Research on determination of the rare-earth content in metal phases of steel

The behavior of the rare-earth dissolved in a-Fe, of the iron-cerium intermetallic compounds and of the rare-earth inclusions in electrolytic separation process has been studied by means of counting measurements of radioactivity, the electron probe, and X-ray analysis. The experimental results show that the rare-earth sulfide and the rare-earth oxide are stable completely in the electrolytic separation process, when the composition of the electrolytic solution is 1 pct 4-methyl ammonium chloride, 5 pct triethanolamine, 5 pct glycerin, and 89 pct methyl alcohol, and the controlling anode current density is ≤100 mA/cm². But Fe-Ce intermetallic compounds and the rare-earth dissolved in a-Fe enter into electrolytic solution as ions. When the cerium ion concentration in electrolytic solution is >7.87 X 10^-5 mol/liter electrolyte, precipitates of cerium hydroxide will be formed. When the inclusions are separated quantitatively, the electrolytic solution must be filtered by using a funnel with filter paper pulp thick up to 6 mm, and not be filtered directly with single filter paper. Samples without rare-earth were remelted and a radioactive isotope¹⁴¹Ce was added to the steel. Inclusions were separated by the electrolytic method in the nonaqueous solution. The counting of 14lCe in the electrolytic solution was measured. Thus the rare-earth content in the metal phases can be calculated. Experimental results show that the rare-earth content in the metal phases increases with the total rare-earth content in steel. The rare-earth content in the metal phases of the steel was also found to increase as the aluminum content in steel was increased. This method for determining the rare-earth content in the metal phases of steel is very sensitive. The sensitivity is 10^-6 pct.     

氧含量对硫系易切削钢切削性能的影响

研究了氧含量对硫系易切削钢中硫化物夹杂及对切削性能的影响。结果表明：在一定范围内,钢中氧含量越高越有利于改善切削性能,其原因是氧含量高时,钢中会形成大量的纺锤形（Mn、Fe）（S、O）复合夹杂物。在切削过程中,这类硫化物能割断基体的连续性,在刀具表面形成一层保护膜,从而降低刀具的磨损。实验室切削试验表明：w（O）=0．014％时,硫系易切削钢的切削性能优于45钢,能够获得理想的切削性能。     

超低氧钢中硫化钙夹杂析出的热力学讨论及控制

 对超低氧试验钢中硫化钙夹杂析出的热力学分析表明,在本试验钢成分条件下,钢液在液相线温度以上不会自发生成硫化钙夹杂,硫化钙夹杂是钢液凝固过程中,随着钢液中［Al］、［S］溶解度的降低,［S］与钢液中较低熔点的CaO Al2O3类及CaO MgO Al2O3夹杂物表层的CaO反应析出形成;同时,通过计算得到,本试验钢在凝固过程中不析出硫化钙夹杂的条件为将硫的质量分数控制在0.0004%以下。     

钢液成分对钙处理夹杂物改性效果的影响

钙处理是解决铝镇静钢水口结瘤问题的常用手段。通过热力学计算和工业试验研究了钢液成分对钙处理夹杂物改性效果的影响。FactSage热力学计算表明,在一定温度下,钙处理夹杂物改性效果与钢液中氧、硫相对含量密切相关。氧含量一定时,一定范围内的硫含量越高,平衡时夹杂物能达到的最大液相率越小,喂钙量的工艺窗口越窄;硫含量一定时,一定范围内的氧含量越高,平衡时夹杂物能达到的最大液相率越大。工业试验中,对中间包取样,低氧高硫炉次钢中典型夹杂物主要相是高熔点镁铝尖晶石和CaS复合夹杂物,高氧低硫炉次钢中典型夹杂物主要相是低熔点钙铝酸盐。工业试验分析结果与理论计算的趋势一致。     

