光纤光栅锈蚀传感器的Fe-C敏感膜制备方法优化

光纤光栅锈蚀传感器将光纤光栅传感技术优势应用于钢结构混凝土的耐久性长期监测。对于基于锈蚀敏感膜的光纤光栅锈蚀传感器而言,敏感膜的质量对传感器整体性能起着关键的作用。引入脉冲电镀方法制备Fe-C薄膜,通过薄膜厚度和质量测试、传感器锈蚀实验,优化了脉冲电镀制备参数,分析和比较了脉冲电镀与直流电镀的所制备薄膜的特点,以及所制备传感器的锈蚀行为和传感寿命。通过薄膜形貌、测定薄膜附着力等方法研究Fe-C锈蚀敏感膜性能,通过加速锈蚀实验分析比较各电镀时间得到的传感器锈蚀行为,从而得到最佳电镀时间参数,并且将其与直流电镀方法进行了全面的对比。对比实验表明,脉冲电镀方法得到的Fe-C薄膜的表面平整度和附着力,以及传感器的线性工作区间和传感寿命均优于直流电镀方法得到的薄膜和传感器。     

光纤表面Fe-C敏感膜的制备及腐蚀行为研究

金属敏感膜的制备是金属敏感膜光纤传感器的研究重点,本文介绍了这类传感器的原理,并以磁控溅射制备Cr膜作为中间导电层、然后电镀的方法在光纤上制备了Fe-C敏感膜,对其结构和表面形貌进行了分析。通过1%HCl溶液的腐蚀实验发现,在腐蚀过程中输出光功率出现增大现象,而且不同厚度Fe-C敏感膜的光信号响应时间不同。通过微观的腐蚀过程连续观察发现,当敏感膜腐蚀到一定程度后,出现从光纤上脱落的现象。     

光纤Fe-C敏感膜的制备及腐蚀传感规律的研究现状

介绍了Fe-C敏感膜光纤腐蚀监测传感器的原理及其应用,并重点介绍了Fe-C敏感膜的制备及传感器传感规律的研究,发现在腐蚀过程中输出光功率会明显增大,通过监测输出光功率的变化可以得到金属的腐蚀情况,最后提出了研究中需要解决的问题,并展望了其应用前景.     

海洋环境下混凝土中钢筋锈蚀机理及监测技术概述

2014年我国由于腐蚀产生的损失约为21 278亿元,占国家GDP的3.34%。海洋环境中氯离子渗透至混凝土内部导致钢筋锈蚀是海洋环境下混凝土结构损伤的重要原因。海洋不同腐蚀区域的离子浓度、氧气浓度及海水干湿循环作用时间各不相同,这使得海洋不同腐蚀区域中暴露混凝土的氯离子传输速度和分布规律、钢筋锈蚀产物及锈蚀模式、钢筋锈蚀速率存在显著差异。其中海洋浪溅区和高潮位区域因氧气充足、海水干湿循环作用剧烈及浪溅作用导致钢筋混凝土更易破坏。钢筋锈蚀产物体积是原始体积的2~6倍,持续增加的锈蚀产物将导致混凝土开裂、保护层剥落并进一步加速钢筋锈蚀;考虑钢筋非均匀锈蚀、锈蚀产物填充效应、钢筋及混凝土性能的钢筋混凝土锈胀开裂模型将更加精确。根据海洋不同腐蚀区带特点、钢筋混凝土性能及受荷情况,建立不同腐蚀区域中混凝土的氯离子传输模型,钢筋锈蚀速率模型和混凝土锈胀开裂模型有助于准确预测海洋环境下钢筋混凝土的服役寿命。 通过对混凝土中钢筋锈蚀的检测与监测有助于实时了解混凝土的服役状态。采用线性极化、电化学噪声和电化学阻抗谱等电化学方法可以较好地检测钢筋锈蚀状态、获得混凝土中钢筋的锈蚀速率。基于电化学原理开发的阳极梯和环形电极、基于钢筋锈胀应力测试的光纤监测技术以及基于数字图像技术获得混凝土中钢筋锈蚀应力应变场,有助于实现对混凝土中钢筋锈蚀的监测,并且部分已应用于海洋工程。相比于普通钢筋,锈蚀钢筋的导电率和导磁率均显著降低,采用电磁感应原理开发钢筋锈蚀装置实现了暴露在海水中的普通钢筋和耐蚀钢筋磁通量变化值与钢筋质量损失线性关系的建立。这也为更精确监测混凝土中钢筋锈蚀全过程、实现混凝土中钢筋锈蚀源定位及损伤程度识别提供可能。因此,综合利用氯离子、pH微电极等实现混凝土内部微环境监测,开发先进的钢筋锈蚀监测传感器实现混凝土中钢筋锈蚀源和锈蚀速率监测,通过图像监测技术实现钢筋锈蚀诱导混凝土开裂过程监测。综合上述措施将实现对钢筋混凝土结构腐蚀的全过程监测,并为海洋钢筋混凝土服役寿命预测模型的验证与修正提供依据,同时为海洋环境混凝土的耐久性评估系统提供预警机制。     

