal according to meshes of a dividing grid with small base and the calculation of the distribution parameters of microdeformations in model representation. It is shown that the modeling method makes it possible objectively to evaluate the microinhomogeneity of deformation of metals independently of the chosen mesh size of the dividing grid. New structural characteristics are introduced: the base and wave of variation expressing the degree of crumbling or amalgamation of metal grains by inhomogeneity of deformation.Translated from Problemy Prochnosti, No. 7, pp. 40–44, July, 1991.     

Analysis of the rate of propagation of the wave of change of boiling modes

An approximate analytical expression is derived for the velocity of the front of the wave of change of boiling modes on a rod and on a plate. The impact of the Thomson effect and of the heater orientation in the gravity field is included. Adequate agreement is demonstrated between the derived relations and experimental data.