总氧含量对齿轮钢中非金属夹杂物的影响

为了保证齿轮钢中非金属夹杂物的控制,并确定齿轮钢经济合理的总氧含量控制目标,开展了总氧含量对齿轮钢中非金属夹杂物的影响研究。以三种不同总氧含量的Mn–Cr系齿轮钢为研究对象,利用Aspex扫描电镜、极值法、疲劳测试等不同方法研究了齿轮钢中非金属夹杂物数量、分布、尺寸等,获得了夹杂物与齿轮钢总氧含量的对应关系。在本文实验条件下,随着总氧含量的降低,钢中氧化物夹杂数量不断减小,其中5～10 μm的小尺寸夹杂物减小最明显,而10 μm以上的大尺寸夹杂物数量变化规律不明显。另外,极值法和疲劳试验结果表明,总氧含量高时（质量分数为0.0013%）,钢中最大氧化物夹杂尺寸也较大,比总氧质量分数为0.0010%和0.0005%的实验钢的最大夹杂物尺寸高10 μm以上,且当总氧含量比较低时（质量分数≤0.0010%）,实验钢总氧质量分数变化（0.0010%、0.0005%）对钢中最大夹杂物尺寸影响不大。      

钙处理对20CrMo齿轮钢硫化物夹杂的影响

在热力学计算的基础上,分析了20CrMo含硫齿轮钢钙处理的工艺条件,并对某厂钙处理后的含硫齿轮钢轧材进行了取样研究。结果表明,RH破空后钙处理的钢水中,硫化物和钙铝酸盐能结合生成复合纺锤状和低熔点夹杂;同时,钙处理前钢中w(O)控制在10×10-6以下,可使加入的钙充分对Al2O3、硫化物进行变性,并有利于形成以MnS为核心的氧硫复合夹杂;而且钢水铝脱氧后调整钢中w(AlS)=0.015%～0.025%,并在温度较高时喂Si-Ca线,可减少凝固过程中硫的偏析。该厂通过钙处理工艺生产的含硫齿轮钢夹杂物形貌良好,各项性能均达到客户的要求。     

Evolution of MnS inclusions in Ti-bearing X80 pipeline steel

Studies show that manganese sulfide(MnS)inclusions in pipeline steel affect the lateral performance of steel in its rolling deformation,as well as the hydrogen-induced cracking and sulfide stress corrosion cracking resistance performance.To inhibit the precipitation of MnS and its effect on pipeline steel,a quenching experiment and a diffusion couple experiment,which investigated the evolution of MnS inclusions in Ti-bearing X80 pipeline steel,were conducted.The experimental results show that the transformation of the MnS inclusions during solidification is as follows:MnS→titanium sulfide(TiS)→Ti_4C_2S_2.The transition temperatures of MnS to TiS and TiS to Ti_4C_2S_2 are 1 673 and 1 273 K,respectively,and the overall size of the sulfide decreased as well.Thermodynamic calculation results confirm that the transition temperatures of MnS to TiS and TiS to Ti_4C_2S_2 are 1 623 and 1 203 K,respectively.When the sulfur content in the X80 pipeline steel is 0.001 5%,all the sulfur in the steel can be converted into Ti_4C_2S_2 with a titanium content of more than 0.02%.     

硫系易切削钢中氧含量对硫化物形成的影响

 硫化物夹杂对低碳高硫易切削钢的切削性能具有非常重要的影响,实际生产中希望得到纺锤形或球形的硫化物。钢中的氧含量能显著影响硫化物的种类和形态,主要研究了在铸态和线材中,不同氧含量下,硫化物的成分、粒径、长宽比、圆度的变化情况。结果表明,钢中氧含量的增加,有利于形成纺锤形或球形的硫化物夹杂,在wO=00140%时,能够得到理想的硫化物。     

Ce-La合金化处理对取向硅钢夹杂物特征的影响

 为了研究稀土处理对取向硅钢中夹杂物特征的影响,借助FE-SEM/EDS和图像分析软件分析了稀土处理前后热轧取向硅钢夹杂物的成分、形貌、尺寸和数量并解明了影响机理。研究结果表明,未添加稀土的试验钢中,典型的夹杂物为形貌不规则的MnS-AlN复合夹杂物以及片状或条状的AlN夹杂物;添加稀土后,夹杂物则以球状或椭球状的CeS-LaS、CeS-LaS-AlN、Ce₂O₂S-La₂O₂S复合夹杂物和AlN夹杂物为主。稀土处理有效改善了夹杂物形貌,特别是大尺寸氮硫化物的形貌特征,未检测到MnS类夹杂物。尽管加入较多的稀土后夹杂物数量增加,大于5 μm夹杂物的平均尺寸增大量明显(增大0.89 μm),但整体夹杂物的平均尺寸仅增大了0.40 μm。由于稀土的脱硫作用,且稀土硫化物与AlN晶格常数差异大,钢中氮硫化物的数量密度和面积分数降低。稀土降低了AlN在钢中的平衡溶度积,使AlN夹杂物提前析出,导致AlN夹杂物数量增多,且先析出的AlN出现一定程度的长大。稀土对MnS在凝固前沿的析出有抑制作用,有利于热轧和常化过程析出更多用作抑制剂的MnS和AlN。在充分脱氧的取向硅钢中适当降低钢中酸溶铝含量,调整稀土在钢中的用量,在不增加钢中大尺寸夹杂物含量的前提下,发挥MnS、AlN抑制剂作用和Ce-La合金化作用。此外,通过稀土处理控制钢中夹杂物形貌特征,将有望达到改善钢的热轧组织和轧制加工性能的目的。     

