一起嗜水气单胞菌引起的食物中毒调查

目的 了解本次食物中毒中毒原因及可疑食物污染来源.方法 采用病例对照研究方法,并采集可疑食物及病例标本进行检测.结果 共发生病例48例,症状主要为腹痛(100％)、腹泻(85％)、发热(40％)等.潜伏 期中位数为25 h,进食白切鸡是危险因素(OR=6.0,95％ CI:2.0～17),且与发病呈剂量反应关系((x2趋势=4.5,P=0.03).白切鸡及病例粪便中检出嗜水气单胞菌.结论 进食被嗜水气单胞菌污染的白切鸡是本次食物中毒发生的主要原因,建议加强农村游厨的食品卫生安全知识培训,防止类似事件发生.     

一起肠炎沙门菌引起的食物中毒调查分析

目的查明本次食物中毒事件的发生原因和可疑危险因素,同时对致病菌药物敏感性进行分析。方法通过发病时间和用餐时间结合病例临床特征分析查找可疑餐次,采集可疑食物和病例等标本进行实验室检测,食物及病例阳性标本做脉冲场凝胶电泳(PFGE)同源性分析,同时对致病菌做耐药分析。结果共确认81例病例,症状主要为发热≥38℃(100.00%,81/81)、腹痛(97.53%,79/81)、腹泻≥3次(100.00%,81/81)、呕吐(69.14%,56/81)等,食用被鸡蛋壳污染的蛋炒饭是发病的危险因素,厨师在制作蛋炒饭时,附有肠炎沙门菌的鸡蛋壳没有清洗干净,炒饭是将蛋液浇到米饭上,加热不彻底,最后导致肠炎沙门菌污染蛋炒饭。病例粪便检测为肠炎沙门菌阳性,和食物蛋炒饭中分离的肠炎沙门菌PFGE图谱完全一致,且与生鸡蛋壳涂抹样品中分离的肠炎沙门菌相似度达96%。头孢噻肟、环丙沙星、复方新诺明(TMP/SMZ)等对肠炎沙门菌具有较好的药物敏感性,萘啶酸耐药性强。结论食用被肠沙门菌污染的蛋炒饭是导致本次食物中毒的主要原因,建议加强对餐饮机构厨师的监督管理,规范卫生操作流程,提高卫生安全意识,防止类似事件再次发生。     

一起变质鲐鱼引起的组胺食物中毒事件调查

目的查明本次食物中毒发生的原因,采取有效控制措施,防范类似事件再次发生。方法通过描述性流行病学曲线推断可疑餐次,开展病例对照研究,确定可疑餐次和可疑食物,分析食物与发病存在的剂量反应关系,采集剩余食物等相关样品送实验室检测。结果此次食物中毒餐次是8月15日晚餐,食用炸鲐鱼与发病存在剂量反应关系(趋势卡方检验P0.05),检出剩余食物炸鲐鱼组胺含量超出国家标准。结论食用组胺超标的炸鲐鱼是本次食物中毒发生的原因。     

苏州某市一起肠炎沙门氏菌食物中毒事件调查分析

目的用现场流行病学方法,分析本次食物中毒事件的原因和可疑危险因素,指导临床救治并提出预防措施。方法通过查阅医院就诊记录和医务室门诊记录、考勤记录、员工订餐记录等主动搜索病例,开展病例个案调查和现场卫生学调查,采集相关样品进行实验室检测等,判断引起本次食物中毒事件的可疑餐次和食物。结果通过访谈、个案调查、实验室检查等共搜索到可能病例67人(包括确诊病例27人),临床特征主要为腹泻(83.58%,56/67)、发热(79.10%,53/67)、腹痛(76.12%,51/67)等。可疑食品是3月3日晚餐的回锅肉,59份肛拭子分离到25份肠炎沙门氏菌,其中一株分离自厨师。经脉冲场电泳(pulsed-fieldgel electrophoresis, PFGE)分型, 25株肠炎沙门氏菌同源性为100%。经药敏分析显示, 25株肠炎沙门氏菌对头孢噻肟、头孢他啶具有较好的药物敏感性;对氨苄西林、氯霉素耐药性强。结论食用被肠炎沙门氏菌污染的回锅肉是导致本次事件的主要原因,建议监管部门加强对集体配餐单位的监督管理,提高从业人员食品安全意识,防范类似事件的发生。     

