低场核磁共振技术快速鉴别注水注胶肉的化学计量学研究

目的 利用化学计量学方法结合低场核磁共振对注水或注胶猪肉的快速鉴别进行研究。方法 首先利用低场核磁共振测定获得的17个变量进行提取主成分,并对获得的4个主成分进行判别研究模型。利用低场核磁共振技术的17个原始变量作为输入,原料肉与注水注胶肉的种类作为输出,采用不同建模参数,通过多次计算,建立了一个结构为17-6-3的三层MLP神经网络识别模型。结果 判别研究模型中对照组、注水组和注胶组交叉验证判别正确率分别为60/60、91/95、359/384,总的正确判别率达到94.6％;神经网络识别模型对检验集179个样本总的正确识别率达到97.8％。结论 利用低场核磁共振技术结合判别研究模型和神经网络识别模型可以有效分辨注水注胶肉,该方法具有简单、快速的优点,可以用于注水注胶肉的快速检测。     

基于电子鼻技术判别南美白对虾鲜度模型的建立

以南美白对虾为研究对象,结合感官评定和挥发性盐基氮测定,对5℃贮藏条件下的虾样品进行电子鼻测定,建立基于电子鼻技术的虾鲜度判别模型。结果显示:通过模型判别的正确率确定了数据归一化方法。通过主成分分析,提取了使得累计方差贡献率达到86.974%的前3个主成分,利用所得主成分进行fisher线性判别。得到的判别模型对建模样本数据和模型验证样本数据的判别正确率分别为98.3%和91.7%。说明运用主成分分析-fisher线性判别模型可以对虾鲜度进行判别,所建模型的判别正确率高,模型稳定。     

基于低场核磁共振技术构建韧性饼干中水分含量无损定量预测模型

目的基于低场核磁共振技术(low-field nuclear magnetic resonance, LF-NMR)弛豫特性建立韧性饼干水分含量的预测模型,探讨LF-NMR无损快速预测韧性饼干水分含量的可行性。方法采用LF-NMR对韧性饼干的CMPG(Carr-Purcell-Meiboom-Gill)序列信号进行采集,利用直接干燥法检测韧性饼干中水分的实际含量,建立多元回归分析、K最邻值回归分析(K-nearestneighbor,KNN)和高斯过程回归(Gaussianprocess regression,GPR)模型。结果 3种模型中KNN回归模型预测集决定系数最大为0.9932,均方根误差最小为0.2542,因此韧性饼干中水分与低场核磁弛豫特性的分析中, KNN回归分析的模型最优。结论使用LF-NMR分析仪预测韧性饼干中水分含量是一种无损、快速的方法,对于韧性饼干样品中水分快速预测建模结果良好,因此利用低场核磁共振技术快速预测韧性饼干样品中的水分含量方法可行。     

小麦霉菌污染支持向量机判别模型的建立

为建立一种快速判别小麦霉菌污染的方法,该研究采用近红外光谱技术结合化学计量学方法,以126份小麦样品为研究对象,通过剔除异常样品、光谱降维和预处理,采用支持向量机分类（support vector machine classification,SVM）方法建立判别模型。结果表明：运用基于马氏距离的主成分分析方法剔除异常样品5个,将原始光谱数据进行降维处理得到8个主成分,能够代表原始样本的98.80%。输入变量的最佳预处理方式为标准正态变量变换,最佳核函数为linear,核函数参数C值为10,SVM判别模型的训练集判别正确率为100%,交叉验证判别正确率为98.89%。用未参与建立判别模型的外部验证集样品对SVM判别模型进行验证,结果表明：SVM判别模型对外部验证集样品的判别正确率为100%。该研究所建立的SVM判别模型可以用于小麦霉菌污染的快速检测。     

应用近红外技术快速鉴别原料肉注水的研究

提出一种用近红外光谱技术快速鉴别原料肉和注水肉的新方法。首先以原料肉和注水肉为原料,利用近红外光谱仪测定其漫反射光谱曲线,然后选取二阶导数+25点平滑方法进行预处理,再应用主成分分析结合人工神经网络技术对其进行判别分析。结果表明,前5个主成分的累计贡献率已达99.626%,以前5个主成分作为人工神经网络的输入,对应的肉种类(原料肉与注水肉)作为输出,建立了一个三层BP神经网络模型,模型对建模集109个样本的鉴别率为91.74%,对预测集30个样本的鉴别率为90%。说明利用近红外光谱分析技术对原料肉注水进行快速鉴别是可行的。     