用于环氧树脂固化过程实时监测的光纤折射率传感器

研究了应用光纤传感技术对环氧树脂固化过程进行实时监测的方法。通过将一段光纤的包层去掉构成光纤折射率传感器, 利用环氧树脂在固化过程中折射率随固化度增大而增大的特性进行固化监测。应用光线追迹法和局部平面波理论导出光纤固化传感器的理论模型。通过在光纤传感区一端的光纤端面镀全反射膜形成探针型传感结构。对E51 环氧树脂的等温固化过程进行了实时监测实验。      

一般大气环境混凝土中钢筋锈蚀量的估计

本文根据大量工程调查结果,将一般大气环境分为一般室内环境和室外或室内潮湿环境两大类,基于腐蚀电化学原理,提出了预测钢筋锈蚀量的数学模型。文中具体建立了两类环境钢筋锈蚀开裂前和锈蚀开裂后的锈蚀量计算公式,考虑环境相对湿度和水膜对氧气的吸收能力对公式进行了修正.最后分析了钢筋锈蚀量与各影响因素之间的关系.     

用于FRP固化在线监测的光纤微弯压力传感器

无论在军事还是航空航天领域,光纤传感器都是一种极具应用前景的智能化监测手段。目前,将光纤传感器用于纤维增强树脂基复合材料固化过程的监测的研究是一个热点。但由于大多数光纤传感器监测固化过程成本较高,所以还没有被广泛的应用于实际生产当中。开发了一种新型的低成本、高灵敏度、易操作的光纤传感器用于纤维增强树脂基复合材料固化过程的在线监测。光纤传感器的设计基于光纤微弯损耗原理,其监测的直接目标参量为增强纤维所构成的网络所承担的压力变化,可以进而通过Gutowski的树脂流动/纤维变形理论间接得出对于固化过程中的几个关键参量。给出了这种压力传感器的设计制作方法,测定该种传感器在静态和动态下的压力-光损耗响应曲线,分析了该传感器对环境温度与折射率变化的响应。完成了利用微弯压力传感器进行纤维增强复合材料在热压釜中固化成型过程的在线监测实验,获得了良好的结果。     

FBG智能传感器及其在土木工程中的应用研究

光纤光栅传感器已经越来越得到土木工程界的认可,并应用到了实际工程.针对大型土木工程结构长期健康监测的变形监测需要,在光纤光栅传输理论的基础上,分析了光纤光栅应变与温度传感特性以及光纤光栅应变传感的温度补偿原理和方法;研制开发出满足工程应用的光纤光栅封装传感器、FRP-OFBG复合智能筋、光纤光栅智能拉索;此外,考虑传感器开发和工程应用的需要,研究了光纤光栅应变传感的界面传递机理和误差修正.最后,建立了光纤光栅智能监测系统,并成功地将光纤光栅传感器应用到实际桥梁结构的施工与运营监测.     

Langmiur—Blodgett膜修饰电极和超分子组装电化学

本文对Langmiur-Boldgett膜修饰电极和有关电化学的基本特性与行为以及在电催化、光电化学和生物电化学传感器等方面的研究,应用超分子组装化学的观点进行了综述。     

溶胶—凝胶法制备基于荧光猝灭原理的光纤氧传感器在线监测水中溶解氧

利用氧分子对金属钌化合物的荧光具有猝灭作用的特性,构造出基于荧光猝灭原理的光纤氧传感器。就用于水中溶解氧在线监测的光纤光谱仪的搭建、传感器探头的设制及传感膜的制作过程进行探索,并对传感器的响应性能进行考察。结果表明以联吡啶钌等作为荧光指示剂以溶胶-凝胶法制备的传感膜对溶解氧的响应具有良好的可逆性,稳定性,较快的响应时间和较长的使用寿命。与标准法相对照,用本仪器系统测定了不同盐度的人工海水中的溶解氧浓度,两种方法在不同浓度水平下的溶解氧测定值均无显著性差异。本法的日内和日间RSD在1.7％～5.0％之间。     

The Research of Anti-Wear Properties of Organomolybdenum Compounds in the Engine Oils

A four-ball tester was used to evaluate the anti-wear performance of three kinds of organomolybdemun compounds in the engine oils, i. e., molybdenum dialkyldithiophosphate (MoDDP), molybdenum dialkyldithiocarbamate ( MoDTC), and sulphur and phosphorus freeorganomolybdeum (Molybdate). The results indicate that a low concentration of MoDDP doesn' t improve the anti-wear properties of the commercial engine oils, but a high concentration of MoDDP can obviously improve the anti-wear properties and the load-carrying capacity of the engine oils. MoDTC doesn' t improve the antiwear properties of the engine oils, but worsens the anti-wear properties of the oils. Signifi can timprove ment of frictional and wear characteristics is obtained with Molybdate added in the commercial engine oils and the formulated oils.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Certification Becomes Important for the I Quality; and Safety Supervision of the Chinese Liquor Sector