一起副溶血性弧菌致食源性疾病暴发疫情的流行病学调查

目的查明S饭店群体性食源性疾病暴发的原因,找出可疑食物,防止类似事件再次发生。方法制定病例定义,开展病例搜索,对病例信息进行描述性分析和病例对照研究,并采集病例粪便标本、剩余食物样品等进行实验室检测。结果暴发病例162例,罹患率22.2%(162/730),临床表现主要为腹泻(100%,162/162)、腹痛(96.3%,156/162)、乏力(77.2%,125/162)、恶心(68.5%,111/162)、呕吐(53.1%,86/162),平均潜伏期为12 h,病例对照结果显示扇贝(OR=1.74,95%CI=1.00~3.02)和牛仔骨(OR=2.87,95%CI=1.38~5.99)为可疑危险因素,34份粪便标本、1份甲鱼切块和1份砧板上检出副溶血性弧菌。结论本次事件为一起副溶血性弧菌污染宴席食物导致群体性食源性疾病暴发事件,交叉污染和食品未加工熟透很可能是发病的主要原因,建议餐饮机构要规范操作流程,加强自我监管,防止此类事件再次发生。     

某海岛寺庙一起副溶血性弧菌食物中毒调查

目的对一起寺庙内发生的副溶血性弧菌食物中毒调查分析,为此类食物中毒的防制提供参考。方法对该起食物中毒进行流行病学调查、现场卫生学调查、实验室检测,通过病例对照研究和统计学处理,找出中毒原因并提出防制对策。结果本次中毒确认病例28名,其中僧人24名,从业人员和游客4名,中毒罹患率为5.6%(28/500);现场调查7月20日晚餐制作过程存在交叉污染情况,病例组与对照组就餐食物差异无统计学意义(P0.05);患者(含食堂从业人员)肛拭子标本和工用具样品检出副溶血性弧菌,血清型均为O3∶K6型,确定该起食物中毒为一起副溶血性弧菌食物中毒,中毒可能原因为食堂从业人员带菌且操作不当,污染7月20日晚餐而引起。结论本次事件提示寺庙食堂也会发生副溶血性弧菌食物中毒,相关部门应重视寺庙食物中毒风险,改善食堂卫生条件,落实食堂从业人员健康管理制度,加强监管监测和风险预警,以保障寺庙僧人和游客的食用安全。     

某公司一起副溶血性弧菌食物中毒调查

目的查明中毒原因,及时采取有效干预措施,为类似疫情的防控工作提供科学依据。方法通过核实诊断、访谈病例和企业内搜索等方式搜索病例。应用描述流行病学手段确定暴露模式和因素。开展回顾性队列研究,分析暴露因素与发病的关联。对粪便、呕吐物和剩余食物等样品/样本进行可疑致病菌检测。结果共搜索到37例病例,回顾性队列研究显示2014年8月18日午餐鱿鱼炒青椒、凉拌豆腐卷是危险食物,在剩余食品和病人腹泻物中均检出副溶血性弧菌。结论本次食物中毒暴发是因为病人食用了被副溶血性弧菌污染的鱿鱼,豆腐卷在制作过程中存在交叉污染,加工过程未能有效杀灭细菌所致。     