齿轮钢锻件关键区域氧化物和硫化物夹杂的分布特征

摘要：齿轮是机械传动的关键结构部件，为了改善齿轮的服役性能，提高疲劳寿命，需要清楚齿轮钢中的夹杂物类型、数量、尺寸、分布。采用夹杂物自动扫描仪、氧含量分析手段、扫描电镜对齿轮钢锻件不同位置进行夹杂物评估。结果表明：铸件中心位置TO质量分数较高，为10×10-6，对应小尺寸夹杂物数量较多，而大尺寸夹杂物在关键区域的分布较多。钢中氧化物夹杂主要为Al2O3、Al2O3复合类的尖晶石和钙铝酸盐复合夹杂物，且尺寸较大，分布不均匀，对齿轮钢关键区域的影响较大。钢中硫化物夹杂分布均匀，尺寸较小，热力学计算表明，该类夹杂在凝固过程中凝固率g＞0.44时，MnS开始析出，通过控制硫化物夹杂析出及分布有助于改善齿轮钢质量。     

氧含量对硫系易切削钢Y1215中硫化物的影响

研究了T[O]0.0074%～0.0145%对Y1215易切削钢(/%:0.05～0.06C,0.008～0.010Si, 1.26～1.27Mn, 0.049～0.051P,0.37～0.39S)160 mm×160 mm铸坯中硫化物夹杂的分布、尺寸、形貌的影响和轧制Φ8.0 mm热轧盘条中硫化物的变形情况。结果表明：随着氧含量增加,铸坯中硫化物夹杂的尺寸和分布无明显区别,但复合夹杂物数量明显增多,复合型的夹杂物有以MnS为核心包裹或附着MnO-SiO₂和以MnO-SiO₂-Al₂O₃为核心附着MnS夹杂物。在轧制Φ8.0 mm的盘条中,T[O]为0.0074%时,盘条中硫化物变形明显,部分硫化物由于拉伸变形严重而碎断,硫化物的长宽比为23.2,T[O]为0.0145%时,盘条中硫化物沿轧制方向变形小,主要以纺锤形为主,硫化物的长宽比为3.4。为获得球形或纺锤形的硫化物,冶炼时Y1215钢中的T[O]可控制在0.0095%～0.0145%。     

Metallography of telluride on free cutting steel

The results of investigation and analysis of telluride and sulfides in free cutting steel containing tellurium and sulfur can be summerized as follows. No tellurium is found in steel matrix. All the tellurium exists in solid solution in manganese sulfide. The extra amount of tellurium in excess of the solubility in manganese sulfide exists as MnTe in steel. The tellurium content in manganese sulfide is 2.5 wt% on average, and the sulfur content in MnTe is about 3 wt %. In annealed steel, the content of iron solutionized in MnS (steel containing 1–2 % Mn) and in MnTe are both about 2 wt %. MnTe usually forms complex inclusions with MnS. The greater the Te/S, the higher the MnTe content in the complex inclusions. There is no single phase MnTe in steel with Te/S as high as 0.84. When steel is hot worked, MnTe deforms more easily than MnS. MnTe appears light grey in a bright field, and opaque in a dark field. In cast steel it is anisotropic and in forged steel it is isotropic under polarized light. In cold drawn steel, most of the MnS is anisotropic and remained so after annealing at 1100°C. If Te/S in steel is too high, the MnTe formed is prone to stretch in the working direction during press work. Hence, in so far as controlling the shape of the sulfide with the aid of tellurium is concerned, a Te/S of about 0.1 is appropriate. When the MnTe and MnS in steel are separated electrolytely in the four different solutions used in this work, the equilibrium potential of MnS is relatively positive, and that of MnTe is relatively negative in comparison with iron. When an organic solution (No. 3) is used, the MnS in steel can be almost completely and MnTe partly separated.     