基于近红外漫反射光谱的云芝提取物品级分类研究

为探索快速无损分析云芝提取物品级的方法,采集不同产地云芝提取物的近红外漫反射光谱,通过主成分分析(PCA)对样本原始光谱数据进行降维、压缩,并分别结合偏最小二乘判别法(PLS-DA)和反向传输人工神经网络(BP-ANN)建立识别模型。结果表明:采用主成分分析结合偏最小二乘判别法,建模集和验证集的识别正确率分别为100%和84%;采用主成分分析结合反向传输人工神经网络模型,其建模集和验证集的识别正确率均为100%。由此可见,主成分分析结合反向传输人工神经网络模型可以更好地实现对不同品级的云芝提取物进行分类识别。     

基于LF-NMR弛豫特性对注水、注胶羊肉辨别研究

利用低场核磁共振技术(LF-NMR)对正常羊肉及注水、注胶肉检测,根据样品的T2时间所反映的水分存在状态及分布结果,结合主成分分析法(PCA)及逐步线性判别分析(Step-LDA)对不同类的羊肉样品进行区分辨识。结果表明,基于羊肉样品的弛豫特性,结合主成分分析法,纯羊肉和注水肉在主成分得分图上可以得到很好的区分;纯羊肉及注胶肉也可以得到有效的辨识;逐步线性判别分析的区分情况更为显著,同时样品随着掺加比例的变化在图中呈现规律性分布,交叉验证中分类的正确率分别达到了100%,72%和100%。说明判别模型的辨识能力较佳,低场核磁共振技术结合适当的数据算法在羊肉质量控制及评价中具有较大的应用潜力。     

基于LF-NMR及主成分回归分析的油脂煎炸品质预测

以大豆油和玉米油为研究对象,研究薯条煎炸过程(温度(180±5)℃,36 h)中低场核磁(LF-NMR)弛豫特性及理化指标(酸价、黏度、吸光值及总极性化合物含量)的变化规律。应用主成分回归分析建立通过LF-NMR弛豫特性预测理化指标的相关性模型。结果表明:随煎炸时间的延长,油样的LF-NMR弛豫特性中,峰起时间(T21、T22)及单组份弛豫时间(T2w)线性减小,T21特征峰的峰面积比例(S21)线性增大;油样的酸价、总极性化合物(TPC)均随煎炸时间的延长而线性增大,黏度、吸光值则呈二项式增大。与大豆油相比,玉米油的酸价、黏度、吸光值、S21等虽变化幅度较大,但TPC,T21,T22,T2w变化幅度较小。通过主成分回归分析可建立酸价、黏度及总极性化合物含量与LF-NMR弛豫特性间的相关性模型(R20.90),模型验证良好,说明可利用油脂煎炸过程中LF-NMR弛豫特性的变化,快速、有效地预测其理化指标的改变程度,从而有效监控煎炸油脂及食品的质量。     

反复冻融对缠丝兔挥发性物质的影响

以新鲜原料肉缠丝兔为对照,运用顶空固相微萃取结合气相色谱-质谱联用,采用主成分分析法对反复冻融原料肉缠丝兔的挥发性风味物质进行分析。结果表明：缠丝兔的挥发性风味物质共40 种、8 类,主要是醛类和杂环类;通过主成分分析法得出,第1主成分的贡献率为45.309%,第2主成分的贡献率为30.673%,第3主成分的贡献率为24.018%,累积贡献率为100.000%,三者可以代表反复冻融原料肉缠丝兔的挥发性风味物质变化,且反复冻融对反映第1、2、3主成分的挥发性风味物质的影响显著。因此,为了保证缠丝兔的风味,应尽量避免多次反复冻融原料肉。     

注水肉糜的低场核磁弛豫特性及判别分析

在对不同注水比例肉糜的低场核磁弛豫特性系统分析的基础上,进一步探索了肉糜注水程度定性、定量判别的可行性。结果发现:肉糜注水后,弛豫特性发生显著改变;随注水比例的增大,T2w呈线性增加(R2=0.9118);T22、T22m在注入比例为2%~14%、16%~30%、32%~40%内呈阶梯型增大,且各范围间T22、T22m差异显著(p0.05);S22相对增大,S23相对减小。LF-NMR结合判别分析发现,相同注水程度肉糜相对集中,不同注水程度(原料肉、轻度、中度、重度注水肉)组质心差别明显。注水程度分组正确率、交叉验证正确率分别为85.70%~100%、81.00%~100%。研究表明,可借助LF-NMR的T2w对肉糜注水比例进行有效预测,亦可通过多组分弛豫特性结合判别分析实现对肉糜注水程度的判别。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