The end of 2007, over 200 unit products of more than 80 Chinese firms have passed the quality grade certification for liquor products. These products involve distilled spirits, beer, wine, yellow wine, fruit syrup wine and others, and cover over 80% of the national top-branded liquor products.……     

Deposition and Coating Properties on CVD Tungsten

Surface characterization and microstructure studies are performed on chemical vapor deposited (CVD) tungsten coating. There is about 2 μm thickness diffusion layer of tungsten in the molybdenum substrate. The thermal shock test shows tungsten coating has good adhesion with molybdenum substrate, but the elements of oxygen and carbon in the tungsten coating have the bad affection to the adhesion. The result of high-temperature diffusion experiment is the diffusion rate from molybdenum substrate to tungsten coating is faster.     

Analysis of marine hydrobiont lipid extracts as possible cryoprotective agents

We studied a combined effect of the cryoprotectants both of lipid and carbohydrate origin at the presence of DMSO or without it on cell viability and the RNA synthesis in the embryonic mollusc and echinoderm cell cultures obtained at different developmental stages. Cryoprotective properties of exogenous lipids correlated with their thermotropic behavior. Lipid extracts from marine hydrobiontes, which thermal transitions are characterized by relatively small part of calorimetric thermogram area lying at temperatures above 0 °C (6–18%), were found to possess a considerable cryoprotective activity. The results are discussed in relation to the prediction of the cryoprotective activity of lipid extracts for marine animal cells. In addition, it was found that marine invertebrate cells can be cryopreserved without DMSO at the presence of trehalose and lipid extracts of some marine hydrobiontes.     

Low-Temperature Properties of Silver

Pure silver is used extensively in the preparation of high-temperature superconductor wires, tapes, films, and other configurations in which the silver not only shields the superconducting material from the surrounding materials, but also provides a degree of flexibility and strain relief, as well as stabilization and low-resistance electrical contact. Silver is relatively expensive, but at this stage of superconductor development, its unique combination of properties seems to offer the only reasonable means of achieving usable lengths of conductor. In this role, the low-temperature physical (electrical, thermal, magnetic, optical) and mechanical properties of the silver all become important. Here we present a collection of properties data extracted from the cryogenic literature and, to the extent possible, selected for reliability.     

Early ironwork in Biscay: Survey,excavation, experimentation and materials characterization. An integral study of the mountainside ironworks (ferrerías de monte or “haizeolak”)

ABSTRACT

The production of iron in Biscay (Basque Country, Spain) has been a hallmark of this territory of the North of the Iberian Peninsula throughout its history. The Archaeology team of the Basque Country Mining Museum has spent 13 years, so far, studying the origins of this activity through the evidences left at the old pre-hydraulic iron production workshops known as mountainside ironworks (ferrerías de monte) or haizeolak. It has catalogued 170 archaeometallurgical sites of this type in Biscay, and the archeological excavation of some of them has led to the knowledge of the different stages of the production process that took place in these workshops. The team has also experimentally reproduced the work carried out in a mountainside ironworks from the High Middle Ages, and it has currently started the characterization process of this type of activity through the study of the collected materials.     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

Mechanism Study on the Wear of CrAlTiN Coated High-Speed Steel Twist Drills Under Dry Cutting Conditions

As demands about environment protection are growing up, dry cutting technology is getting more and more concerns from all over the world. Main works performed here are study on dry cutting performances and wear mechanisms of M2high-speed steel (HSS) twist drills with CrAlTiN multicomponent coatings, which was deposited using magnetron sputter ion plating system, in drilling 45 and 30CrMnSiA steel, and their comparisons to those in drilling the same steel but using monolayer CrN and commercial TiN coated drills. Drilling performances of drills are evaluated mainly through the measurements of width on outer corner flank land and the cutting forces. Results show that performances of CrAlTiN coated drills are better than those of monolayer CrN and TiN coated drills. In drilling 45 and 30CrMnSiA steel, the average tool life of the CrAlTiN coated drills are 17.2 and 11.8 times higher than those of the uncoated drills. Observing wear of the drill with scanning electronic microscope, results show that there is no crack or spallation of the CrAlTiN coatings in wear zones. Main mechanism of the wear here is adhesion.     

Structural Characteristics of TiO2 Ceramic Coating by Micro-Plasma Oxidation

TiO2 ceramic coatings with thickness of 20 μm were formed on the surface of pure titanium by micro-plasma oxidation. Their micro-structures were investigated by by using X-ray diffraction and their surface images were detected by using scan electronic microscope. There were three kinds of TiO2 coatings, pure anatase type TiO2 phase, mixed phases consisted of rutile type TiO2 phase and anatase type TiO2 phase, pure rutile type TiO2 phase. The coating surface with the pure anatase type TiO2 phase is rough, while the coating surface with the pure rutile type TiO2phase is smooth. The upper coating surface with the mixed type TiO2 phases is anatase type TiO2 structure and the subsurface of the TiO2 coating is rutile type TiO2structure.