Influence of rare-earth modification on the formation of nonmetallic inclusions in high-carbon steel

The content of nonmetallic inclusions when rail and wheel steel is produced by intensive modern technology and modified by rare-earth metals is analyzed. The composition, morphology, dimensions, and distribution of the inclusions in the steel are determined in the case without oxidation by aluminum or treatment by silicocalcium and also with treatment of aluminum-bearing steel by both rare-earth metals and silicocalcium. Modification with rare-earth metals reduces the content of oxide inclusions in the rail and wheel steel. That improves the plasticity and impact strength of the products.     

硫化物改质对20MnCr5齿轮钢夹杂物和切削性能的影响

 齿轮钢广泛应用于汽车、机械等传动系统,易切削化是提高齿轮加工效率、降低制造成本的主要途径之一。提高钢中硫元素含量是改善齿轮钢切削性能的有效方式,然而过多的硫元素在轧制时会形成条带状MnS,增大钢的各向异性,因此需要对硫化物进行改制处理。分别采用Ca处理和Mg处理两种方式对20MnCr5齿轮钢进行硫化物改质,通过对力学性能、组织形态、夹杂物分布以及切削性能等表征,对比分析不同改制方式对材料的影响。结果表明,Ca处理和Mg处理后试验钢的强度和塑性保持一致,而Mg处理试样的晶粒尺寸较小,因而韧性较高。Ca处理试验钢中MnS夹杂物数量较多,长条状夹杂物比例相对较高;而采用Mg处理可以有效降低钢中夹杂物的数量,夹杂物平均尺寸有所增大,同时小长径比夹杂物数量增多,但是复合氧化物型夹杂物的数量也有所增加。在240~280 m/min条件下进行了干切削试验,结果表明两种试验钢均出现前刀面磨损、后刀面磨损和边界磨损,其中Ca处理试样的刀具磨损较为严重,同时在较高切削速度下出现了积屑瘤和崩角现象,而Mg处理试样则具有更长的刀具使用寿命,对切削速度的敏感性也较低。分析可知,Mg处理后钢中存在较多的大尺寸球状硫化物夹杂物,提高了应力集中效应,更有利于改善切削性能,因而改制效果更好。     

高硫硅钢硫化物析出行为及其微观组织和电磁性能变化#br#

为了探究高硫硅钢中的硫化物析出行为及其对钢的微观组织和电磁性能的影响,以便为工业化生产制定更为合理的硫含量控制标准,和采取更为有效措施以减轻炼钢生产的硫含量控制压力,结合0.25 %Si无取向硅钢,采用非水溶液电解提取+扫描电镜/透射电镜观察相结合的方法,研究了质量分数为0.006 8 %,0.010 2 %,0.025 5 %和0.035 3 %的硫含量条件下,钢中硫化物夹杂物的组成和存在形式,及其形貌、种类、尺寸、数量变化,以及相应的热轧、成品试样的微观组织和电磁性能变化。结果表明,随着钢中硫含量的增加,钢中的硫化物逐渐由MnS→MnS+Cu2S→Cu2S转变,数量逐渐增多,尺寸向高、低两个方向发展。相应的,导致了热轧再结晶组织的劣化和抑制了成品晶粒尺寸的长大。随着钢中硫含量的增加,钢的磁感、铁损劣化程度逐渐增大。钢中硫的质量分数平均每增加0.01 %,相应的,涡流损耗、磁滞损耗分别会劣化0.24 W/kg和0.41 W/kg,而磁感会劣化0.009 T。但是,在硫的质量分数为0.010 2 %时,铁损可以低于6.0 W/kg,而在硫的质量分数为0.025 5 %时,磁感可以高于1.75 T。据此,为设计更合理的硫含量控制标准提供了技术参考,在电磁性能满足高端用户市场需求的前提下,可以大幅度降低炼钢生产制造成本和提高炼钢生产效率。     

Mg脱氧对船板结构钢中夹杂物的影响

研究了Mg脱氧对于船板结构钢中微米级夹杂物演变行为的影响.钢中典型夹杂物是中心为氧化物、外围为MnS的复合夹杂物.随着钢中Mg含量的增高,独立氧化物和独立硫化物的数量减少,氧化物和硫化物的复合夹杂物数量增多,同时夹杂物的尺寸减小、数量增加.随着钢中Mg含量从0升高到27 ×10^-4％、38×10^-4％、99 ×10^-4％,夹杂物中心氧化物成分的变化趋势是：Al2O3→（Mg-Al-Ti-O）→MgO.     