An internet compendium of analytical methods and spectroscopic information for monomers and additives used in food packaging plastics

An internet website (http://cpf.jrc.it/smt/) has been produced as a means of dissemination of methods of analysis and supporting spectroscopic information on monomers and additives used for food contact materials (principally packaging). The site which is aimed primarily at assisting food control laboratories in the European Union contains analytical information on monomers, starting substances and additives used in the manufacture of plastics materials. A searchable index is provided giving PM and CAS numbers for each of 255 substances. For each substance a data sheet gives regulatory information, chemical structures, physico-chemical information and background information on the use of the substance in particular plastics, and the food packaging applications. For monomers and starting substances (155 compounds) the infra-red and mass spectra are provided, and for additives (100 compounds); additionally proton NMR are available for about 50% of the entries. Where analytical methods have been developed for determining these substances as residual amounts in plastics or as trace amounts in food simulants these methods are also on the website. All information is provided in portable document file (PDF) format which means that high quality copies can be readily printed, using freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader software. The website will in future be maintained and up-dated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) as new substances are authorized for use by the European Commission (DG-ENTR formerly DGIII). Where analytical laboratories (food control or other) require reference substances these can be obtained free-ofcharge from a reference collection housed at the JRC and maintained in conjunction with this website compendium.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.     

Contribution of European research to risk analysis

The European Commission's, Quality of Life Research Programme, Key Action 1—Health, Food & Nutrition is mission-oriented and aims, amongst other things, at providing a healthy, safe and high-quality food supply leading to reinforced consumer confidence in the safety of European food. Its objectives also include the enhancing of the competitiveness of the European food supply. Key Action 1 is currently supporting a number of different types of European collaborative projects in the area of risk analysis. The objectives of these projects range from the development and validation of prevention strategies including the reduction of consumers risks; development and validation of new modelling approaches; harmonization of risk assessment principles, methodologies, and terminology; standardization of methods and systems used for the safety evaluation of transgenic food; providing of tools for the evaluation of human viral contamination of shellfish and quality control; new methodologies for assessing the potential of unintended effects of genetically modified (genetically modified) foods; development of a risk assessment model for Cryptosporidium parvum related to the food and water industries; to the development of a communication platform for genetically modified organism, producers, retailers, regulatory authorities and consumer groups to improve safety assessment procedures, risk management strategies and risk communication; development and validation of new methods for safety testing of transgenic food; evaluation of the safety and efficacy of iron supplementation in pregnant women; evaluation of the potential cancer-preventing activity of pro- and pre-biotic ('synbiotic') combinations in human volunteers. An overview of these projects is presented here.     

低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性

为研究低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性,以经低温脱脂的带皮菜籽粕为原料,经微粉碎后筛分成212~425μm、150~212μm和106~150μm的3个不同粒级的微粉样品,检测这些样品的吸水性、吸油性、乳化性和乳化稳定性、蛋白质体外消化率。结果表明:1 3个不同粒级的微粉样品之间的粗纤维含量存在显著差异,表明三者的结构组成成分有一定差异。23个微粉样品的乳化活性和乳化稳定性随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。33个微粉样品的蛋白质体外消化率随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。4不同粒级带皮菜籽粕微粉样品的吸水性与吸油性受其结构组成物质不同和粒度的双重影响,与粒度的相关性不明显。     

Microbiology of food taints

Fresh and processed foods are often spoilt by the presence of undesirable flavours and odours caused by microbial action. The aim of this paper is to review the current knowledge of microbiologically induced taints that occur in a wide range of foodstuffs, including meats, poultry, fish, crustaceans, milk, dairy products, fruits, vegetables, cereals and cereal products. Examples have been chosen where the compounds responsible for the taint have been identified and sufficient data obtained to demonstrate the involvement of microorganisms. However, in some cases the full identity of the causative organism may not have been elucidated. The types of microorganisms covered by this review include bacteria, fungi, yeasts, actinomycetes and cyanobacteria. Although cyanobacteria do not in general infect foods, their presence in aqueous systems and water supplies can lead to off-flavours in aquatic organisms and processed foodstuffs. Several examples of each of these processes are discussed. Wherever possible, the likely biosynthetic pathway used by the microorganism to produce the offending compound in a foodstuff is indicated.