一起由金黄色葡萄球菌所致学校食物中毒调查分析

目的 查明一起学校食物中毒发生的原因和可疑危险因素,提出有效控制措施防止事态蔓延,为类似食源性疾病的调查和预防提供参考。方法 利用现场流行病学、食品卫生学和实验室检测等方法,开展病例主动搜索、个案调查和现场卫生学调查,采集食品、外环境和病例的标本进行实验室检测,以判断本次事件的可疑餐次和食物。结果 通过开展主动搜索,共搜索到21例病例(疑似19例,确诊2例),学生罹患率为12.96%(21/162)。临床症状主要是呕吐(95.24%, 20/21)、腹痛(66.67%, 14/21)、恶心(66.67%, 14/21)、腹泻(57.14%, 12/21)。病例对照研究显示,可疑食物为10月16日晚餐的剩米饭(OR=18.18,95%CI: 2.05～161.38)。在1例病例的肛拭子和另外1例病例的呕吐物中分离出金黄色葡萄球菌和B型肠毒素。结论 本次食物中毒事件是由金黄色葡萄球菌产生B型肠毒素所致,可疑食物为10月16日晚餐中食堂提供的剩米饭。米饭在常温下放置5 h左右且食用前未彻底加热是本次事件发生的危险因素。学校食堂存在食品卫生安全隐患,应进一步加强对学校食堂的食品安全监管和从业人员的食品安全教育,提高食品安全意识,预防类似事件的发生。     

一起酒店聚餐引起的副溶血性弧菌食物中毒事件分析

目的 对一起酒店聚餐引起的副溶血性弧菌食物中毒事件进行调查和溯源,为研究类似的食物中毒事件提供参考。方法 采用流行病学、食品卫生学和脉冲场凝胶电泳(PFGE)技术等方法,分析此次食物中毒事件。结果 确认食物中毒病例26名,中毒罹患率为3.7%(26/710)；现场采集病例肛拭子26份、酒店厨师肛拭子16份,其中13份标本检出副溶血性弧菌,血清型均为O3∶K6,PFGE指纹图谱一致。结论 综合流行病学、食品卫生学和实验室检测结果分析,确定为一起副溶血性弧菌食物中毒事件,食品安全监管部门应加强对餐饮企业的监督管理,防止此类事件再次发生。     

一起多型别副溶血性弧菌引起农村喜宴食物中毒的溯源分析

目的通过对腹泻患者肛拭子标本和外环境样品的病原菌检测,利用脉冲场凝胶电泳(PFGE)分子分型技术对一起多型别副溶血性弧菌引起农村喜宴食物中毒原因开展溯源分析。方法对采集的共20份肛拭子标本和外环境样品进行病原学检测,并对检出的副溶血性弧菌进行血清分型、PFGE分型及tdh、trh、tlh、toxR基因检测。结果 20份样品/标本中15份检出副溶血性弧菌,11株为tdh+trh-tlh+toxR+基因型,4株为tdh-trh-tlh+toxR+基因型。其中12份患者肛拭子标本中有9份检出副溶血性弧菌,7份为O3∶K6血清型,2份为O2群;3份墩板涂抹样品中有2份检出O3∶K6血清型,1份为O1群;3份剩余食物样品中有2份检出副溶血性弧菌,分别为O1群和O10群;厨师肛拭子标本检出O11群副溶血性弧菌;PFGE聚类分析显示7份患者肛拭子标本和2份墩板涂抹样品中的O3∶K6型副溶血性弧菌带型高度同源,剩余食物来源的副溶血性弧菌核酸降解未能显示PFGE条带。结论本次事件是可疑食物交叉污染切菜墩板引起的以O3∶K6血清型为主的多种血清型别副溶血性弧菌的食物中毒。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

An internet compendium of analytical methods and spectroscopic information for monomers and additives used in food packaging plastics