高级别车轮钢BOF-RH-CC工艺技术研究与实践

摘要：为了进一步提高生产效率、降低生产成本,同时减少大尺寸夹杂物超标,提出了采用“BOF-RH-CC”路线生产车轮钢工艺。通过系统地实验室试验与工业试验,研究了“BOF-RH-CC”工艺路线下的硫含量、温度以及夹杂物控制等关键技术问题。结果表明：在KR工序通过采用新型脱硫剂,可以将84%炉次的铁水硫的质量分数控制在10×10-6以下;在转炉工序回硫主要影响因素为KR脱硫渣,当扒渣率为95%时,KR渣带硫量占入炉总硫量比例达到了26.7%,而当扒渣率在99%时,KR渣对转炉回硫仅占6.8%,应当保证KR处理后顶渣去除率控制在99%以上;在精炼RH工序当RH吹氧升温量不大于100m3,不仅满足温度要求,同时也达到了洁净度的要求;在低氧条件下将夹杂物控制为高熔点且不易变形的CaS-Al2O3类夹杂,降低了钢种大尺寸夹杂的数量。通过上述研究,在“BOF—RH—CC”工艺路线下,可将成品钢中硫的质量分数和TO的质量分数分别控制在20×10-6和12×10-6以下,同时钢中大尺寸夹杂物数量降低了50%,满足钢种对硫含量、温度及夹杂物的要求,实现了该工艺的稳定控制。     

Thermodynamics of Modifying Effect of Rare Earth Oxide on Inclusions in Hardfacing Metal of Medium—High Carbon Steel

The modifying effect of rare earth(RE)oxide on inclusions in hardfacing metals of medium-high carbon steel was investigated by means of thermodynamics,The thermodynamic analsys for inclusion formation shows that RE oxide can be reduced to RE element by carbon,then the RE element can react with oxygen and sulfur to form the RE oxide,RE sulfide and RE oxide-sulfide in hardfacing molten pool.The deoxidization and the desulphurization can be carried otu and the liquid metal can be purified.In addition,RE oxide can also react with sulfur to form RE oxide-sulfide dirdctly.Therefore,the harmful effect of sulfur can be decreased.     

碲处理对20CrMnTi齿轮钢中MnS夹杂物改性效果

 为了研究碲处理对钢中MnS夹杂物形貌的影响,利用SEM-EDS扫描电镜,研究了20CrMnTi钢中添加高纯碲粉后MnS夹杂物的改性效果。试验结果表明,碲处理使钢中夹杂物的平均长宽比由3.17降至1.83,球化效果较为明显;当碲硫比控制在0.33时,不同硫含量的钢中夹杂物形貌有明显差异,硫质量分数为0.21%的钢中,形成了MnS镶嵌在碲化物中的大型夹杂,而在硫质量分数为0.11%的钢中,形成了碲化物包裹MnS的复合夹杂;当碲硫比为3.21时,发现钢中出现了单独存在的高碲相,MnS外层的碲化物层也较厚,改性率仅为8.75%,这表明高碲硫比并不能提高硫化物改性的数量。     

管线钢硫化物钙处理技术分析

在对管线钢中硫化物的作用进行综合分析的基础上,结合莱钢的生产实践,利用冶金热力学原理,分析计算了管线钢硫化物的钙处理工艺条件,并对管线钢中的夹杂物进行了检测分析。结果表明,莱钢生产管线钢时,大部分炉次精炼终点氧质量分数高于理论计算钙处理所需的目标氧质量分数3.42×10-6,钢中钙质量分数未达到理论计算钙硫平衡时所需的量,硫化物夹杂物变性并不完全,钢中存在MnS、MnS CaS复合夹杂物。