An internet website (http://cpf.jrc.it/smt/) has been produced as a means of dissemination of methods of analysis and supporting spectroscopic information on monomers and additives used for food contact materials (principally packaging). The site which is aimed primarily at assisting food control laboratories in the European Union contains analytical information on monomers, starting substances and additives used in the manufacture of plastics materials. A searchable index is provided giving PM and CAS numbers for each of 255 substances. For each substance a data sheet gives regulatory information, chemical structures, physico-chemical information and background information on the use of the substance in particular plastics, and the food packaging applications. For monomers and starting substances (155 compounds) the infra-red and mass spectra are provided, and for additives (100 compounds); additionally proton NMR are available for about 50% of the entries. Where analytical methods have been developed for determining these substances as residual amounts in plastics or as trace amounts in food simulants these methods are also on the website. All information is provided in portable document file (PDF) format which means that high quality copies can be readily printed, using freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader software. The website will in future be maintained and up-dated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) as new substances are authorized for use by the European Commission (DG-ENTR formerly DGIII). Where analytical laboratories (food control or other) require reference substances these can be obtained free-ofcharge from a reference collection housed at the JRC and maintained in conjunction with this website compendium.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.     

Contribution of European research to risk analysis

The European Commission's, Quality of Life Research Programme, Key Action 1—Health, Food & Nutrition is mission-oriented and aims, amongst other things, at providing a healthy, safe and high-quality food supply leading to reinforced consumer confidence in the safety of European food. Its objectives also include the enhancing of the competitiveness of the European food supply. Key Action 1 is currently supporting a number of different types of European collaborative projects in the area of risk analysis. The objectives of these projects range from the development and validation of prevention strategies including the reduction of consumers risks; development and validation of new modelling approaches; harmonization of risk assessment principles, methodologies, and terminology; standardization of methods and systems used for the safety evaluation of transgenic food; providing of tools for the evaluation of human viral contamination of shellfish and quality control; new methodologies for assessing the potential of unintended effects of genetically modified (genetically modified) foods; development of a risk assessment model for Cryptosporidium parvum related to the food and water industries; to the development of a communication platform for genetically modified organism, producers, retailers, regulatory authorities and consumer groups to improve safety assessment procedures, risk management strategies and risk communication; development and validation of new methods for safety testing of transgenic food; evaluation of the safety and efficacy of iron supplementation in pregnant women; evaluation of the potential cancer-preventing activity of pro- and pre-biotic ('synbiotic') combinations in human volunteers. An overview of these projects is presented here.     

低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性

为研究低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性,以经低温脱脂的带皮菜籽粕为原料,经微粉碎后筛分成212~425μm、150~212μm和106~150μm的3个不同粒级的微粉样品,检测这些样品的吸水性、吸油性、乳化性和乳化稳定性、蛋白质体外消化率。结果表明:1 3个不同粒级的微粉样品之间的粗纤维含量存在显著差异,表明三者的结构组成成分有一定差异。23个微粉样品的乳化活性和乳化稳定性随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。33个微粉样品的蛋白质体外消化率随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。4不同粒级带皮菜籽粕微粉样品的吸水性与吸油性受其结构组成物质不同和粒度的双重影响,与粒度的相关性不明显。     

Microbiology of food taints

Fresh and processed foods are often spoilt by the presence of undesirable flavours and odours caused by microbial action. The aim of this paper is to review the current knowledge of microbiologically induced taints that occur in a wide range of foodstuffs, including meats, poultry, fish, crustaceans, milk, dairy products, fruits, vegetables, cereals and cereal products. Examples have been chosen where the compounds responsible for the taint have been identified and sufficient data obtained to demonstrate the involvement of microorganisms. However, in some cases the full identity of the causative organism may not have been elucidated. The types of microorganisms covered by this review include bacteria, fungi, yeasts, actinomycetes and cyanobacteria. Although cyanobacteria do not in general infect foods, their presence in aqueous systems and water supplies can lead to off-flavours in aquatic organisms and processed foodstuffs. Several examples of each of these processes are discussed. Wherever possible, the likely biosynthetic pathway used by the microorganism to produce the offending compound in a foodstuff is indicated.